• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.30 no.10
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• pp.833-844
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• 2021

A well-maintained landscape can increase the competitiveness of a city. Gyeongju which is the famous ancient capital of Korea, has numerous historical resources. However, the disharmony between the historical landscape and the surrounding landscape weakens the competitiveness of the city. At present, most landscape analysis methods mainly focus on plans, photos, and animation, which have certain limitations in the expression of landscape spatial scale and materials. This study aimed to use the virtual walkthrough method to take the Wolseong District of Gyeongju historical areas as the object in order to evaluate the landscape visually. Compared with planar landscape analysis methods, such as photos and videos, the virtual walkthrough method is more immersive and intuitive to experience the spatial scale. The study results revealed images, visual characteristics, and visual influence factors of the landscape, which provide essential data for the construction and improvement of landscapes in similar historical areas in the future.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.39
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• pp.59-93
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• 2006

Wolseong in Gyeongju is a historic fortress site of Silla constructed under the reign of Pasanisageum that played politically and militarily important roles. The moat surrounding Wolseong had a function of protecting the fortress in wartimes but became a part of gardening in the unified Silla era. Lots of relics have been excavated from Wolseong moat since 1985. Among them a great number and kinds of convex roofing tiles are regarded as invaluable sources to show different aspects of Silla, from its earlier time through to the unified and on. Roofing tiles were widely used for national buildings such as royal palaces, temples and fortresses and even for other popular architecture and have been dug out a lot more than any other relics. Research on them, however, has been done poorly. Vigorous study is in progress with increasing number of roofing tiles coming from many recent excavations, though it has been limited to the studies on general genealogy of patterns and manufacture processes. Thus this essay seeks to find which are dongbeomwas, roofing tiles of a same mold, out of convex tiles with the pattern of a unilobed lotus flower dug out of Wolseong moat. It also attempts to identify dongbeomwas by examining detail characteristics of roofing tiles which have been confusingly termed as yusawa, similar roofing tiles, or donghyeongwa, roofing tiles of the same shape. The significance of identifying dongbeomwas could be emphasized by various facts resulting from researches on dongbeomwas; the ways to identify them correctly, their time sequence and their excavated sites. In conclusion, dongbeomwas were identified out of many kinds of convex tiles. If they were excavated from the same site, they share some common features. The sites where they were dug out also tell what changes were made with passage of time and what relations they had with neighboring Anapji. Since roofing tile molds haven't been found yet, the only way to identify dongbeomwas is to examine details of roofing tiles. Dongbeomwas excavated in Wolseong moat help to discuss the time of each district of it. Meanwhile it should be noted that the term 'dongbeomwa' be used only after exact examining.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.5_2
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• pp.186-193
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to survey the citizens for their satisfaction with the outdoor landscape lighting in Gyeongju Historic Areas registered as UNESCO World Cultural Heritage in November 2000 and thereupon, provide for some basic data useful to the design of the outdoor landscape lighting for the cultural properties. As a result of examining the conditions of the outdoor landscape lighting in Wolseong Zone of Anapji, Banwolseong, Dongbu Sajeokji, Cheomseongdae and Gyerim, there were found 391 lighting fixtures of 12 types in Anapji, 138 lightings of 4 types in Banwolseong, 38 lightings of 6 types in Cheomseongdae, 28 lightings of 3 types in Dongbu Sajeokji and 54 lightings of 5 types in Gyerim. As a result of analyzing citizens' satisfaction with the outdoor landscape lighting, it was found that citizens were satisfied more or less with the nightscape image changed by the outdoor landscape lighting; their satisfaction scored 3.836 on average for Anapji on a 5-point Likert type scale, 3.516 for Banwolseong, 3.446 for Dongbu Sajeokji, 3.650 for Cheomseongdae and 3.479 for Gyerim. However, citizens' satisfaction with the originality of the nightscape was generally low: 3.055 for Anapji, 2.914 for Cheomseongdae, 2.877 for Banwolseong, 2.847 for Gyerim and 2.665 for Dongbu Sajeokji. On the other hand, since most of the lighting fixtures were installed as inserted lights or floodlights, the color tones of light source were relatively highly distinctive, but the peripheral spaces around the cultural properties were rather dark, which means that citizens were feeling inconvenient more or less for using the amenities such as bench or waste box. All in all, their satisfaction with the outdoor landscape at the sample zone at night scored 2.981, lower than the normal level.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.151-174
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• 2022

According to the "Special Act on the Restoration and Maintenance of the Core Relics of the Shilla Kingdom" enacted in 2019, the Shilla Kingdom refers to the capital of Shilla and Unified Shilla period, and refers to Gyeongju, where the king lived, and the nearby area. Shilla Wanggyeong is a heritage registered on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2000 under the name of Gyeongju Historic Site and belongs to Wolseong District, Hwangnyongsa District, and Daeneungwon District among the five districts registered as Gyeongju Historic Site. Unlike the Namsan and Sanseong districts, the Shilla Kingdom is a heritage consisting mostly of archaeological sites without physical substance. Gyeongju City sought to promote local tourism while providing more direct experiences to visitors by restoring the heritage that constitutes the Shilla Kingdom. Starting with the restoration of Woljeonggyo Bridge in 2005, the Shilla Wanggyeong restoration project began in earnest. Gyeongju City tried to restore the building site on the west side of Donggung Palace and Wolji after Woljeonggyo Bridge, but it was canceled due to opposition from the UNESCO World Heritage Committee. The World Heritage Committee opposed the restoration and recommended a heritage impact assessment for similar projects in the future. During the miscarriage impact assessment procedure, there is an OUV attribute analysis process of the heritage to be evaluated. This study intends to preemptively derive OUV attributes for the Silla Kingdom through literature and overseas case analysis. In the case of literature research, domestic and foreign research data related to the UNESCO World Heritage Convention and World Heritage Management were examined, and in overseas cases, the architectural works of Krakow Historical District, Stonehenge and Abbury Geoseok Ruins in England, and Le Corbusier were analyzed. Through this, the outstanding universal value attributes of the Silla Kingdom were derived. This study is expected to be used as a reference in the process of restoration projects of other heritage constituting the Shilla Kingdom or construction plans in nearby areas in the future and serve as an indicator to improve the management system of the Shilla Kingdom more efficiently from the perspective of world heritage.