• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.66-71
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• 2011

Various single solvents were tested to find the effective solvent for the extraction of algae oil from wet-form Chlorella minutissima. In the case of single solvents, their extractabilities for algae oil were increased with their polarity because the water in wet algae cell is to form a solvent shell around the lipids. Based on these results, the wet-form algae samples were treated with a polar alcohol solvent and then a nonpolar solvent was added in algae residue. In the algae oil extraction by ethanol/n-hexane, total lipid contents were 40-50% and composition of triglyceride in extracted oil was 46.50%. Considering solvent toxicity of conventional solvent mixture such as chloroform and methanol for algae oil extraction, the ethanol/n-hexane system was identified as the effective one for the oil extraction from wet-form Chlorella minutissima.

• ALGAE
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.37-44
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• 2007

In order to understand the impact of the heavy-oil pollution by the 1997 Nakhodka oil spill on the intertidal macroalgal vegetation, we have been monitoring succession in the intertidal flora since 1997 at Oh-ura, Takno, and Imago-Ura Cove, Kasumi in Hyogo Prefecture, northwestern coast of Honshu, Japan. We employed two different monitoring methods: 1) The percent cover of macro-algae (seaweeds) in 1 x 1 m quadrats along 450 m intertidal transects parallel to the shoreline were assessed and recorded by photographic imaging until 2002, and for 30-40 m transects of the most heavily polluted areas in 2004 and 2006; 2) The percent cover of macro-algae in 0.5 x 0.5 m quadrats along a transect line perpendicular to the shore were recorded and all macrophytes within the quadrat were completely removed to record the wet weight of each taxon (1997-2006). Based on the monitoring data, we conclude that the high intertidal zone at Imago-ura, where a large part of the stranded oil accumulated, suffered the heaviest damage and experienced the slowest recovery. In addition, although the original status of macroalgal vegetation before the impact was not well-documented, it appeared that recovery from the damage caused by the oil pollution required four to five years.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.71-76
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• 2012

Spills of $M/V$ Hebei Spirit on $7^{th}$ December 2007 caused a seriously damage to the ecosystem of Korean coast. Of these, microbial communities (i.e., attached benthic micro-algae) were reported to be sentive to the environmental change so it can be used for ecological risk assessment. Our experiment was designed to examine the ecological risk assessments for oil pollutant using benthic attached algal community on the artificial substrates of acrylic plates. Field monitoring in the culture system was conducted in Jangmok Bay. The abundances of attached micro-algae on artificial substrates gradually increased with increasing of sampling times. Among them, diatoms were the most important colonizer of coastal water, with the genera $Cylindrotheca$ and $Navicular$ most abundant. In particular, developed the culture system has correctly measured qualitative and quantitative abundance of attached micro-algae because same acrylic plates as artificial substrates were used. Thus, this culture system may be directly applied to the ecological risk experiments of microbial community structure from oil pollutants.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.1059-1063
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• 2005

In the absence of organic solvent, di- and mono-acylglycerol enriched functional oil was produced by lipase-catalyzed glycerolysis in a stirred tank batch reactor. After glycerolysis for 48 hr, functional oil consisted of $47.1\%\;TAG,\;33.6\%\;DAG,\;and\;18.7\%$ MAG. In MAG and DAG, docosahexaenoic acid was found as $10.7\%\;and\;8.1\%$, respectively. During the reaction, total tocopherol content decreased, and $0.065\%$ tocopherols were existed in the functional oil produced after 48hr reaction.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.67-77
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• 1999

The biodegradation of algae coagulated with poly aluminum chloride(PAC) was investigated by using the thermophilic oxic process. The compositions of coagulated algae were 83.5% of water content, 24.6% of ash, 32% of organic carbon with in total solid, respectively. In present study, food waste oil was used for the increment of calorie of mixtures in order to accelate the microbial activity. As a result, the maximum temperature of mixtures was higher than $50^{\circ}C$ when the mixing ratio of food oil was over 10%. However the temperature indicated the lower than $50^{\circ}C$ when conditions of no mixing with waste food oil, and 5% of mixing ratio. Therefore, the optimum condition was 10% of the mixing ration at $217l{\cdot}m^{-3}{\cdot}min^{-1}$ of air supply rate. The conversion efficiency of carbon was highest as 92% at the optimum condition. And then water was evaluated from imxture without accumulation at 10% of mixing ratio. The thermophilic oxic process well conducted that is good process for the treatment of waste algae without effluents however it has to consider the retreatment of accumulated aluminum in the reactor.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.94-100
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• 2016

Hydrogen production via steam reforming of bio-oil from algal biomass over fast pyrolysis with commercial catalysts was carried out. Aqueous bio-oil obtained by phase separation from a crude oil over fast pyrolysis was used as a reactant and comparison studies for activity over different catalysts (FCR-4-02, POS-7, Cat. A, RUA), reaction temperature, and steam/carbon (S/C) ratios were performed. Experimental results showed that different catalytic activities were observed with different S/C ratios and catalyst composition and the highest hydrogen yield of 70% was obtained with a POS-7 catalyst at a S/C ratio of 10 and 1073 K.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.709-712
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• 2005

Structured lipid (SL) was synthesized by enzymatic interesterification of algae oil and corn oil in stirred tank batch reactor, The reaction, performed for 15hr at $65^{\circ}C$, was catalyzed by sn-1,3-specific lipase RM IM from Rhizonucor miehei without organic solvent. DHA, oleic acid, and linoleic acid contents of SL were 14.9, 17.3, and 31.8 mol%, respectively. ${\alpha}-,\;{\gamma}-,\;and\;{\delta}-tocopherol$ contents and physiochemical property of SL were evaluated. During 15 hr reaction, most reaction occurred within 6 hr, and highest relative production rate was observed between 3 to 6 hr.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.360-367
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The aim of this research was to study the different long term effects of consumption of dietary oil sources with varying omega-6/omega-3 (${\omega}-6/{\omega}-3$) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) ratios on bone marrow fatty acid level, ex vivo prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) release, and mineral content of bone in rabbits. MATERIALS/METHODS: For this purpose, weaning and female New Zealand white rabbits were purchased and randomly divided into five groups and offered ad libitum diets containing 70 g/kg of added oil for 100 days. The dietary lipid treatments were formulated to provide the following ratios of ${\omega}-6/{\omega}-3$ fatty acids: 8.68 soy bean oil (SBO control), 21.75 sesame oil (SO), 0.39 fish oil (FO), 0.63 algae oil (DHA), and 0.68 algae oils (DHA/ARA). DHA and ARA are two types of marine microalgae of the genus Crypthecodinium cohnii. RESULTS: The dietary treatments had significant effects on the bone marrow fatty acids of rabbits. Rabbits fed the FO diet, containing the highest ${\omega}-3$ PUFA concentration, and those fed the SBO diet showed the highest ${\omega}-6$ PUFA. On the other hand, a positive correlation was observed between Ex vivo $PGE_2$ level and the ${\omega}-6/{\omega}-3$ dietary ratio. Significant effects of dietary treatment on femur Ca, P, Mg, and Zn contents were observed in both genders. CONCLUSIONS: Findings of the current study clearly demonstrated that dietary PUFA, particularly ${\omega}-6/{\omega}-3$ and ARA/EPA ratios are important factors in determining bone marrow fatty acid profile, and this in turn determines the capacity of bone for synthesis of $PGE_2$, thereby reducing bone resorption and improving bone mass during growth.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.11-16
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• 2014

Korea is the urgent need to diversify the bio-energy raw materials because we have narrow area of land cultivated plants and lack the bio-mass resources. Using a resource-rich the marine environment enclosed on three sides by the sea. Through bio-energy production-technical and carbon dioxide reduction measures which will be a very effective alternative. Sustainable development about algae bio-energize industry through SSaM-GG(Smart, Shared and Mutual-Green, Growth) is expected. Algae has high carbon dioxide absorption factor, extracting oil from algae is thirty times much more than sunflower.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.55-64
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• 2017

Seasonal variability in algal community structure was examined at the intertidal zones of five study sites on the Taean Peninsula, on the western coast of Korea, from February 2014 to November 2015. A total of 118 species of marine algae, comprising 17 green, 24 brown and 77 red algae, were identified. The maximum number of species was observed at the Mohang site (75 species), and the minimum at the Yeonpo site (46 species). The seaweed biomass was $160.24g\;dry\;wt./m^2$ on average, and was maximal at Uihang ($519.04g\;dry\;wt./m^2$) and minimal at Yeonpo ($19.03g\;dry\;wt./m^2$). Based on biomass, the dominant seaweeds at Taean peninsula were Sargassum thunbergii and Corallina pilulifera. Community indices were as follows: richness index (R), 3.21-5.01; evenness index (J'), 0.33-0.38; and diversity index (H'), 0.90-1.12. Based on evaluation of the environmental states by the community indices, the ecological evaluation index (EEI) of Taean peninsula was "moderate". The overall species and biomass of seaweeds decreased after the oil spill. However, Hakampo previously showed a similar algal community structure. In conclusion, the algal community was temporarily affected by the oil spill, but rapidly recovered.