• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.367-379
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• 2023

The rapid expansion of shrimp production requires a huge amount of protein sources from soybeans and wild-caught fishmeal; both are becoming a shortage. Meanwhile, catfish production and processing is a giant industry in Vietnam, which produce hundred thousand tonnes of protein- and lipid-rich by-products, annually. Using catfish by-products to gradually replace the traditional protein sources in shrimp aquaculture may bring triple benefits: 1) reducing pressure on wild fish exploitation for fishmeal, 2) reducing the environmental impacts of catfish by-products, and 3) increasing the value and sustainability of aquaculture production. In this study, we used catfish by-products to produce fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) and nano-hydroxyapatite (HA) as additives in feed for Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). The supplement mixture of FPH and HA was added into the commercial diet (Charoen Pokphand Group [CP], 38% protein, and 6.5% lipid) to reach 38%, 38.5%, 40%, 43%, and 44% of the crude protein content. The survival and growth of shrimps were weekly assessed to day 55. The results showed that the shrimp growth was highest at 43% crude protein content in the feed as indicated by an increase of 124% and 112% in shrimp weight and length, respectively, compared to the commercial reference diet. No negative effects of adding the mixture of FPH and HA on the water quality were observed. Vibrio density was lower than 6.5 × 10³ CFU/mL, which is the lowest Vibrio density negatively affecting the shrimp growth and development. These findings indicate that the mixture of FPH and HA are promising additive components in feed for post-larval shrimp L. vannamei diets.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.593-606
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• 1984

With the ligation of patent ductus arteriosus by Gross in 1938, surgeons first entered the field of congenital heart disease. Interruption of a ductus is one of the most satisfactory and curative operations in the field of surgery for congenital heart disease. 27 cases of isolated patent ductus arteriosus were operated from Jan. 1978 to July 1984 at the Department of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery in Kyung-Hee University Hospital. Retrospective clinical analysis of these patients were: 1. Sex ratio, female: male, was 2:1. 2. Mean age at operation was 9.85\ulcorner.58 years. The youngest patient was a 23 month-old girl and the oldest one was a 24 year-old male. 3. More than half of the patients had less than 50 percentile of growth retardation. 4. Chief complaints of the patients were frequent URI [52%], dyspnea on exertion [33%], generalized weakness [22%], palpitation [7%], but 7 patients [26%] had no subjective symptoms. 5. Continuous machinery murmur could be heard at the 2nd or 3rd intercostal space on the left sternal border in 22 patients [81%]. The other S patients made systolic murmur with accentuation of the second heart sound and those were associated with pulmonary hypertension. 6. Radiologic findings of Chest P-A were cardiac enlargement in 15 patients [55%], enlargement of pulmonary conus and/or increasing density of pulmonary vascularity in 20 patients [74%]. 7. Electrocardiographic findings of the patients were within normal limit in 13 patients [48%], LVH in 4 patients [15%], biventricular hypertrophy in 3 patients [11%]. 8; echocardiogram was obtained from 11 patients. Ductus was directly visualized in 7 patients. Left atrial enlargement is the secondary change of left to right shunt, 10 patients had LA/Ao ratio more than 1.2. 9. Cardiac catheterization performed in 25 patients. The mean value of the results were:SO2[PA-RV]= 14.72\ulcorner6.01%, Qp/Qs=2.22\ulcorner.80, peak systolic pulmonary arterial pressure=48.28\ulcorner1.60 mmHg. 10. 26 patients were operated through the left posterolateral thoracotomy: closure of ductus by double ligation in 14 cases, triple ligation in 5 cases, and division with suture in 8 cases. One patient suffer from aneurysmal rupture of main pulmonary artery, endocarditis, hemopericardium was treated with cardiopulmonary bypass via median sternotomy and closure of ductus through the ruptured main pulmonary artery. 11.There was no death associated with the operation, but 3 cases were experienced with intraoperative rupture around the ductus resulting in massive bleeding. The other complications were transient hoarseness in one patient, atelectasis in left lower lobe in 3 patients, and postoperative systemic hypertension in 4 patients with unknown etiology. 12. Pulse pressure was reduced, 11.47+5.92 mmHg, postoperatively, as compare to preoperative status. 13. Intraoperative wedge lung biopsy from lingular segment for the evaluation of the pulmonary vascular disease was taken in S patients with severe pulmonary hypertension. The result was Heath-Edward grade I in one case, grade II in two cases, and grade III in two cases.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.29-35
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• 2012

The treatments for spinal canal stenosis are radicular cyst removal, spine fusion, and implantation of an artificial intervertebral disc. Artificial intervertebral discs have been most widely used since the mid-2000s. The study of artificial intervertebral discs has been focused on the analysis of the axial rotation, lateral bending, the degrees of freedom of the disc, and flexion-extension of the vertebral body. The issue of fatigue failure years after the surgery has arisen as a new problem. Hence, study of artificial intervertebral discs must be focused on the fatigue failure properties and increased durability of the sliding core. A finite element model based on an in the artificial intervertebral disc (SB Charit$\acute{e}$ III) was produced, and the influence of the radius of curvature and the change in the coefficient of friction of the sliding core on the von-Mises stress and contact pressure was evaluated. Based on the results, new artificial intervertebral disc models (Models-I, -II, and -III) were proposed, and the fatigue failure behavior of the sliding core after a certain period of time was compared with the results for SB Charit$\acute{e}$ III.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.182-188
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• 2020

This study aimed to collect the carbon dioxide generated as a by-product from petrochemicals and liquor factories and use it in a crop breeding greenhouse. This was applied mainly to the storage of dry ice and the supply of carbon dioxide to achieve this target. Dry ice has a strong cooling effect because CO₂ becomes a solid or gas at temperatures and pressures below the triple point, and the solid sublimes at -78.5℃ and atmospheric pressure. The consumption of dry ice according to temperature was 0.983kg/day, 2.358kg/day, 5.102kg/day, and 7.035kg/day when the temperature was 5℃, 10℃, 15℃, and 20℃, respectively, which corresponded to 1,102ppm, 1,481ppm, 1,677ppm, and 1,855ppm. Dry ice consumption in the test greenhouse decreased by approximately 0.9kg/h, and the CO₂ concentration in the greenhouse at 9 a.m., before supplying dry ice increased to 517ppm, 1,519ppm at 10 a.m., 1,651ppm at 11 a.m., and 1,651ppm at 12 p.m., before maintaining this level of activity. Overall, this study attempted to contribute to increasing farm income by deriving the supply conditions through an expansion of the supply of carbon dioxide gas for crops.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2018.06a
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• pp.102-102
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• 2018

Electronic industry had required the finer size and the higher performance of the device. Therefore, 3-D die stacking technology such as TSV (through silicon via) and micro-bump had been used. Moreover, by the development of the 3-D die stacking technology, 3-D structure such as chip to chip (c2c) and chip to wafer (c2w) had become practicable. These technologies led to the appearance of HBM (high bandwidth memory). HBM was type of the memory, which is composed of several stacked layers of the memory chips. Each memory chips were connected by TSV and micro-bump. Thus, HBM had lower RC delay and higher performance of data processing than the conventional memory. Moreover, due to the development of the IT industry such as, AI (artificial intelligence), IOT (internet of things), and VR (virtual reality), the lower pitch size and the higher density were required to micro-electronics. Particularly, to obtain the fine pitch, some of the method such as copper pillar, nickel diffusion barrier, and tin-silver or tin-silver-copper based bump had been utillized. TCB (thermal compression bonding) and reflow process (thermal aging) were conventional method to bond between tin-silver or tin-silver-copper caps in the temperature range of 200 to 300 degrees. However, because of tin overflow which caused by higher operating temperature than melting point of Tin ($232^{\circ}C$), there would be the danger of bump bridge failure in fine-pitch bonding. Furthermore, regulating the phase of IMC (intermetallic compound) which was located between nickel diffusion barrier and bump, had a lot of problems. For example, an excess of kirkendall void which provides site of brittle fracture occurs at IMC layer after reflow process. The essential solution to reduce the difficulty of bump bonding process is copper to copper direct bonding below $300^{\circ}C$. In this study, in order to improve the problem of bump bonding process, copper to copper direct bonding was performed below $300^{\circ}C$. The driving force of bonding was the self-annealing properties of electrodeposited Cu with high defect density. The self-annealing property originated in high defect density and non-equilibrium grain boundaries at the triple junction. The electrodeposited Cu at high current density and low bath temperature was fabricated by electroplating on copper deposited silicon wafer. The copper-copper bonding experiments was conducted using thermal pressing machine. The condition of investigation such as thermal parameter and pressure parameter were varied to acquire proper bonded specimens. The bonded interface was characterized by SEM (scanning electron microscope) and OM (optical microscope). The density of grain boundary and defects were examined by TEM (transmission electron microscopy).

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.377-382
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• 2021

Background: Subclavian vein (SV) catheterization is a method for the delivery of fluids, drugs, and blood products, venous blood sampling, and central vein pressure monitoring in cardiac surgery. Catheter occlusion is a serious complication of SV catheterization during cardiac surgery, especially after sternal retractor expansion. Methods: In this observational study, 303 patients who had successful right infraclavicular SV catheterization from September 2019 to April 2020 were enrolled to determine the incidence of catheter occlusion. After catheterization, the lumens of all catheters were checked for the ability to infuse and withdraw blood from the catheter before and after sternal retractor expansion. The patients' characteristics, cannulation approach, on-pump or off-pump technique, occlusion of the catheter and its lumens, and any associated complications were recorded. The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS ver. 22.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Results: Of the 303 patients studied, 205 were male (67.7%) and 98 were female (32.3%). Catheter occlusion occurred in 11 patients with on-pump cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) (227 patients) and 4 patients with off-pump CPB (76 patients) (p=0.863). The incidence of catheter occlusion was 4.95% (15 of 303 patients) with no cases of simultaneous 3-lumen occlusion in a catheter. The most commonly occluded lumen was the distal lumen (57.92%). Simultaneous 2-lumen occlusion occurred in 4 patients. Catheter occlusion was found in 3 of 13 malpositioned catheters (23.07%). Conclusion: The current study showed that malpositioning of the catheter tip was a risk factor for catheter occlusion and that the distal lumen of a triple-lumen catheter was the most commonly occluded lumen.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.25-30
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• 2007

Proton exchange membrane fuel cell(PEMFC) performance could be affected by various factors such as cell temperature, total pressure, partial pressure of reactants and relative humidity. Hydrogen ion is combined with water to form hydronium ion [$H_3O^+$] and pass through membrane resulting electricity generation. Cooling system is needed to remove heat and other uses on large scale fuel cell. In case that collant conductivity is increased, fuel cell performance could be decreased because produced electricity could be leaked through coolant. In this study, triple distilled water(TDW) and antifreeze solution containing ethylene glycol was used to observe resistance change. Resistance of TDW was taken 28 days to reach preset value, and effect on fuel cell operation was not observed. Resistance of antifreeze solution was not reached to preset value up to 48 days, but performance failure occurred presumably caused by bipolar plate junction resulting stoppage resistance experiment. Generally PEMFC humidification is performed near-saturated operating conditions at various temperatures and pressures, but non-humidifying condition could be applied in small scale fuel cell to improve efficiency and reduce system cost. However, it was difficult to operate large scale fuel cell without humidifying, especially higher than $50{\sim}60^{\circ}C$. In case of small flux such as 0.78 L/min, temperature difference between inlet and outlet was occurred larger than other cases resulting performance decrease. Non-humidifying performance experiments were done at various cell temperature. When both of anode and cathode humidification were removed, cell performance was strongly depended on cell operating temperature.

• The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.155-173
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• 2000

The diagnosis in Oriental medicine is done by inspection, auscultation and olfaction, interrogation, four diagnostics of pulse feeling and palpation, and various system of identification like identification according to Qi(vital energy), Xue and body fluids, identification according to fair principles, identification according to principles of Wei, Qi, Ying and Xue, identification according to Sanjiao(the triple heater), identification according to four type physical constitution. Sometimes, symptoms and diagnosis techniques according to symptoms is selectively applied for the diagnosis. Among them the pulse feeling and palpation diagnosis technique using the sense of finger and palm of the hand is divided into feeling of pulse and palpation and pressing maneuver. Pressing maneuver is a diagnosis technique pressing and rubbing the affected part in order to attain data of identification including inside and outside condition of the body with regard to the nature, condition and relative seriousness of disease. There are palpation of the skin, palpation the hand and foot, palpation the chest and the abdomen, palpation shu points in pressing maneuver. The diagnosis of the Back Shu points is a technique to examine the change of disease condition from pressure ache, spontaneous ache, tension, relaxation, solidification revealed through channels and collaterals. I investigates starting disease and an attack of disease of twelve pulse and pulse condition through the study relative to the substance and technique of pressing maneuver, and adjusts diagnosis techniques of a region for acupuncture and matters to be attended. The conclusions are as follows. 1. The Shu or stream points in which pathogenic factors go are important to medical treatment of dormant diseases like bowels disease, cold symptom complex and insufficiency symptom complex. 2. Disease classified by system is diagnosed by the condition of process part like pro-trusion, cave-in, tension, relaxation, pressure ache through palpating the Shu or stream points, that is pressing upward or downward left and right sides of the backbone process by hands. 3. In real clinic pressing maneuver of one's back side is very important to patient's diagnosis treatment. Thus, pressing maneuver of one's back side have to be done without omission. 4. Diagnosis must be accomplished through the perception about the diversity of diagnosis technique of bowels disease, the exact knowledge about pressing maneuver of one's back side for enlargement of treatment range and rising of treatment rate, and pressing maneuver of the Shu or the stream points.