• Journal of Magnetics
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.103-109
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• 2015

In this study, the authors attempted to produce a medical radiation shielding fiber that can be produced at a nanosize scale and that is, unlike lead, harmless to the human body. The performance of the proposed medical radiation shielding fiber was then evaluated. First, diamagnetic bismuth oxide, an element which, among elements that have a high atomic number and density, is harmless to the human body, was selected as the shielding material. Next, 10-100 nm sized nanoparticles in powder form were prepared by ball milling the bismuth oxide ($Bi_2O_3$), the average particle size of which is $1-500{\mu}m$, for approximately 10 minutes. The manufactured bismuth oxide was formed into a colloidal solution, and the radiation shielding fabric was fabricated by curing after coating the solution on one side or both sides of the fabric. The thicknesses of the shielding sheets prepared with bismuth oxide were 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, and 1.0 mm. An experimental method was used to measure the absorbed dose and irradiation dose by using the lead equivalent test method of X-ray protection goods presented by Korean Industrial Standards; the resultant shielding rate was then calculated. From the results of this study, the X-ray shielding effect of the shielding sheet with 0.1 mm thickness was about 55.37% against 50 keV X-ray, and the X-ray shielding effect in the case of 1.0 mm thickness showed shielding characteristics of about 99.36% against 50 keV X-ray. In conclusion, it is considered that nanosized-bismuth radiation shielding fiber developed in this research will contribute to reducing the effects of primary X-ray and secondary X-ray such as when using a scattering beam at a low level exposure.

• Korean Journal of Digital Imaging in Medicine
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.5-8
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• 2010

Opened a court in February 10, 2006, a rule of safety management of the diagnosis radiation system was promulgated for safety of the radiation worker, patients and patients' family members. The purpose of this rule is to minimize the risk of being exposed to radiation during the process of handling X-ray. For this reason, we manufactured shielding device of mobile X-ray unit collimator for diminution of skin dose. Shielding device is made to a thickness of Pb 0.375mm. For portable chest radiography, we measured skin dose 50cm from center ray to 200cm at intervals of 20cm by Unfors Xi detector. As a result, a rule of safety management of the diagnosis radiation system has been strengthened. But there are exceptions, such as ER, OR, ICU to this rule. So shielding device could contribute to protect unnecessary radiation exposure and improve nation's health.

• Journal of Ceramic Processing Research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.363-371
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• 2019

In this study, physical properties of normal concrete, magnetite concrete, EAF concrete, and EAF concrete with added iron powder were evaluated and a feasibility of radiation shielding is also evaluated through irradiation tests against X-rays and gamma-rays. While the unit weight of EAF concrete (3.21 t/㎥) appeared lower than that of magnetite concrete (3.50 t/㎥), the results in compressive strength of EAF concrete were greater than those in magnetite and normal concrete. While the radiation transmission rate of normal concrete reaches 26.0% in the X-ray irradiation test, only 6.0% and 9.0% of transmission rate were observed in magnetite concrete and linear relationship with unit volume weight and radiation shielding. In the gamma-ray irradiation test, the performance of EAF and magnetite concretes appeared to be similar. Through the results on the excellent physical properties and radiation shielding performance a potential applicability of EAF concrete to radiation shielding was verified.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.56 no.7
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• pp.2570-2575
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• 2024

The study aims to develop a novel, lead-free, flexible and lightweight composite shielding material against ionizing radiation. For this, it was used bismuth oxide (Bi₂O₃) in RTV-2 silicon matrix. The shielding tests were carried out in both diagnostic X-ray energies and intermediate gamma-ray energy range of up to 662 keV to determine the radiation attenuation properties of this material in terms of attenuation ratio, half value layer, tenth value layer, mean free path and lead equivalency of samples in weight of 30%, 40%, 50% in Bi₂O₃. In the diagnostic X-ray energy range, half value layer, tenth value layer and lead equivalency (in mm Pb) of the produced samples were measured at 80 and 100 kVp narrow beam conditions according to the requirements of EN IEC 61331-1 standard. The results show that lead equivalent values of the produced novel sheets was measured to be 0.16 mm Pb, corresponding to a 6 mm thickness of the flexible sample when it contains 30% wt. Bi₂O₃ in RTV matrix. The experimental findings for durability and flexibility also indicated that this new RTV-based flexible, lead -free shielding composite can be used safely for especially for manufacturing aprons, garments and thyroid guards used in mammography, radiology, nuclear medicine and dental applications in practice.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2013.05a
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• pp.35-36
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• 2013

Electric arc furnace oxidizing slag from massively produced steel slag has been used in road bases and subbases, hot mix asphalt, and landfill. Electric arc furnace oxidizing slag contains iron (15%~30%) and has a high density of 3.0~3.7 ton/m3. Depending on the type and amount of concrete aggregates, the radiation-shielding characteristics can vary. Therefore, aggregates of electric arc furnace oxidizing slag can be considered for the production of radiation-shielding concrete. The experimental design of this study is experiments on Compressive strength experiments, X-ray irradiation experiments, and experiments related to the unit volume weight were carried out on hardened concrete. This experiment compared the performance evaluation of radiation shielding of concrete using electric arc furnace oxidizing slag.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.755-760
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• 2021

In this study, the shielding rate of major X-ray protective equipment used in the medical environment was calculated using X-ray spectrum data emitted from the diagnostic X-ray generator of The Institute of Physics and Engineering(IPEM) Report-78, and the applicability of radiation protection was investigated. Radiation shielding rates were calculated through reduction rates of air-kerma and total intensity for lead apron (0.3 mmPb), thyroid shield (0.5 mmPb), lead goggles (0.5 mmPb), and lead glass (1.8, 2.7, 3.3 mmPb) used for diagnostic X-ray protection. As a result, the shielding rate calculated as the air kerma reduction rate ranged from 96.31 to 100% at 80 kV, and 90.35 to 100% at 120 kV. In addition, the results of this calculation were well matched with the results of previous studies measuring the actual shielding rate, and it is expected that the X-ray spectrum data of IPEM Report-78 can be used for radiation protection.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.289-295
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• 2018

When using a mobile X-ray unit, primary radiation creates medical images and secondary radiation scatters in many directions, which reduces image quality and causes exposure to patients, care givers and medical personnel. The purpose of this study was to develop a radiation shielding system for effectively shielding secondary radiation and evaluate its effectiveness. Using a mobile X-ray unit, spatial dose according to presence of human equivalent phantom and spatial dose using the developed shielding device were measured, and the phantom at 80 cm equidistance from center of X-ray was compared with spatial dose according to use of a shield. Measurements were taken at intervals of 10 cm every $30^{\circ}$ from the head direction($-90^{\circ}$) to the body direction($+90^{\circ}$). In the spatial dose measurement with and without the phantom, when the human equivalent Phantom was used, the spatial dose was increased by 40% in all directions from 40 cm to 100 cm from the central X-ray, and about 88% of the space dose was reduced when using the developed shields with the phantom. The equidistance dose at 80 cm from the central X-ray was increased by 39% from $5.1{\pm}0.26{\mu}Gy$ to $7.1{\pm}0.15{\mu}Gy$ when the human equivalent phantom was used, and when phantom was used and shielding was used, the spatial dose was reduced by about 90% from $7.1{\pm}0.15{\mu}Gy$ to $0.7{\pm}0.07{\mu}Gy$. The spatial dose of natural radiation was measured to be about $0.2{\pm}0.04{\mu}Gy$ when using the developed shielding with Phantom at a distance of 1 m or more. It is expected that by using the developed shielding system, it will be possible to effectively reduce secondary radiation dose received in all directions and to ensure safe imaging.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.12 no.7
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• pp.895-908
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• 2018

As modern science is developed and advanced, examination and number of times using radiation are increasing daily. General diagnostic X-ray generator is installed on stationary form, But X-ray generator was developed because patient who is in the intensive care unit, operation room, emergency room can not move to general x-ray room. What we examine patient by x-ray generator is certainly necessary, So patient exposure is inevitable. but reducing radiation exposure is highly important matter about radiation technology, guardian, patient in the same hospital room, nurse etc. For this reason, rule regarding safety control of diagnostic x-ray generator revised for radiation worker, patient and protector proclaim that mobile diagnostic x-ray shield must placed in case of examine different location excluding operation room, emergency room, intensive care unit. But, radiogical technologist is having a lot of difficulties to examine with mobile x-ray generator, diagnostic x-ray shield partition, image plate and lead apron. So, when we use x-ray generator, we manufacture shield tools can be attached to the mobile x-ray generator On behalf of x-ray shield partition and conduct analysis and in comparison to part of body and distribution of dose rate and find way to reduce radiation exposure through distribution of dose rate of patient within the radiogical technologist, medical team. Mobile x-ray generator aimed at SHIMADZU inc. R-20, We manufactured equipment for shielding x-ray scattered x-ray by installing shielding wall from side to side based on support beam on the mobile x-ray generator. Shielding wall when moving can be folded and designed to expand when examine. Experiment measured five times in each by an angle for dose rate of eyes, thyroid, breast, abdomen and gonad on exposure condition of upper and lower extremity, chest, abdomen which is examined many times by mobile x-ray generator. We used dosimeter RSM-100 made by IJRAD and measured a horizontal dose rate by body part. The result of an experiment, shielding decreasing rate of the front and the rear showed 77 ~ 98.7%. Therefore using self-production shielding wall reduce scattered x-ray occurrence rate and confirm can decrease exposure dose consequently. Therefore, through this study, reduction result which is used shielding wall of self-production will be a role of shielding optimization and it could be answer about reduction of medical exposure recommended by ICRP 103.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.543-551
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• 2023

In this study, the aim was to assess the shielding performance of different 3D printing materials, specifically those produced using FDM, SLA, and CJP methods, with a focus on their application as shielding devices in clinical settings. Additionally, the weight of lead shielding materials can evoke reluctance in pediatric patients undergoing X-ray imaging. A total of 12 materials were printed using their respective 3D printers. These materials were then subjected to X-ray testing using diagnostic X-ray equipment and an exposure meter. The goal was to evaluate their shielding capabilities in comparison to 1 mm lead. The results of this evaluation revealed that VisiJet PXL-Pastel, produced using the CJP method, exhibited the highest shielding performance. Therefore, VisiJet PXL-Pastel by CJP method was selected for the creation of a shielding device designed for pediatric reproductive organs. Subsequent tests demonstrated that both the newly created shielding device and conventional lead shielding equipment achieved the same maximum shielding rate at 50 kVp. Specifically, the shielding rate for the 3D printed device was measured at 84.53%, while the conventional lead shielding equipment, categorized as Apron1 (85.74%), Apron2 (99.98%), and Apron3 (99.04%), demonstrated similar performance. In conclusion, the CJP-produced VisiJet PXL-Pastel material showcased excellent radiation shielding capabilities, allowing for anatomical observations of the target organs and their surrounding structures in X-ray images. Furthermore, its lower weight in comparison to traditional lead shielding materials makes it a clinically practical and useful choice, particularly for pediatric applications.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.1062-1070
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• 2022

In the present communication, pure and stable α-Bismuth Oxide (Bi₂O₃) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by low temperature solution combustion method using urea as a fuel and calcined at 500℃. The synthesized sample was characterized by using powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and UV-Visible absorption spectroscopy. The PXRD pattern confirms the formation of mono-clinic, stable and low temperature phase α-Bi₂O₃. The direct optical energy band gap was estimated by using Wood and Tauc's relation which was found to be 2.81 eV. The characterized sample was studied for X-ray/gamma ray shielding properties in the energy range 0.081-1.332 MeV using NaI (Tl) detector and multi channel analyzer (MCA). The measured shielding parameters agrees well with the theory, whereas, slight deviation up to 20% is observed below 356 keV. This deviation is mainly due to the influence of atomic size of the target medium. Furthermore an accurate theory is necessary to explain the interaction of X-ray/gamma ray with the NPs.The present work opens new window to use this facile, economical, efficient, low temperature method to synthesize nanomaterials for X-ray/gamma ray shielding purpose.