• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.29-38
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• 2013

This study is to construe the spatio-temporal characteristics of temperature in cities and the changes of climatical regions by analyzing a climate change in Korea peninsular. We used daily mean air temperature data which were collected in South and North climate stations for the past 34 years from 1974 to 2007. We created temperature maps of 500m resolution with Inverse Distance Weight in application with adiabatic lapse rate per month in linear relation with height and temperature. In the urbanization area, the data analyzed population in comparison with temperature changes by the year. The south climate region in Korea by the Warmth index was expanded to the middle climate region by the latitude after 1990s. A rise of mean temperature was $0.5{\sim}1.2^{\circ}C$ in urban areas such as Seoul, metropolitan and cities which had a rapid urbanization and industrialization with the population increase between 1980s and 1990s. In case of North Korea, cities such as Pyeongyang, Anju, Gaecheon, and Hesan had the same pattern.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.114-126
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to develop a Korean thermality index (KTI) based on the distribution patterns of benthic macroinvertebrates according to altitude and latitude. Analyzing seasonal data (4,853 sampling units) surveyed and collected during 2007 ~ 2011 at 846 sites in South Korea, we estimated thermal valency, thermal value and indicator weight value of 208 species. Among them, 40 species in 6 orders (Decapoda 1 species, Collembola 1 species, Ephemeroptera 5 species, Plecoptera 17 species, Diptera 3 species, Trichoptera 13 species) were selected as the candidate indicator species sensitive and vulnerable to warmth along with climate change. KTI and Benthic macroinvertebrate index (BMI) were tested at three clean streams (Hangye stream, Buk stream and Bangtae stream). KTI showed significant differences according to altitude and water temperature whereas the saprobity index BMI showed little differences. This result means that KTI can be applicable to assess the impact of water temperature independently of organic pollutants.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.23 no.3 s.59
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• pp.215-220
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• 2005

Through multiple stage analysis, the biochores in Korea were classified and organized as a hierarchy system. In the 1st step, the isopleth lines of warmth index $100^{\circ}C,\;85^{\circ}C,\;55^{\circ}C\;\cdot$ month and the coldness index $-8^{\circ}C,\;or-10^{\circ}C\;\cdot$ month, which indicate the boundaries of plant formation zones (Yim and Kira 1975; Yim 1977), were applied in the determination of major biochores. In the 2nd step, these biochores were subdivided into the five classes based on Thornthwaite's moisture index (Im) and Yim and Kira (1976), as follows: $100{\le}Im,100 In the 3 rd step, the analysis of topographic features yielded three categories of flatlands, gentle slope, and steep slope areas. These were obtained by adopting the $100{\times}100-meter$ gridded DEM and by considering the physical features of the Korean Peninsula. The features of relief in mountainous areas, waters, islands, etc. were converted into climatic indices. This grouping of biochores serves as a useful tool for the interpretation of the distributional patterns of vegetation of vascular plants and similar phenomena.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.44-54
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• 2001

This study was conducted to estimate microclimate of natural deciduous forest in national forest of Pyungchang, Kangwon province and to investigate the effects of the microclimatic conditions on the periodic annual increment of diameter by site types. In this study, site was first classified by nine types considering both elevation (higher than 1,000 m, 700∼1,000 m, and lower than 700 m) and topographical conditions (ridge, slope and valley). For each of site types, diameter growth was measured by using increment borer and periodic annual increment of diameter was then analyzed. A topoclimatological technique, for estimating microclimatic conditions, which make use of empirical relationships between the topographical factor and the climatic normals in the study area was applied to produce monthly mean, maximum and minimum temperatures, relative humidity, precipitation and hours of sunshine. From these monthly estimtes, 17 weather variables such as warmth index, coldness index, index of aridity etc. which affect the diameter growth were computed for each of site types. The periodic annual increment of diameter was then correlated with and regressed on the 17 weather variables to examine effects of microclimatic conditions on the diameter growth by site types. From the correlation analysis, it was found that the diameter growth by site types was positively correlated with all of 17 weather variables except the warmth index. Especially, the conditions such as high relative humidity and large amount of sunshine hours provide favorable environment for the growth of diameter. On the other hand, it was also found that diameter growth was negatively iufluenced by warmth index. According to the regression analysis, the periodic annual increment of diameter could be well predicted by index of aridity and mean relative humidity for the growing season.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.123-133
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• 1986

Black pine, Pinus thumbergii, stands in southwestern Korea were investigated. The black pine forest with 90 percent or more in the relative basal area (black pine basal area/whole pine basal area, RBA) was found in the coastal area. However, from the coastal area to the inland. RBA of the pine was decreased because the competition with red pine (P. densiflora) and/or pitch pine (P. rigida). In 25 year-old plants at the coastal areas, the wood volume of black pine is twofold or more than that of red pine, fourfold or more than that of pitch pine. The optimum rotation period for the maximum yield of black pine is estimated to take 35 years, based on the site index calculated. The optimal temperature for the pine plantation in Korean peninula should be the area in over 105。C.month in warmth index. And the soil conditions with 50% of RBA or over were 0.025%~0.151% of soil salinity, 3~6% of organic matter content, pH value 4.50~5.04, 8.5~11.0 me/100g of C.E.C..

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.85-94
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• 2008

This study is to construe spatio-temporal characteristics of temperature in cities and changes of climatical regions in analyzing a change of Korea Peninsular climate. We used daily mean air temperature data which was collected in South and North Korea for the past 34 years from 1974 to 2007. We created temperature map of 500m resolution using Inverse Distance Weight in application with adiabatic lapse rate per month in linear relation with height and temperature. In the urbanization area, the data analyzed population in comparison with temperature changes by the year. An annual rising rate of temperature was calculated $0.0056^{\circ}C$, and the temperature was increased $2.14^{\circ}C$ from 1974 to 2107. The south climate region in Korea by the Warmth index was expanded to the middle climate region by the latitude after 1990s. A rise of urban area in mean temperature was $0.5-1.2^{\circ}C$, Seoul, metropolitan and cities which were high density of urbanization and industrialization with the population increase between 1980s and 1990s. In case of North Korea, Cities were Pyeongyang, Anju, Gaecheon, Hesan. A rise in cities areas in mean temperature has influence on vegetation, especially secondary growth such as winter buds of pine trees appears built-up area and outskirts in late Autumn. Finally, nowaday we confront diverse natural events over climatical changes, We need a long-term research to survey and analyze an index on the climatical changes to present a systematic approach and solution in the future.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.87-99
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of child rearing behavior and child rearing involvement on elementary school children's stress. The subjects were 201 children selected from 2 elementary schools and their parents. Data was collected using the children's stress index, the child rearing behavior questionnaire, and the child rearing involvement questionnaire, and was statistically analyzed using t-test, one-way ANOVA (Duncan test), correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis. The study showed that there were some significant differences in children's stress according to the child's gender, grade, and scholastic achievement. Correlation analysis indicated that the child's stress and the mother's child rearing behavior had significant correlation, especially the warmth acceptance behavior of the mother indicated negative high correlation. Also, the child's stress and father's child rearing behavior had significant correlation, especially the rejection restriction behavior of the father indicated positive high correlation. Correlation analysis indicated that the child's stress and the mother's child rearing involvement had significant correlation, especially the family activities involvement of the mother indicated negative high correlation. As well, the child's stress and the father's child rearing involvement had significant correlation, especially the day to day guidance involvement of the father indicated negative high correlation. It was also found that rejection restriction behavior of the father, permissiveness non-intervention behavior of the father, day to day guidance involvement of the father, family activities involvement of the father, and warmth acceptance behavior of the mother were all significant predictors of the elementary school child's stress.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.41-53
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• 2013

The study for the estimation potential natural vegetation was estimated the occurrence probability distribution using geographic information system(GIS) in Bukhansan National Park. Correlation and factor analysis were analyzed to estimate probability distribution. Coefficients were calculated by logistic regression analysis. Correlation coefficients were significantly at the 0.01 level. Commonality of elevation, annual mean temperature, warmth index and potential evapotranspiration were high value, but topographic index was low value. Communities of over the 0.3 points distribution probability, Quercus mogolica communities were the largest area, 76,940,900 $m^2$, Pinus densiflora communities area was 860,800 $m^2$, Quercus acutissima communities area was 500,100 $m^2$ and Quercus variabilis communities area was 1,000 $m^2$, but Q. aliena, Q. serrata, Carpinus laxiflora and Zelcova serrata communities was not appeared. Therefore, potential national vegetation of Bukhansan national park was likely to be Q. mongolica community, P. densiflora community, Q. acutissima community and Q. variabilis community.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.21 no.5_2
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• pp.501-518
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• 1998

Mt. Paektu(2,749.6m)m the biggest mountain in Northeast Asia, located on the border line of Korea and China is characterized as an aspite with broad gentle mountain area and rich biota. however, it seems that the study of forest vegetational feature or vegetation zones in the whole area of this mountain is not yet sufficient in spite of contribution by many investigators. in this paper thermal climatic approach was carried out for the determination of vegetation zones of the mountain with the meteorological data of four stations including Cheonjj and various vegetational data. the application of Warmth Index and/or coldness Index(Kira 1977) for the determination of forest vegetation boundary was useful also here, and their boundaries largely coincided with those of thermal indicies obtained in the Korean Peninsula(Yim and Kira, 1975), including the lapse rate of air temperature along increasing elevation. However, in the mountain the boundary of vegetation zones in not clear like those of mountains in Korea. It may be due so the topographic differences between this area and the Korean Peninsula. Besides, the broad ecotones between different vegetations in this area support the vegetation continum concept rather than the unit concept, and the limit of timber line or tree line reflects various hypothesis(Steven and fox 1991). Therefore, for the explantion of vegetation zone of this area should be considered topography or soil condition, for example, as known the hierachy of ecological units (zonobiomes, orobiomes and pedobiomes, Walter, 1973).

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.147-152
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• 1985

The forest vegetation of natural reserve area (175ha) at north-eastern slope of Solibong (537m), Gwangneung, was studied by plant sociological method and two dimensional ordination technique. In the area dominated by Carpinus laxiflora, from the lower site to peak of Solibong, a zonal distribution of C. laxiflora-Quercus mongolic forest, C. laxiflora-C. cordata forest, C. laxiflora-Q. serrata forest, C. laxiflora forest and C. laxiflora-Rhododendron schlippenbachii forest were recognized by the plant sociological survey. It is seem that the optimal range of Carpinus laxiflora forest occur in mesic-warm site by two dimensiional ordination with thermal condition and soil moisture condition. The optimal range (over 100 in importance value) was the range of 76~89。C.month in warmth index and 18~45% in soil water content.