• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.87-96
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is, to examine current foodservice management practices at free meal service organization for elderly people and, to evaluate the attitude of recipients about the service and their ecological background. 6 meal service center as well as randomly selected 120 recipients at Sungnam area were surveyed and interviewed and result were summarized as follow. The cost of each meal (lunch) was ranged from 1,300 won to 1,500 won and number of attendant at meal service were ranged from 50 to 200 persons. Meal time for lunch begins from 10:30 am to noon because greater portion of people (elderly) didn't take breakfast frequently. Most of the center adapted self-service system. Standard recipe was not developed and meal preparation was controlled under the experiences of volunteer’s. Recording system of, nutrition management, production control, storage and inventory control was not well adapted by most of the center. In order to measure the level of storage, sanitation etc., scorin system in survey was adapted in this study and result are as follow: The score of sanitation of kitchen was lower than dinning area and that of food storage was lowest score. It was suggested that not only financial but also systematical support on management by local government may be necessary to meet the goal of supply nutritionally balanced food at the center. The score given by the recipient on the satisfaction of meal service was rate as 4.8 at the 5-point maximum scale. Meeting friends and share social relationship was major reason (41.6% of the total) of visiting to the center. It is suggested that in order to meet the changes of the patterns of change of social and family structure, the service of the center should be extended in urban area and it is necessary to develop systematic management models for the center.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.13 no.4 s.35
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• pp.381-391
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• 2005

The NSDI concept has changed with the development of the NSDI. While the NSDI was initially established as a separate entity, recently more attention has been given to the SDI hierarchy, from a local level to a global level. As an advanced NSDI, the USA, the UK and Canada emphasize more on better citizen services through an e-Government GIS portal such as the USA's Geospatial One-Stop. This study hypothesizes that the characteristics of NSDIs can be different from each nation in terms of vision, structure, evolution stages and a degree of integration with the e-Government. Rather than to describe differences just fur comparison, more characteristics of NSDIs are identified and the comparisons are developed as recommendations for the future NGIS(National Geographic Information System) in Korea.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• no.11
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• pp.45-56
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• 1997

In the process of modermization the problem of environment destruction has become a worldwide issue. And now this problem is a concern for all branches of science, including that of architectural desigv. This thesis tries to find the meaning of ecological architectural space, one that encreases the organic relationship, and communication, between architectrual space and urban environmental space, between human beings and architecture, and between human beings and their environment. As an example, we will take a look at the architectural space-design of Frei Otto, who offers diverse creative ecological architectural forms. His concept of architecture has the critical character when compared with the traditionan conventional concept of architecture. The ecological characteristics of his architectural spacedesign can be summarized as follows: The first characteristic is his ample use of natural objects in the architectural structure. An ample use of living things like trees and plants as well as of inanimate thing like water, wind as architectural elements enhances the functional efficiency of architecture. The second characteristic is its ecological architectural system, which saves energy faciliates ventilation by changing the position and direction of the building, by systematically applying the materials, and by efficiently arranging the inner space. The third characteristic is the dematerialization of architecture and the use of materials that are economical and appropriate for the circulation system of nature. The use of natural elements and recycling natural objects, makes it possible to reuse materials of the destroyed building. In short, the ecological architecture of Frei Otto, which shows the relation between human beings and architecture, presents diverse possibilities of the archtectural space as a complex natural system, which is more than a simple combination of separatge elements.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.273-280
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• 2001

We investigated the flora and vegetation structure of exotic plants along stream geomorphology and disturbance factors in the riparian zone of Seunggi stream, Incheon. Total 53 exotic plant species were found in the riparian corridors of Seunggi stream. The percentage of exotics ranged from 25% to 33% of total species richness, and its mean value was 24% in the whole riparian area. The percentage of exotics reflected the vulnerability of riparian zones to plant invasions by disturbances, and it could be used as an indicator of riparian system dysfunction. The distinct distribution patterns of exotic plants did not found in the lateral topographic features of the stream. Invasion and proliferation of the exotic plants were somewhat remarkable at terraces and bank slopes of the stream. Among various disturbance factors, plowing and trampling were important on the invasion of exotic plant species of Seunggi stream.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.847-867
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• 2014

There are continuous efforts to mitigate structural losses from earthquakes and manage risk through seismic risk assessment; seismic fragility curves are widely accepted as an essential tool of such efforts. Seismic fragility curves can be classified into four groups based on how they are derived: empirical, judgmental, analytical, and hybrid. Analytical fragility curves are the most widely used and can be further categorized into two subgroups, depending on whether an analytical function or simulation method is used. Although both methods have shown decent performances for many seismic fragility problems, they often oversimplify the given problems in reliability or structural analyses owing to their built-in assumptions. In this paper, a new method is proposed for the development of seismic fragility curves. Integration with sophisticated software packages for reliability analysis (FERUM) and structural analysis (ZEUS-NL) allows the new method to obtain more accurate seismic fragility curves for less computational cost. Because the proposed method performs reliability analysis using the first-order reliability method, it provides component probabilities as well as useful byproducts and allows further fragility analysis at the system level. The new method was applied to a numerical example of a 2D frame structure, and the results were compared with those by Monte Carlo simulation. The method was found to generate seismic fragility curves more accurately and efficiently. Also, the effect of system reliability analysis on the development of seismic fragility curves was investigated using the given numerical example and its necessity was discussed.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.276-283
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• 2009

Enrichment in nutrients coming from urban sewage outfalls can lead to eutrophication in coastal areas, which can also change the species composition and community structure of macro algal communities. We investigated the structure of the macro algal community within three rocky shores in order to assess any possible differences in their characteristics. Site 1 was located near Tongyeong city's sewage outfall, Site 2 was located near a public beach area, and Site 3 faced open channel of the Ocean. All three sites were located within the same stretch of the coast, where Site 2 was located between sites 1 and 3. We measured the nutrient concentration in water and the tissue nitrogen content in macro algae samples. Nutrients in the water column surrounding site 1 were high in ammonium ($30.2\pm1.8{\mu}M$), nitrate ($26.2{\pm}0.1{\mu}M$), and phosphate ($2.7{\pm}0.1{\mu}M$) content, and were characterized by low numbers of macroalgal species and species and a low species diversity index. In contrast, site 3 exhibited relatively low nutrient concentration levels and a high number of macroalgal species and a high species diversity index. Comparative analysis showed that the tissue nitrogen content of macroalgae were significantly (P<0.05) affected by the nutrient concentration in the water column. The tissue nitrogen content of green algae within site 1 was higher than the others sites. However, the tissue nitrogen content of brown algae was similar at all three sites. Thus, the tissue nitrogen content of macro algae and the macro algal community structure of intertidal rocky shores were dependent on location and the performance of macroalgal communities was dependent on water quality.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.1-11
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• 2014

Traffic congestion cost is more likely to occur in the inner city than interregional road, and it accounts for about 63.39% of the whole. Therefore, it is important to mitigate traffic congestion of the inner city. Traffic congestion in the urban could be divided into Recurrent congestion and Non-recurrent congestion. Quick and accurate detection of Non-recurrent congestion is also important in order to relieve traffic congestion. The existing studies about incident detection have been variously conducted, however it was limited to Uninterrupted Traffic Flow Facilities such as freeway. Moreover study of incident detection on the interrupted Traffic Flow Facilities is still inadequate due to complex geometric structure such as traffic signals and intersections. Therefore, in this study, incident detection model was constructed using by Artificial Neural Network to aim at urban arterial road that is interrupted traffic flow facility. In the result of the reliability assessment, the detection rate were 46.15% and false alarm rate were 25.00%. These results have a meaning as a result of the initial study aimed at interrupted traffic flow. Furthermore, it demonstrates the possibility that Non-recurrent congestion can be detected by using car navigation data such as car navigator system device.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.23-34
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• 2013

In this study, a safe, economic, and rapid construction method of underground roadway using PSC girder is developed to reduce traffic congestion and maximize space usage in urban area. For an efficient application of the method, a rigid joint connection is proposed and tested. For the testing, cantilever specimens were used to verify its capacity. The parameters for this study were cross beam length and joint connection type. The results of the test showed that the proposed connection system has superior performances. Despite having differences of cross beam length and joint connection type, the stable flexural behavior was shown in all of the tested specimens. Also, the behaviors of PSC girders and upper slabs connected by the proposed method showed superior performance. Moreover, the improvement of structure performance according to the increase of length of cross beams has been verified.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.28 no.1A
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• pp.155-163
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• 2008

On the construction site with trends of large scale, high rise and specialization, testing construction of high performance concrete, superior to conventional concrete, is continued to increase. For bridge construction, application of full staging method is gradually decreasing due to noise, dust, and prolonged construction period. Recently, precast construction, which is optimized to urban environment and shorter work period, gains popularity significantly. In bridge structure, overcrowding arrangement of bar is used to ensure its safety. For the manufacturing of overcrowding arrangement of bar, High flowing self-compacting concrete, which is superior to conventional concrete in flowability and compacting property, should be implemented. In this study, the application of blast-furnace slag and fly ash to binary and ternary blended system on the High flowing self-compacting concrete for bridge structure with overcrowding arrangement of bar is evaluated by flowability in accordance with the first class regulations of Japan Society of Civil Engineering (JSCE).

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.77-89
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to establish a Zone-Based Land Use Information System(ZBLIS) using digital topographic maps and public statistics data with a case for Pohang. The Basic Spatial Units(BSUs) used in ZBLIS is the administrative district units(Dong and Lie), and larger or smaller spatial units than this are brought out from BSUs. In the first step, the structure of ZBLIS is constructed to choose Analysis Zone on the top menu, and in subsequent steps, to choose Analysis Categories on sub-menu in terms of dialog windows, and then to choose Analysis Sub-categories and Analysis Theme. The 11 Analysis Categories are consisted of Population, Land Use, Transportation, Industry and Economy etc.. In this case study, it is found that there occur some technical problems in the process of making base-map from digital topographic maps, and inputting attribute data to this base map. For each of these problems, some handling method are recommended.