• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.25-28
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• 1982

Estimation of liver size is essential in the diagnosis of liver disease, Many approaches have been attempted in evaluation of liver size such as the measurement of length, area and volume. Among these, area and volume measurements are accurate but complicated, so we commonly use formerly introduced various linear measurements, but in scintigraphy one must calculate the actual liver size using rate of reduction, which is time consuming. Because of these reasons, we carried out present study to represent liver size by means of a simple liver measurement like we express the cardiac size by cardiothoracic ratio. Our cases consisted of 100 clinically normal subjects as the normal group and 50 patients suffering from liver disease and diagnosed to have hepatomegaly on abdominal palpation and scintigram at Dept, of Radiology of St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Medical College during the period of 8 months from Jan. 1980. We measured the liver size using 4 linear diameters(Fig. 1). And as the reference measurement, the distance from the right margin of the liver to the left margin of the spleen was measured. We called this "abdominal transverse diameter(ATD)". The results were as follows; 1) The smallest value was recorded in the midline vertical diameter (MVD). It was $4.2{\pm}0.4cm$ in normal group and $5.0{\pm}0.6cm$ in the hepatomegaly group. 2) The diameter using other methods ranged from 5.6 to 7.2 cm in the normal group and from 6.3 to 7.5cm in the hepatomegaly group. 3) There was significant difference in the ratio of each diameter to ATD between the normal and hepatomegaly group (<0.01). We called this "hepato-abdominal ratio". 4) The "hepato-abdominal ratio" using MVD is $0.43{\pm}0.06$ in the normal group and $0.53{\pm}0.07$ in the hepatomegaly group. The "hepato-abdominal ratio" of MVD was most significantly different between normal and hepatomegaly group. 5) The tolerance limits(99%) of "hepato-abdominal ratio" using MVD is from 0.41 to 0.45 in the normal group and from 0.51 to 0.55 in the hepatomegaly group. Therefore, by reasons of error during measurement and convenience of memory, it was warranted to suggest hepatomegaly when "hepato-abdominal ratio" using MVD is more than 0.5 in the interpretation of hepatic scintigram.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.114-121
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• 2018

Purpose: To explore the feasibility of maximum diameter as a response assessment method for vestibular schwannomas (VS) after stereotactic radiosurgery or fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (RT), we analyzed the concordance of RT responses between maximum diameters and volumetric measurements. Materials and Methods: Forty-two patients receiving curative stereotactic radiosurgery or fractionated stereotactic RT for VS were analyzed retrospectively. Twelve patients were excluded: 4 did not receive follow-up magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans and 8 had initial MRI scans with a slice thickness >3 mm. The maximum diameter, tumor volume (TV), and enhanced tumor volume (ETV) were measured in each MRI study. The percent change after RT was evaluated according to the measurement methods and their concordances were calculated with the Pearson correlation. The response classifications were determined by the assessment modalities, and their agreement was analyzed with Cohen kappa statistics. Results: Median follow-up was 31.0 months (range, 3.5 to 86.5 months), and 90 follow-up MRI studies were analyzed. The percent change of maximum diameter correlated strongly with TV and ETV (r(p) = 0.85, 0.63, p = 0.000, respectively). Concordance of responses between the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) using the maximum diameters and either TV or ETV were moderate (kappa = 0.58; 95% confidence interval, 0.32-0.85) or fair (kappa = 0.32; 95% confidence interval, 0.05-0.59), respectively. Conclusions: The percent changes in maximum diameter and the responses in RECIST were significantly concordant with those in the volumetric measurements. Therefore, the maximum diameters can be used for the response evaluation of VS following stereotactic RT.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.19-25
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• 2020

Objects : The daily dose of Pinelliae Tuber in ≪Treatise on Cold Damage Diseases≫ is half seung in volume, two and half ryang in weight, and fifteen in total number. But the daily dose should be a whole number. So I found out the background of this setting and correct solution. Methods : I searched Classics of Traditional Medicine, found out the background of the daily dose setting, solution. Results : The daily dose of Pinelliae tuber in ≪Hangdi's Internal Classic Miraculous Pivot≫, ≪Bohenggyuljangbuyongyakbeobyo≫ is half seung. ≪Treatise on Cold Dameage Diseases≫ followed the same daily dose of that because it referred to these books. In ≪Synopsis of Prescription of the Golden Chamber≫, the daily dose of that is half seung, one or two seung. The half seung of the Pinelliae Tuber is thirty three mL, but the diameter is 1~1.5 cm that accurate measurement by volume is difficult. The daily dose by weight is correct considering the unity of marking of the daily dose, accuracy of measurement, the fact that Pinelliae Tuber is currently distributed by cutting. So, two ryang is correct which is thirteen gram. Conclusions : Considering the traditionality, the convenience of measurement, the daily dose of Pinelliae Tuber in the ≪Treatise on Cold Damage Diseases≫ is half seung, but considering the unity, accuracy, current state of distribution, it is correct that the daily dose of it is two ryang. It corresponds to thirteen gram.

• 약학회지
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• 제12권3_4호
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• pp.41-49
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• 1968

The optimum reaction conditions for the preparation of the precipitated calcium carbonate of an average particle size of 0.05.mu. in diameter was set in which the Box-Wilson Plan was applied. The reaction conditions are as follows; 1) concentration of milk of lime; 6.56% w/w 2) temperature; 14.24.deg. C #) velocity of carbon dioxide introducing; 1.95l/min. The crystal form was found that of calcite in X-ray diffraction analysis. The particle size was determined by the sedimentation volume measurement. The shape was identified by the elctron micro-diffraction pattern and the electron microscopic photographs.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.45-53
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• 2004

An experimental study was carried out to obtain the fundamental data about the effects of radicals induced injection on premixture combustion. A constant volume combustor divided to the sub-chamber and the main chamber was used. The volume of the sub-chamber is set up to occupy less than 1.5％ of that of whole combustion chamber. Radial twelve narrow passage holes are arranged between the main chamber and the sub-chamber. The products including radicals generated by spark ignition in the sub-chamber will derive the simultaneous multi-point ignition in the main chamber. While the equivalence ratio of pre-mixture in the main chamber and the sub-chamber is uniform. We have examined the effects of the sub-chamber volume, the diameter of passage hole, and the equivalence ratio on the combustion characteristics by means of burning pressure measurement and flame visualization. In the case of radical ignition method(RI), the overall turning time including the ignition delay became very short and the maximum burning pressure was slightly increased in comparison with those of the conventional spark ignition method(SI), that is, single chamber combustion without the sub-chamber. The combustible lean limit by RI method is extended to more ER=0.25 than that by SI method. Therefore the decrease of every emission including NOx and the improvement of fuel consumption is anticipated due to lean burn.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2009년도 하계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.387-387
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• 2009

In the study the volume resistivity Characteristics of epoxy resin using nanocomposites, nano-comosites are made from insulating material epoxy resin using for power transformer equipment and molding several devices as changing amount of addition of diameter 12 [nm] $SiO_2$, we measured volume resistivity of nano-composites by High Resistance Meter(4329A). As the result of measurement, we have seen the epoxy resin using 1.6 [wt%] nanocomposites was the highest measured at the volume resistivity, and using 0.4 [wt%] nanocomposites was highest stabilized than others according to variable temperature properties.

• 한국입자에어로졸학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.53-63
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• 2017

As semiconductor process was highly integrated, particle contamination became a major issue. Because particle contamination is related with process yields directly, particles with a diameter larger than half pitch of gate should be controlled. PBMS (Particle beam mass spectrometry) is one of powerful nano particle measurement device. It can measure 5~500 nm particles at ~ 100 mtorr condition in real time by in-situ method. However its usage is restricted to research filed only, due to its big device volume and high price. Therefore aperture changeable aerodynamic lenses (ACALs) which can control particle focusing characteristics by changing its aperture diameter was proposed in this study. Unlike conventional aerodynamic lenses which changes particle focusing efficiency when operating condition is changed, ACALs can maintain particle focusing efficiency. Therefore, it can be used for a multi-monitoring system that connects one PBMS and several process chambers, which greatly improves the commercialization possibility of the PBMS. ACALs was designed based on Stokes number and evaluated by numerical method. Numerical analysis results showed aperture diameter changeable aerodynamic lenses can focus 5 to 100 nm standard particles at 0.1 to 10 torr upstream pressure.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.280-291
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• 2013

This paper analyzes desirable breast types using measurements from 31 selected female subjects based on the ratio of breast in works of art and to design a brassiere cup design according to the breast type of 182 female subjects in their 20s. The subjects selected for this paper are somewhat larger than a previous study on aesthetically perfect breasts of foreigners according to chest breadth, center neck point to breast point, breast circumference, and breast volume. However, the aesthetic breasts of foreigners are larger than the subjects selected for this study according to chest depth, under-bust circumference, and bust point to bust point. Comparing various breasts types and aesthetic breasts, padding is necessary to complement the form of flat breasts to increase the volume and diameter. Brassiere cups for cone-shaped breasts should be designed to increase breast volume through an increase in nipple height. Hemisphere breasts should be designed to increase the overall volume-leaving diameter. Protrusion breasts should enhance the functions of aggregating and supporting without any increase or decrease of the breast volume. Drooping breasts require the ability to support a large volume to stabilize the breast. Subjects were selected depending on the ratio of breast silhouette as works of art and who have large breasts in disproportional to a slender trunk. Three items, the circumferential length of breast, height of the nipple, and the depth of inner breast using the anthropomorphic measurements of 182 subjects were measured through regression equations for breast volume. Breast volume = -394.86 + 27.52 ${\times}$ (the circumferential length of breast) + 18.73 ${\times}$ (height of the nipple) + 12.85 ${\times}$ (the depth of inner breast). Regression equations to extract the aesthetic breast volume in measurements irrelevant to breasts using the anthropomorphic measurements of 31 subjects were as follows. Aesthetic breast volume = -611.30 + 17.67 ${\times}$ (bust circumference) -24.29 ${\times}$ (under-bust circumference) + 16.31 ${\times}$ (neck point to breast point to waistline) + 22.83 ${\times}$ (bust breadth) + 12.22 ${\times}$ (waist depth) -8.34 ${\times}$ (interscye- front). This prediction equation is useful to develop a breast type brassiere pattern, complement breast enhancement surgery, or minimize the effect a mastectomy.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제61권1호
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• pp.37-44
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• 1983

본(本) 연구(硏究)는 삼림표본조사법(森林標本調査法)의 하나인 부차추출법(副次抽出法)을 적용(適用)하여 본교(本校) 가평연습림(加平演習林)의 II본반(本班)(20.80ha)에 집단적(集團的)으로 생유(生育)하고 있는 이령(異令) 소나무림을 대상(對象)으로 흉고부위(胸高部位)에서 core를 채취(採取)하여 최근(最近) 10년간(年間)의 연년(連年) 직경성장량(直徑成長量)의 증가(增加)를 조사분석(調査分析) 하였으며 동시에 이와 관련하여 년간(年間) 재적성장량(材積成長量)(율(率))을 구명(究明)하였던 바 이를 바탕으로 하여 목재수급계획(木材需給計劃)을 뒷받침 하기 위한 기초자료(基礎資料)의 산출방안(算出方案)을 제시(提示)코저 하였는네 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 1) 직경(直徑)과 직경성장량(直徑成長量)과의 회귀식(回歸式)은 $\hat{I}=0.5499+0.0101D$, 2) 직경성장량(直徑成長量)에 대한 신뢰폭(信賴幅)의 추정식(推定式)은 $S^2{\hat{I}}=0.00817(0.09538-0.00952D+0.00027D^2$), 3) 수고곡선식(樹高曲線式)은 $H=1.32376D^{0.77958}$, 4) 재적식(材積式)은 $V=0.0000622D^{1.6918}H^{1.1397}$, 5) 연년재적성장량(連年材積成長量)은 ha당 $5.4041m^3$이고 이의 신뢰한계치(信賴限界値)는 $5.6131{\sim}5.1984m^3$이었다. 6) 전림재적(全林材積)에 대(對)한 연년성장율(連年成長率)은 8.8%이었으며 이의 추정오차율(推定誤差率)은 3.9%이었다. 이상과 같은 연구결과로 미루어 볼 때 본(本) 연구(硏究)와 같은 방법(方法)으로 각 지방마다 수종별(樹種別)로 년간(年間) 성장량(成長量)이 구명(究明)되어질 수 있다고 보며 이렇게 되면 우리나라의 년간(年間) 임목성장량(林木成長量)을 무난히 파악할 수 있을 것으로 본다. 따라서 빈약(貧弱)한 임목축적(林木蓄積)을 보유(保有)하고 있는 우리나라의 현실성을 감안해 볼 때 과벌(過伐)을 피하고 합리적인 삼림보전(森林保全)을 위(爲)해서는 년간(年間) 임목벌채허용량(林木伐採許容量)은 년간(年間) 임목성장량(林木成長量)을 초과해서는 안될 것이다. 그러므로 합리적(合理的)인 목재수급계획(木材需給計劃)을 수립(樹立)하기 위해서는 년간(年間) 목재수요량(木材需要量)에 따라 먼저 년간(年間) 국내(國內) 벌채허용량(伐採許容量)이 년간(年間) 임목성장량(林木成長量)과 같은 양(量)이거나 이보다 적게 책정한 연후에 부족(不足)한 목재(木材)는 외국(外國)의 수입목재(輸入木材)로 충당(充當)하도록 하면 과학적(科學的)이고 합리적(合理的)인 목재수급계획(木材需給計劃)이 수립(樹立)될 것으로 보며 정부 당국의 산림자원(山林資源) 증진책(增進策)에도 매우 도움이 될 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.285-291
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• 2010

Recently, advance on various modalities of diagnosing, prostate volume estimation became possible not only by the existing two-dimension medical images data but also by the three-dimensional medical images data. In this study, magnetic resonance image (MRI), computer tomography (CT) and ultrasound (US) were employed to evaluate prostate phantom volume measurements for estimation, comparison and analysis. For the prostate phantoms aimed at estimating the volume, total of 17 models were developed by using devils-tongue jelly and changing each of the 5ml of capacity from 20ml to 100ml. For the volume estimation through 2D US, the calculation of the diameter with C9-5Mhz transducer was conducted by ellipsoid formula. For the volume estimation through 3D US, the Qlab software (Philips Medical) was used to calculate the volume data estimated by 3D9-3Mhz transducer. Moreover, the images by 16 channels CT and 1.5 Tesla MRI were added by the method of continuous cross-section addition and each of imaginary prostate model's volume was yielded. In the statistical analysis for comparing the availability of volume estimation, the correlation coefficient (r) was more than 0.9 for all indicating that there were highly correlated, and there were not statistically significant difference between each of the correlation coefficient (p=0.001). Therefore, the estimation of prostate phantom volume using three-dimensional modalities of diagnosing was quite closed to the actual estimation.