• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.105-115
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• 1997

Responses of 'Penncross' creeping bentgrass turf to various fairway cultural practices are not well-established or supported by research results. This study was initiated to evaluate the effects of irrigation frequency, clipping return or removal, and nitrogen rate on leaf and soil nitrogen con-tent in the 'Penncross' creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) turf. A 'Penncross' creeping bentgrass turf was established in 1988 on a Sharpsburg silty-clay loam (Typic Argiudoll). The experiment was conducted from 1989 to 1991 under nontraffic conditions. A split-split-plot experimental design was used. Daily or biweekly irrigation, clipping return or removal, and 5, 15, or 25 g N $m-^2$ $yr-^1$ were the main-, sub-, and sub-sub-plot treatments, respectively. Treatments were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. The turf was mowed 4 times weekly at a l3 mm height of cut. Leaf tissue nitrogen content was analyzed twice in 1989 and three times in both 1990 and 1991. Leaf samples were collected from turfgrass plants in the treatment plots, dried immediately at 70˚C for 48 hours, and evaluated for total-N content, using the Kjeldahl method. Concurrently, six soil cores (18mm diam. by 200 mm depth) were collected, air dried, and analyzed for total-N content. Nitrogen analysis on the soil and leaf samples were made in the Soil and Plant Analyical Laboratory, at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, USA. Data were analyzed as a split-split-plot with analysis of variance (ANOVA), using the General Linear Model procedures of the Statistical Analysis System. The nitrogen content of the leaf tissue is variable in creeping bentgrass fairway turf with clip-ping recycles, nitrogen application rate and time after establishment. Leaf tissue nitrogen content increased with clipping return and nitrogen rate. Plots treated with clipping return had 8% and 5% more nitrogen content in the leaf tissue in 1989 and 1990, respectively, as compared to plots treated with clipping removal. Plots applied with high-N level (25g N $m-^2$ $yr-^1$)had 10%, 17%, and 13% more nitrogen content in leaf tissue in 1989, 1990, and 1991, respectively, when compared with plots applied with low-N level (5g N $m-^2$ $yr-^1$). Overall observations during the study indicated that leaf tissue nitrogen content increased at any nitrogen rate with time after establishment. At the low-N level treatment (5g N $m-^2$ $yr-^1$ ), plots sampled in 1991 had 15% more leaf nitrogen content, as compared to plots sampled in 1989. Similar responses were also found from the high-N level treatment (25g N $m-^2$ $yr-^1$ ).Plots analyzed in 1991 were 18% higher than that of plots analyzed in 1989. No significant treatment effects were observed for soil nitrogen content over the first 3 years after establishment. Strategic management application is necessary for the golf course turf, depending on whether clippings return or not. Different approaches should be addressed to turf fertilization program from a standpoint of clipping recycles. It is recommended that regular analysis of the soil and leaf tissue of golf course turf must be made and fertilization program should be developed through the interpretation of its analytic data result. In golf courses where clippings are recycled, the fertilization program need to be adjusted, being 20% to 30% less nitrogen input over the clipping-removed areas. Key words: Agrostis palustris Huds., 'Penncross' creeping bentgrass fairway, Irrigation frequency, Clipping return, Nitrogen rate, Leaf nitrogen content, Soil nitrogen content.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.906-913
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• 1998

This study an analyzes the effects of the P/S ratio of dietary lipids and antioxidant vitamin supplements on serum lipids level and fatty acid profile, the degree of lipid peroxidation, and the antioxidant enzyme activities in the liver of rats treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz($\alpha$) anthracene(DMBA). P/S ratio of dietary lipids was made into 0.5, 1 and 2 by mixing palm oil, soybean oil, sesame oil and perilla oil at 10%(w/w) fat level and n-6/n-3 ratio was fixed to 4. Antioxidant vitamin of $\alpha$-tocopherol or $\beta$-carotene was supplemented in addition to vitamin mixture which was given at 1 % of the standard diet. female Sprague-Dawley strain rats, about 60 days old, were divided into three groups(LP : low P/S ratio(0.5), MP : medium P/S ratio (1.0), HP , high P/S ratio(2.0)) and each group was sub-divided into three groups(S ; standard, T ; tocopherol supplemented, C : carotene supplemented): Two weeks after feeding experimental diets, all groups were treated with a single dose of DMBA(2mg/100g BW) by gastric intubation and fed experimental diet for 9 week. The results were as follows ; 1) Serum total cholesterol(TC) level was not significantly influenced by diet but tended to be lower in HP groups compared to LP and MP groups. Triglyceride level was the highest in LP groups and the lowest in $\alpha$-tocopherol supplemented groups. 2) Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance(TBARS) level, representing lipid peroxidation in hepatic microsome, tended to be increased as the unsaturation of dietary lipids increases. $\alpha$-Tocopherol supplement significantly decreased TBARS level. 3) The activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and glutathione peroxidase(GSHPx) in hepatic cytosol showed the tendency to be high with increasing P/S ratio of dietary lipids. SOD activity was not significantly influenced by antioxidant vitamin, but GSHPx activity was significantly increased in $\alpha$-tocopherol supplemented groups. In summary, high polyunsaturated fat diet was effective on reducing the serum level of total cholesterol and triglyceride, while it increased unsaturation and peroxidizability of serum fatty acid. With increasing P/S ratio of dietary lipids, lipid peroxidation was increased in the liver and antioxidant enzyme system was induced to inhibit lipid peroxidation against oxidative damage. $\alpha$-Tocopherol supplement was effective in lowering lipid peoxidation, but $\beta$-carotene supplement did not exhibit antioxidant effect. (Korean J Nutrition 31(5) 906~913, 1998)

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.60 no.6
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• pp.667-675
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• 2017

Objective : Total resection without consecutive postoperative whole brain radiation therapy is indicated for patients with a single or two sites of brain metastasis, with close follow-up by serial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this study, we explored the effectiveness, usefulness, and safety of this follow-up regimen. Methods : From January 2006 to December 2015, a total of 109 patients (76 males, 33 females) underwent tumor resection as the first treatment for brain metastases (97 patients with single metastases, 12 with two metastases). The mean age was 59.8 years (range 27-80). The location of the 121 tumors in the 109 patients was supratentorial (n=98) and in the cerebellum (n=23). The origin of the primary cancers was lung (n=45), breast (n=17), gastrointestinal tract (n=18), hepatobiliary system (n=8), kidney (n=7), others (n=11), and unknown origin (n=3). The 121 tumors were totally resected. Follow-up involved regular clinical and MRI assessments. Recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) after tumor resection were analyzed by Kaplan-Meier methods based on clinical prognostic factors. Results : During the follow-up, MRI scans were done for 85 patients (78%) with 97 tumors. Fifty-six of the 97 tumors showed no recurrence without adjuvant local treatment, representing a numerical tumor recurrence-free rate of 57.7%. Mean and median RFS was 13.6 and 5.3 months, respectively. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed the cerebellar location of the tumor as the only statistically significant prognostic factor related to RFS (p=0.020). Mean and median OS was 15.2 and 8.1 months, respectively. There were no significant prognostic factors related to OS. The survival rate at one year was 8.2% (9 of 109). Conclusion : With close and regular clinical and image follow-up, initial postoperative observation without prompt postoperative radiation therapy can be applied in patients of brain metastasi(e)s when both the tumor(s) are completely resected.

• Journal of Korean Dental Hygiene Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 2019

This study aims to identify the status of oral care of professional soldiers and analyze the relationship between oral care needs and oral health symptoms based on oral health recognition, thus providing an opportunity to create a system for improving oral health of professional soldiers. The study was conducted on a total of 232 military personnel aged 19 or older who were employed in the military. The questionnaire for this study was commissioned to respond by explaining the purpose of the study and how to respond to the survey by telephone with the selected sub-employer. The content included in the questionnaire consisted of general characteristics, oral care status, and awareness of dental hygienists. When the subjective oral health condition was poor, normal, or good, it was all shown that the toothbrush was done more than three times a day, and the oral examination was all examined. In particular, 68.1 percent of the respondents said they were in good subjective health. Preventive treatment was the highest in the group with good subjective oral health. Of the total respondents, 83.6 percent said "yes" to the question of knowing dental hygienists, while 65.5 percent said "yes" to the question of whether they know the work of dental hygienists, recognizing that most of the respondents were aware of dental hygienists and their work. Both the group that said they knew the dental hygienist and the group that said they did not know answered 43.5% as an assistant. In conclusion, oral health projects will have to be carried out in line with military situations in order to maintain a healthy oral state of professional soldiers, and long-term planning for active oral health care, especially as an important role of personnel in charge of health care in the military is needed.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.32
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• pp.7-15
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• 2020

Purpose: In modern radiotherapy technology, several methods of image guided radiation therapy (IGRT) are used to deliver accurate doses to tumor target locations and normal organs, including CBCT (Cone Beam Computed Tomography) and other devices, ExacTrac System, other than CBCT equipped with linear accelerators. In previous studies comparing the two systems, positional errors were analysed rearwards using Offline-view or evaluated only with a Yaw rotation with the X, Y, and Z axes. In this study, when using CBCT and ExacTrac to perform 6 Degree of the Freedom(DoF) Online IGRT in a treatment center with two equipment, the difference between the set-up calibration values seen in each system, the time taken for patient set-up, and the radiation usefulness of the imaging device is evaluated. Materials and Methods: In order to evaluate the difference between mobile calibrations and exposure radiation dose, the glass dosimetry and Rando Phantom were used for 11 cancer patients with head circumference from March to October 2017 in order to assess the difference between mobile calibrations and the time taken from Set-up to shortly before IGRT. CBCT and ExacTrac System were used for IGRT of all patients. An average of 10 CBCT and ExacTrac images were obtained per patient during the total treatment period, and the difference in 6D Online Automation values between the two systems was calculated within the ROI setting. In this case, the area of interest designation in the image obtained from CBCT was fixed to the same anatomical structure as the image obtained through ExacTrac. The difference in positional values for the six axes (SI, AP, LR; Rotation group: Pitch, Roll, Rtn) between the two systems, the total time taken from patient set-up to just before IGRT, and exposure dose were measured and compared respectively with the RandoPhantom. Results: the set-up error in the phantom and patient was less than 1mm in the translation group and less than 1.5° in the rotation group, and the RMS values of all axes except the Rtn value were less than 1mm and 1°. The time taken to correct the set-up error in each system was an average of 256±47.6sec for IGRT using CBCT and 84±3.5sec for ExacTrac, respectively. Radiation exposure dose by IGRT per treatment was measured at 37 times higher than ExacTrac in CBCT and ExacTrac at 2.468mGy and 0.066mGy at Oral Mucosa among the 7 measurement locations in the head and neck area. Conclusion: Through 6D online automatic positioning between the CBCT and ExacTrac systems, the set-up error was found to be less than 1mm, 1.02°, including the patient's movement (random error), as well as the systematic error of the two systems. This error range is considered to be reasonable when considering that the PTV Margin is 3mm during the head and neck IMRT treatment in the present study. However, considering the changes in target and risk organs due to changes in patient weight during the treatment period, it is considered to be appropriately used in combination with CBCT.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.83-99
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• 1994

Ch'ang-Ts'al-Ts'un is a rural Village near Lung-jing City in Yen-pien Korean Autonomous Province of China. It was formed about 100 years ago by Korean Immigrants and has been developed maintaing the characteristics of traditional Korean architecture. Therefore investigating the spatial structure of this village is a meanigful work to confirm and explore one branch of Korean architecture. This study aims at analyzing the spatial structure of the village using direct data collected from the field work and indirect data from books and maps. The field work consists of on-the-site survey of the village layout, interviews of residents, observation notes and photography. Ch'ang-Ts'ai-Ts'un is located 360-370 m high above the sea level and at the side of a long valley. A river flows in the middle of the valley and relatively flat arable land exists at the both sides of the river. The location of the village related to the surrounding river and mountains suggests that the site of the village was chosen according to Feng-Shui, Chinese and Korean traditional architectural theory. The main direction of the house layouts is South-western. The village has been growing gradually until today. Therefore it is meaningful to make the village layout before Liberation(1946 A.D.) because the characteristics of Korean architecture prevailed more in that period. The area of the previous village is limited to the west side of the creek. New houses were later added to the east of the creek, forming a 'New Village'. Previously the village was composed of 3 small villages: Up, Middle and Down. Also the main access roads connecting the village with the neighboring villages were penetrating the village transversely. Presently the main access road comes to the village longitudinally from the main highway located in front of the village. The retrospective layout shows the existence of well-formed Territory, Places and Axes, thus suggesting a coherent Micro-cosmos. The boundary of imaginery territory perceived by present residents could be defined by linking conspicous outside places sorrounding the village such as Five-mountains, Front-mountain, Shin-dong village, Standing-rock, Rear-mountain and Myong-dong village. Inside the territory there are also the important places such as Bus-stop, Memorial tower of patriots, Road-maitenance building and the village itself. And inside it 5 transverse and 1 longitudinal axes exist in the form of river, roads and mountains. The perceived spatial structure of the village formed by Places, Axes and Territory is geometrical and well-balanced and suggests this village is fit for human settlement. The administrative area of the village is about 738 ha, 27 % of which is cultivated land and the rest is mountain area. Initially the village and surrounndings were covered with natural forest But the trees have been gradually cut down for building and warning houses, resulting in the present barren and artificial landscape with bare mountains and cultivated land. At present the area of the village occupied by houses is wedge-shaped, 600 m wide and 220 m deep in its maximum. The total area of the village is $122,175m^{2}$. The area and the rate of each sub-division arc as follow. 116 house-lots $91,465m^{2}$ (74.9 %) Land for public buildings and shops $2,980m^{2}$ (2.4 %) Roads $17,106m^{2}$ (14.0 %) Creek $1,356m^{2}$ (1.1 %) Vacant spaces and others $9,268m^{2}$ (7.6 %) TOTAL $122,175m^{2}$ (100.0 %) Each lot is fenced around with vertical wooden pannels 1.5-1.8 m high and each house is located to the backside of the lot. The open space of a lot is sub-divided into three areas using the same wooden fence: Front yard, Back yard and Access area. Front and back yards are generally used for crop-cultivation, the custom of which is rare in Korea. The number of lots is 116 and the average size of area is $694.7m^{2}$. Outdoor spaces in the village such as roads, vacant spaces, front yard of the cultural hall, front yard of shops and spacse around the creek are good 'behavioral settings' frequently used by residents for play, chatting, drinking and movie-watching. The road system of the village is net-shaped, having T-junctions in intersections. The road could be graded to 4 categories according to their functions: Access roads, Inner trunk roads, Connecting roads and Culs-de-sac. The total length of the road inside the village is 3,709 m and the average width is 4.6 m. The main direction of the road in the village is NNE-SSE and ESE-WNW, crossing with right angles. Conclusively, the spatial structure of Ch'ang-Ts'ai-Ts'un village consists of various components in different dimensions and these components form a coherent structure in each dimension. Therefore the village has a proper spatial structure meaningful and appropriate for human living.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.463-471
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to analyze the features of groundwater use to utilize as basic information for water-cycle analysis system development and effective groundwater management in the Kap-cheon basin. The cumulative relationship between groundwater use and the number of wells was analyzed to estimate the representative total groundwater use and the number of wells for the Kap-cheon basin. Then, the spatial distribution of groundwater use in the basin were figured out using the detailed information on groundwater use in each well. Finally, the reasonability of groundwater resources management in Kap-cheon basin was evaluated by comparing groundwater recharge and groundwater use in sub-basins and major stream basins. The results of the analysis showed about 25% of the total wells could represent 90% of groundwater use ($37,923,516\;m^3$/year) in the Kap-cheon basin. A detailed analysis on the groundwater uses in the vicinity of down-town areas of Daejeon metropolitan city showed high groundwater uses ($1.4{\sim}11.1$ times) compared to the groundwater recharge previously estimated using the rainfall-runoff model. The ratio of groundwater use and groundwater recharge for the major river basins in Kap-cheon basin ranged from 1.9 to 2.3 indicating that more sustainable groundwater management should be exercised. The results of this study can be used as basic information in evaluating the change of groundwater flow, stream flow and water-cycle for various groundwater uses in the Kap-cheon basin.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.104-111
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• 2011

Objectives: The paper of 2001, China Medicine junguiyak stomach sickness9) proposed by the stomach is associated with digestive function, using dialectical gisulpyo PMS group to assess the patient's stomach function was to evaluate the diagnostic features. Methods: October 1, 2010 to November 15, 2010 women of childbearing age against a total of 25 people have responded to the survey was a random survey, 23 patients except two who were against the PMS 10 and 13 who were classified non-PMS group. Results: 1. Age group and non-PMS PMS theses, menstrual period is there was no statistically significant difference between the history of both the pill and had no information available on careers. 2. When comparing the total score PMS score was higher than in non-PMS group. This is a non-PMS PMS patients than in patients stomach functions normally fall. 3. Digestive function of the type of group, less PMS GanGi-woolche, Ganwool-Bihu, Bihu-Damsub, Hanyul-Chakchab significant difference in the items were found. 4. Digestive function of the type of group, less PMS GanGi-woolche the most significant was the type of apologetics. Conclusions: GanGi-woolche type was the most significant mental stress and autonomic tone of the PMS group, the higher the patient was likely to be included. Previously associated with HRV in the GanGi-woolche in a study evaluating the autonomic nervous system can be said to have relevance.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.363-368
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary garlic and may flower powder on $CO_2$ and $CH_4$ emission by Hanwoo cows fed TMR (Total Mixed Ration) based diet. Animals were housed in a hood-type respiration chamber and the environmental temperature was maintained at $20^{\circ}C$. Gases were measured for 24 hours using the multi-detector instrument gas monitoring system (Mamos-300, Australia). The treatments composed of groups with no intake of garlic and may flower powder (Control), with intake of garlic at 0.5% of DM (T1), with intake of garlic at 1% of DM (T2), with intake of may flower at 0.5% of DM (T3), with intake of may flower at 1% of DM (T4), with intake of garlic and may flower at 0.5% of DM (T5) and with intake of garlic and may flower at 1% of DM (T6). The results indicated that $CO_2$ emission in T3 was 53% lower than that of control (p<0.05), and $CH_4$ emissions was 57% lower than control (p<0.05). Also, the hourly pattern of $CO_2$ and $CH_4$ emissions in T3 showed the least difference with all treatments. Gas emissions pattern peaked after 1 hour of feeding and this gap was wider in the afternoon than in the morning hours.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.202-218
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• 1976

In this experiment American Summer Pairman apple was selected as test fruit in order to study the effect of sub-atmospheric pressure storage in the apple. keeping a certain pressure condition, a new sub-atmospheric pressure system was designed and constructed in which fruits were stored at $25^{\circ}C$ under two different atmospheric pressure conditions such as Normal Atmospheric Pressure (NAP) and Sub-Atmospheric Pressure (SAP). Moreover, they were divided into plots of 5% and 0% of $CO_2$, on the basis of gas composition. Under these conditions, the amount of respiration and ethylene evolution, and the changes of intercellular gas composition and organic components were investigated throughout the storage. The results obtained are as follows: (1) The intercellular gas was exhausted so rapidly by the SAP treatment that the gas equilibrium in the tissues reached within 5 minutes. (2) The amount of respiration was found to be higher in plots of NAP than SAP, and under the conditions, controlling $CO_2$ content, plots of $CO_2$ 5% were lower in the amount of respiration than $CO_2$ 0%. The climateric rise was revealed more slowly in plots of the SAP than NAP. These results indicate that the SAP treatment was an efficient method for controlling the respiration of fruits. Furthermore, these results were also realized with the results of the respiratory quotient (R.Q) and intercellular gas composition. (3) Evolution of ethylene, the ripening hormone in plant, was shown the similar tendency to the climacteric pattern of respiration; at the stage of climacteric maximum, the maximun amount of ethylene was found earlier in plots of NAP than SAP, and post climacteric stage was prolonged in the plots of the SAP compared to those of the NAP. The ethylene concentration in tissue appeared lower in plots of the SAP than NAP, which might suggest that the SAP treatment was caused to restriction of ethylene evolution. (4) Effects of the SAP treatment mentioned hitherto were proved also with the test of the external appearance such as changes of color and freshness, firmness, rotting and weight loss. (5) In the investigation of organic components, vitamin C and organic acids varied less in plots of SAP than NAP. Specially, it was remarkable that the loss of malic acid was least decreased by the SAP treatment. These effects of the SAP treatment were distinctive in the changes of the ratios of malic and citric acid to total acid, and the ratios of free sugar to free acid.