• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.1-11
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to develop a "Happiness Scale for School-aged Korean Children" (HSSKC). Participants consisted of 2,528 children who were chosen from six places, namely: Seoul, Gyeonggi, Chungnam, Jeonnam, Gyeongnam, and Gangwon. The province of Jeju-do was not included. The study assessed children's perception of happiness in six areas of life. For data analysis, the study employed the following methods: descriptive statistics, factor analysis, correlation, and Cronbach's $\alpha$. Initially, the study used an original scale composed of 32 items, but these were later reduced to 29 through exploratory factor analysis. The study identified six factors which influenced the happiness of school-aged children: (1) self-esteem, (2) parent-child relationship, (3) school life, (4) after-school activities, (5) general living environment, and (6) satisfaction of needs. Validity was determined through correlating the sub-factors. Using Cronbach' $\alpha$ to measure the reliability of factors, the result ranged from .60 to 81.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.339-349
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was done to develop a measurement for stress experienced by patients with schizophrenia during hospitalization. Methods: The preliminary tool was developed through in-depth interviews and a validity verification test of content. For data collection, 15 inpatients with schizophrenia were selected as participants for in-depth interviews and 195 patients admitted to one of eight psychiatric hospitals in four provinces were recruited as participants to test reliability and validity of the preliminary tool. Results: The questionnaire was developed as a four-point Likert-type scale in a self-report form with 28 items. Factor analysis showed 28 items in six factors. Factors were named 'Unjust human rights infringement', 'Futureless life', 'Alienation from other family members', 'Infringement of basic needs', 'Infringement of personal preference' and 'Inconvenience of shared living'. The six factors explained 63.5% of the total variance. Cronbach's alpha for the total items was .93 and for the factors ranged from .65 to .87. Conclusion: A tool to measure stress in patients hospitalized with schizophrenic was developed based on identified hospitalization stress experiences. Study results indicate that this tool can be used to evaluate hospitalization stress in these patients and will contribute to establishing nursing interventions for relief of hospitalization stress.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.257-274
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• 2015

The purpose of the current study was to validate Fetzer Institute & National Institute on Aging Working Group[NIA](1999)'s Brief-Multidimensional Measure of Religiousness/Spirituality Scale (BMMRS) in Korean adults. The Korean version of BMMRS, Spiritual Well-Being Scale(SWS), Korean Sprituality Scale(KSS), Penn State Worry Questionnaire(PSWQ), and Intolerance of uncertainty Scale(IUS) were administered to the 286 students and community samples. A principle axis factoring analysis with direct oblimin rotation and Kaiser normalization identified a six-factor solution accounting for 66.24% of the variance in scores, labeled as: positive spiritual experience, negative spiritual experience, forgiveness, religious practices, negative congregational support, and positive congregational support. Confirmatory factor analysis results showed that 6 factor model of BMMRS have a good fitness. Also, the internal consistency(.64~.97) and the test-retest reliablity was adequate.(.72~.88) Korean version of BMMRS has adequate psychometric characteristics so it can be used to verify the effects of various compassion-related psychotherapeutic approaches.

• Educational Technology International
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.157-181
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• 2022

Scale scores for cognitive domains have been used as an important indicator for both academic achievement and clinical diagnosis. For example, in education, Cognitive Abilities Test (CogAT) has been used to measure student's capability in academic learning. In a clinical setting, Cognitive Impairment Screening Test utilizes items measuring cognitive ability as a dementia screening test. We demonstrated a procedure of generating cognitive ability test items similar as in CogAT but the theory associated with the generation is totally different. When creating cognitive test items, we applied automatic item generation (AIG) that reduces errors in predictions of cognitive ability but attains higher reliability. We selected two cognitive ability test items, categorized as a time estimation item for measuring quantitative reasoning and a paper-folding item for measuring visualization. As CogAT has widely used as a cognitive measurement test, developing an AIG-based cognitive test items will greatly contribute to education field. Since CLASS is the only LMS including AIG technology, we used it for the AIG software to construct item models. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the item generation process using AIG implemented within CLASS, along with proving quantitative and qualitative strengths of AIG. In result, we confirmed that more than 10,000 items could be made by a single item model in the quantitative aspect and the validity of items could be assured by the procedure based on ECD and AE in the qualitative aspect. This reliable item generation process based on item models would be the key of developing accurate cognitive measurement tests.

• Korean Public Health Research
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.99-109
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• 2018

Objective : Health literacy (HL) is, defined as "the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions." Being old is one of the main risk factors with limited health literacy. This study aims to adapt Chew's health literacy scale into the Korean language and validate the scale for the use of the elderly. Methods : Data were drawn from the '2016 Seoul Survey on Elderly Health and Functional Assessment, which includes a total of 725 people aged 60 to 79. The sample was randomly divided into two groups for reliability and validity tests of the modified Chew's scale of 8 items. The Korean version of the questionnaire was developed by group translation, expert reviews, and forward-backward translation. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to assess and validate the factor structure of the scale. Results : Results suggest the two-factor structure ("Understanding" and "Applying" of HL) with 8 items. Exploratory factor analyses of the first sample (n=400) revealed that the internal reliability of the scale was high (Cronbach's ${\alpha}=.904$). Principal axis factoring extracted two factors ("Understanding" and "Applying" of HL) and explained 78.3% of total variance (KMO=.872, Bartlett's ${\chi}^2=2431.3$, df=28, p<.001). Confirmatory factor analysis of the second sample (n=325) was performed and the two-factor model was supported (GFI=.960, CFI=.979, TLI=.969, RMSEA=0.075). Conclusions : This study provides evidence for adequate criterion and validity of the health literacy scale for the community dwelling elderly in Korea.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.851-856
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• 2016

Background: Breast cancer is a major health problem among women around the world. Recent developments in screening and treatment have greatly improved the prognosis of patients with breast cancer in developed countries. However, in developing countries breast cancer mortality remains high.Breast cancer awareness is a first and important step in reducing breast cancer mortality. The development of a validated instrument to measure breast cancer awareness is crucial for the understanding and implementation of suitable health education programs to facilitate early deletion and minimize mortality. Objective: The objective of this study was to develop an instrument for the assessment of breast cancer awareness in Thai women. Materials and Methods: This methodological study was conducted in two stages: (1) literature searches and semi-structured interviews were conducted to generate items of the breast cancer awareness scale (B-CAS) which were subsequently examined for content and face validity, and (2) an exploration of the factor structure of the resulting instrument and an examination of its reliability. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire in Thai women aged 20-64 in August, 2015. Results: A total of 219 women (response rate 97.4 %) participated in this validation study. The B-CAS contains five domains with 53 items on breast cancer awareness: 1) knowledge of risk factors, 2) knowledge of signs and symptoms, 3) attitude to breast cancer prevention, 4) barriers of breast screening, and 5) health behavior related to breast cancer awareness. Items with a content validity index < 0.80 were excluded, and factor structure for the remaining items reflected the hypothesized five factor model. The scales based on all retained items was shown to have strongly internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's ${\alpha}=0.86$). Conclusions: The B-CAS provides good psychometric properties to assess breast cancer awareness in women. It can be used to examine breast cancer awareness in Thai women and it could lead to the development and evaluation of suitable educational interventions for raising breast cancer awareness. Future research should focus on further validating the B-CAS including an assessment of construct and criterion-based validity.

• The Journal of Korean Association of Computer Education
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.17-25
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• 2017

In order to ensure that the 2015 revised curriculum is successfully settled at the field of school, there are 68 national SW schools operated by 2015 and 2016 at national level, and an inspection tool was developed to measure the effectiveness of SW education. The purpose of this study is to present the direction of the computing thinking inspection tool which can verify the effectiveness of the curriculum from 2018 through the analysis of the previously developed computing thinking inspection tool. As a result of the analysis, the validity of the ability factors to measure the problem solving process based on computing thinking was not enough. In the analysis of the item characteristics, the degree of discrimination was good, but difficulty was not enough to accurately measure the competence of students because of the high percentage of easy questions. Based on the results, this study suggested the development of the items considering the problem solving process based on the computing thinking, the application of the students' empirical knowledge, and the constitution that can confirm the flow of the thinking power with materials in the real life.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.123-143
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• 2009

To investigate the reliability, validity of posttraumatic growth among Korean cancer caregiver, 295 participants were asked to complete a Korean posttraumatic growth inventory, translated from the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI; J Trauma Stress 1996; 9: 455.471), together with the Caregiver burden scale, life style interruption scale, economic burden scale and positive adaptation scale, social support scale and questions about religious and demographic factors. Cronbach's alpha was 0.95 for the K-PTGI, indicating sufficient internal consistencies. Construct and Criterion validity were also supported. K-PTGI appeared to be a sound measure for the experience of posttraumatic growth in cancer caregivers and this study result will be able to contribute to facilitate future research.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.429-438
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• 2020

Objectives: Given that Argentinian public-sector workers are highly exposed to stressful conditions, and that the psychometric properties of the widely used Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) should be evaluated in different settings, this work aimed to compare the psychometric properties of the Latin American Spanish PSS-10 and PSS-4 and to identify the optimal scale for stress assessment. Methods: A sample of 535 participants was randomly divided into 2 groups to evaluate dimensionality by exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. The reliability of both scales was also evaluated. Convergent validity was estimated using the Executive Complaints Questionnaire, the average variance extracted, and the composite reliability. Discriminant validity was based on the correlation with the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale and the phi-square correlation between the components. Results: The factor analyses supported bidimensionality of the PSS-10 (stress and coping), which showed a better fit than the PSS-4. Moreover, the reliability of the PSS-10 was higher, whereas the PSS-4 did not achieve adequate values of internal consistency. The PSS-10 was also correlated significantly with all validation scales, and presented proper internal convergent and divergent validity. Conclusions: The PSS-10 is a reliable and structurally valid instrument to measure perceived stress and coping in a Latin American Spanish-speaking population with high work demands, and the findings of this study expand our knowledge on the geographical and sociocultural applicability of the PSS.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.216-229
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• 1995

The main purpose of this study was to develop and validate a scale for measuring situation\ulcornerspecific anxiety that consumers experience while shopping for ready\ulcornerto-wear clothes. A 92 five-point items, Likert type scale, entitled the RMCCAS(The Ready\ulcornerMade Clothes Consumer Anxiety Scale) was developed and administered to 354 female college students. Data collected were subjected to a series of statistical analysis: item analysis, factor analysis, estimation of validity and reliability and descriptive statistics. A second-order factor analysis conducted to 15 factors obtained from a first-order factor analysis yieled three factors; Fitness of Fashion and Design to indiviuality and time(scale 1), Reliance on Price and Quality including Suitableness of Material and Color(scale 2), and Practicality in Dressing and Maintaining(scale 3). Obtained concurrent validity of the RMCCAS subscales with the trait anxiety were .056(subscale I), .082(subscale 2), .033(subscale 3), and .050(total scale). that with state anxiety were .421(subscale I), .217(subscale 2), .198 (subscale 3), and .407(total scale); that with the CP AS were. 721(subscale 1), .789(subscale 2), .570(subscale 3), and .841(total scale). All of the obtained coefficients of Cronbach alpha, split\ulcornerhalf reliability, and test-retested reliability over an interval of. 8 weeks were above .80. Besides, descriptive data from the RMCCAS satisfactorily supported conditions required for the normal distribution of obtained scores. In conclusion, a close exa:nination of validity, reliability, and descriptive statistics of the RMCCAS indicates that three subscales including the scale have a resonable scaling-prop\ulcornererties. Further research is suggested for obtaining norms for more representative target samples and for tapping the possibility of using subsea Ie 2 as a unidimensional measure .