• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.83-93
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• 2015

This study investigated genetic, mineralogical and spectral characteristics of oil shale and coal samples in Dundgobi area, Mongolia. Based the Rock/Eval and Total organic carbon (TOC) analysis, kerogen type, hydrogen quantity, thermal maturity and depositional environment were confirmed. Moreover, the mineral composition of oil shale and coal samples were analyzed by XRD and spectroscopy. The result of Rock Eval/TOC analysis revealed that the samples of Eedemt deposit are immature to mature source rocks with sufficient hydrocarbon potential, and the kerogen types were classified as Type I, Type II and Type III kerogen. On the other hand, the samples from Shine Us Khudag deposit were mature with good to very good hydrocarbon potential rocks where kengen types are defined as Type I, Type II/III and Type III kerogen. According to the carbon and sulfur contents, the depositional environment of the both sites were defined as a freshwater depositional environment. The XRD analysis revealed that the mineral composition of oil shale and coal samples were quartz, calcite, dolomite, illite, kaolinite, montmorillonite, anorthoclase, albite, microcline, orthoclase and analcime. The absorption features of oil shale samples were at 1412 nm and 1907 nm by clay minerals and water, 2206 nm by clay minerals of kaolinite and montmorillonite and 2306 nm by dolomite. It is considered that spectral characteristics on organic matter content test must be tested for oil shale exploration using remote sensing techniques.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.667-672
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• 2003

Low-fat, precooked high quality Wanjajun was prepared by treating natural antioxidant herbs and hydrocolloids for quantity production of cook/chill system in foodservice. The proposed Wanjajun was formulated under the consideration of flavor and fat level. Wanjajun was prepared with hydrocolloid such as sodium alginate, car-boxymethyl cellulose (CMC), carrageenan and xanthan gum. Cooking yield, fat retention and water holding capacity of Wanjajun containing hydrocolloidal gums were higher than those of control. L-value of raw product was low in comparison with cooked product, but a-value was higher than that of other cooked product. Colors of raw and cooked products were not different among five kinds of products. pH value of cooked product was higher than that of raw product pH range of cooked products revealed to 6.10~6.23. There was no considerable change in pH value during storage. The coliform group and Staphylococus aureus were not detected during storage. Total bacteria1 counts were close to microbial guidelines for safe condition. Hardness, springness, cohesiveness, gumminess and brittleness of low-fat products were generally lower than those of control product. Hardness, gumminess and brittleness of reheated products were higher than those of preheated products. Flavor, tenderness, juiciness and overall quality were not different between precooked and reheated products. Textural characteristics of products were superior in the order of sodium alginate, xanthan gum, CMC, carrageenan and control product.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.22 no.12
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• pp.1671-1681
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• 2013

The study selected 10 regions among major Korean cities. Then the study classified the yearly change of relative humidity of those regions for 37 years based on 1996 (from 1974 to 2011) aimed at high temperature days, and examined them by stage regarding daily maximum temperature. For large cities and small cities, in general relative humidity had been likely to increase at high temperatures of $30^{\circ}C$ or over before 1996, whereas it has decreased since 1996. For suburban areas, relative humidity had been prone to diminish before 1996, whereas it has been likely to either increase since 1996 or rarely some of the cities have not shown any change. The increasing tendency of relative humidity before 1996 in large cities and small cities is believed to be because of an increase of the latent heat of vaporization by the supply of steam from cooling towers established in downtown areas. Meanwhile, the decreasing tendency from 1996 is concluded to be caused by the change from counter-current circular cooling towers, which produce a great quantity of steam including arsenic acid, to cross-flow cooling towers, which produce hardly any steam containing arsenic acid. This change was in accordance with the modification and pursuit of an urban planning law that ordered cooling towers that had been installed on rooftops be installed in the basement of buildings in consideration of a "Green network creation" project by the Ministry of Environment, urban beautification, concerns since 1996 over building collapses, and according to an argument that steam containing arsenic acid could be harmful to human health owing to chemicals contained in the water in the cooling tower in summer.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.44-52
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to confirm the possibility of obtaining high grade coal from fixed carbon 20.68% coal. Also, the mineralogical, physical/chemical and liberation characteristics was found with the aim of decrease in ash amount, during the pre-processing of clean coal technology. In this study, batch flotation and microbubble column flotation that was appropriate for the processing of fine particles was used with the variation in kinds and quantity of frother, collector and depressant. Also grinding time, air flow rate and feeding rates were examined. As a result of batch flotation, using pulp density 20%, collector DMU-101+dodecyl amine(100 mL/ton), frother pine oil (200 mL/ton), depressant sodium silicate(1 kg/ton), obtained the result of ash rejection 81.55% and combustible recovery 70.23%. In result of microbubble column flotation, the result was ash rejection 83.85% and combustible recovery 70.42% under the condition of pulp density 5%, grinding time 5 min. collector DMU-101+DDA(100 mL/ton), frother AF65(5.4 L/ton), depressant SMP(3.5 kg/ton), wash water(360 mL/min.) and air flow rate(1,197 mL/min.).

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.8
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• pp.3532-3540
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• 2011

In order to improve flux of PTMSP/PDMS dense membrane, PTMSP/PDMS-PEI composite membrane with PEI support was prepared by phase inversion process and dip coating. These membranes were evaluated in terms of the removal of volatile organic compounds such as PCE, TCE, chloroform, 1,1,1-trichloroethane from wastewater by pervaporation. The selectivity and flux of PTMSP/PDMS dense membranes was in the range of 216.2 to 2394.4 and 244.3 to 428.2g/m2h, respectively. And pervaporation property of PTMSP/PDMS-PEI composite membrane was in the range of 215.5 to 2404.2 and 390.4 to 728.6g/m2h, respectively. PTMSP/PDMS-PEI composite membrane has remarkably greater flux than dense membranes with similar selectivity. It was possible for polymeric membranes used in this study to remove PCE selectively which is dissolved small quantity in water among other separable solutes. PTMSP/PDMS-PEI composite membrane showed the best performances among the silicone polymeric membranes, and has better durability and mechanical strength than dense membranes. PTMSP/PDMS-PEI composite membrane should be a useful candidate for the removal of volatile organic compounds dissolved in wastewater.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.89-95
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• 2020

Livestock facilities in Korea are on their way of enlargement resulting in increment of livestock manure. When the livestock manure treated inappropriate way during application to the agricultural area, environmental damage can be occurred such as bad smell, water and air pollution. Therefore it is important to make a good management plan for livestock manure treatment. In order to effectively apply organic fertilizer made by livestock manure in terms of quantity and quality, the current status of nutrient in agricultural land should be calculated quantitatively by scientific way. The OECD suggest member countries to calculate the nutrient balance as an agricultural environment indicator which represents the difference between nutrient inputs and outputs of the amount of nutrients in various ways. In this paper, we calculated the nutrient balances according to three cities which have different characteristics such as urban or rural areas. To reduce the nutrient balance, we considered how to reduce the amount of chemical fertilizer by using organic fertilizer made by livestock manure. And public treatment facilities for livestock manure can be a good solution except civil complaints for location selection. Among the options, manure fertilizer application to the agricultural area for cultivation of forage crops was mainly considered to reduce the nutrient balance by decreasing input of chemical fertilizers and increasing output of crop production. Using the field monitoring data, it can be calculated that the daily nitrogen reductions by 116.5 kg/ha and the daily phosphorus increments by 2.7 kg/ha.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.202-213
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• 2004

Object : Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the anti-cancer effects of Mylabris phalerata (반모) in some kinds of cancer cells. Materials and Methods: Some kinds of cancer cells lines were treated. We used nine kinds of cancer cell lines, such as stomach cancer cells (Kato), lung cancer cells (Calu-1, NCI-H 1395), urinary bladder cancer cells (HS789T), bone cancer cells (Saos-2), brain cancer cells (SK-N-MC), liver cancer cells (Hep-G2), skin cancer cells (Mo-1) and prostate cancer cells (PC-3) with the water decoction of Mylabris phalerata. The histological changes of all cell lines in the media (RPMI-1640) containing the decoction of Mylabris phalerata were observed and we examined cell death assay by trypan blue exclusion testing was examined. Finally, the change of mitochondrial membrane potential was measurd and the inhibitory effect of Mylabris phalerata on cell increase was examined by analyzing the cell cycle. Results: In histologic change all cancer cell lines showed withdrawn and floating appearance that is typical in cellular impairment. Most of the cell lines showed over 50% death rate after 24 hours in trypan blue exclusion tests. Especially the stomach, urinary bladder. brain and liver cell lines showed over 30% death rate after 12 hours. All cell lines treated with Mylabris phalerata were less stained than the control group and the mitochondrial membrane potential in the Mylabris phalerata treated cell lines was markedly lower than that in the control group. The measurement of DNA quantity in all cell lines showed the disappearance of the peak and the thickened left axis, which suggests that all cellular DNA degraded. Conclusion: Mylabris phalerata had cytotoxicity on various kinds of cancer cell lines and the mechanism of that was the impairment of mitochondria by the breakdown of the mitochondrial cell membrane. We propose that this is in part attributable to the destruction of DNA in cancer cells.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.151-170
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• 1999

This study was to investigate the metal accumulation from SipJeonDaeBo-Decoction to rat blood of Sprague Dawley. 1. There were no significance in body weight, water dose feed ingestion quantity, liver, kidney, brain, bone weights between the control and the experimental groups. Under the experiment with drinking waters was no metal ${\sim}\;0.65mg/L$ detected. Metal level within feed found 0.0001-376.983mg/kg. 2. In the pack of SipJeonDaeBo-decoction, there detected no metal ${\sim}2.086mg/L$ 3. After P.O(per os) SipJeonDaeBo-decoction, As is detected $2.390{\pm}0.812mg/kg$ in blood; Cd $0.001{\pm}0.001mg/kg$, Co $0.003{\pm}0.001mg/kg$, Cr $0.432{\pm}0.234mg/kg$, Cu $1.013{\pm}0.373mg/kg$, Fe $426.293{\pm}114.842mg/kg$, no Hg, Mn $0.109{\pm}0.082mg/kg$, Ni $0.122{\pm}0.068mg/kg$, Zn $3.584{\pm}1.270mg/kg$. 4. The concentration of Hazardous heavy metal (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Hg, Ni, Pb) within blood control group is searched $0.488{\pm}0.138\;mg/l$; experiment I group $0.432{\pm}0.080mg/l$, experiment II group $0.588{\pm}0.213mg/l$. In the concentration of non hazardous heavy metal(Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn) control group $101.409{\pm}6.832mg/l$; experiment I group $96.062{\pm}5.732\;mg/l$, experiment II group $125.139{\pm}044.820mg/l$. 5. Correlation among every metal in blood Zn and Cr was 0.87956 ; Cd and As -0.02316, Pb and As -0.08738, Ni and As 0.07824, Mn and As 0.07824, Mn and Cd 0.04999. Briefly under the injection of SipJeonDaeBo-decoction, this study was defined within safety in blood level by P.O. during 10 days.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.27-41
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• 2017

This study dealt with the characteristics and the interrelations of hydrogeological parameters such as hydraulic conductivity, dispersivity and effective porosity of unconsolidated sediments for providing the basic data necessary for the planning of the management and preservation of groundwater quality in the Nakdong River Delta of Busan City, Korea. Groundwater quality in this area has been deteriorated due to seawater intrusion, agricultural fertilizer and pesticide, industrial wastewater, and contaminated river water. The physical properties (grain size distribution, sediment type, sorting) and aquifer parameters (hydraulic conductivity, effective porosity, longitudinal dispersivity) were determined from grain size analysis, laboratory permeability test and column tracer test. Among 36 samples, there were 18 Sand (S), 7 Gravelly Sand (gS), 5 Silty Sand (zS), 5 Muddy Sand (mS), and 1 Sandy Silt (sZ). Hydraulic conductivity was determined through a falling head test, and ranged from $9.2{\times}10^{-5}$ to $2.9{\times}10^{-2}cm/sec$ (0.08 to 25.6 m/day). From breakthrough curves, dispersivity was calculated to be 0.35~3.92 cm. Also, effective porosity and average linear velocity were obtained through the column tracer test, and their values were 0.04~0.46 and 1.06E-04~6.49E-02 cm/sec, respectively. Statistical methods were used to understand the interrelations among aquifer parameters of hydraulic conductivity, effective porosity and dispersivity. The relation between dispersivity and hydraulic conductivity or effective porosity considered the sample length, because dispersivity was affected by experimental scale. The relations between dispersivity and hydraulic conductivity or effective porosity were all in inverse proportion for all long and short samples. The reason was because dispersivity was in inverse proportion to the groundwater velocity in case of steady hydrodynamic dispersion coefficient, and groundwater velocity was in proportion to the hydraulic conductivity or effective porosity. This study also elucidated that longitudinal dispersivity was dependent on the scale of column tracer test, and all hydrogeological parameters were low to high values due to the sand quantity of sediments. It is expected that the hydrogeological parameter data of sediments will be very useful for the planning of groundwater management and preservation in the Nakdong River Delta of Busan City, Korea.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.113-120
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• 2018

Radioactive cesium($^{137}Cs$) can be released into the environment through severe nuclear accidents such as the Chernobyl and Fukushima, The $^{137}Cs$ is one of major monitoring radionuclides due to its chemical toxicity, ${\gamma}$ radiation and long half-life($t_{1/2}=30.2yrs$). It has been known well that illite adsorb selectively and strongly the cesium due to frayed edge sites. The quantity of the FES in the illite could be controlled by weathering processes. Therefore, this study was modified illite samples through artificial weathering in the laboratory to increase sorption efficiency for cesium. Abundant interlayer cations(i.e., K, Ca) were eluted within 1 day, while Si and Al were gradually released from the crystal structure. In addition, broad peaks of XRD indicated the occurrence of chemical weathering. The cesium sorption distribution coefficients increased up to approximately 2 times after the weathering. These results suggested that sorption capacity of illite could be enhanced for cesium through artificial weathering under low temperature.