• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.8
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• pp.1060-1068
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• 2011

The LDH isozymes are key catalysts in the glycolytic pathway of energy metabolism. It is well known that the distribution of the LDH isozymes vary in accordance with the metabolic requirements of different tissues. The substrates required for energy production change noticeably at successive stages of testes development suggesting a significant flexibility in the expression of glycolytic enzymes. Therefore, expression of LHDA and LDHB mRNAs was examined in adult and prepubertal quail testis. The mRNA of both LDHA and LDHB were expressed and no significant difference was observed in prepubertal testes. The mRNA levels of LDHB significantly increased during testicular development. In the adult testis, LDHA mRNA was not expressed. Expression studies revealed the presence of different LDH isozymes during testicular development. In contrast, electrophoresis of both testicular samples revealed only single band at a position indicative of an extreme type of LDH isozyme in quail testes. Furthermore, nucleotide and amino acid sequence analysis revealed significant similarity to chicken, duck and rock pigeon. These sequence results confirmed the similarity of LDHA and LDHB subunit protein in different avian species.

• BMB Reports
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• v.43 no.12
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• pp.789-794
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• 2010

A novel gene, designated mgt-6, containing four splicing variants, was isolated from a gene trap clone library of C3H/10T1/2 cells transfected with retroviral promoterless gene-trap vector, ROSAFARY. The transcript variants were differentially expressed in murine tissues and cell lines and differentially responded to diverse stimuli including TGF-${\beta}1$ and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors. The mgt-6 gene encoded a protein of 37 or 11 amino acid residuals with cytoplasmic distribution. However, when C3H/10T1/2 cells were treated with 5-azacytidine, the protein translocated into cell nucleus as indicated by fused LacZ or C-terminally tagged EGFP. Our preliminary results suggest that further study on the role of mgt-6 gene in cell transformation and differentiation may be of significance.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.104-108
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• 2002

As intensity modulated radiation therapy compared with conventional radiation therapy, tumor target dose increased and normal tissues and critical organs dose reduced. In brain tumor, treatment planning of intensity modulated radiation therapy was practiced in 4MV, 6MV, 15MV X-ray energy. In these X-ray energy, was considered the dose distribution and dose volume histogram. As 4MV X-ray compared with 6MV and 15MV, maximum dose of right optic-nerve increased 10.1％, 8.4％. Right eye increased 5.2％, 2.7％. And left optic-nerve, left eye, optic chiasm and brainstem increased 1.7％ - 5.2％. Even though maximum dose of PTV and these critical organs show different from 1.7％ - 10.1％ according to X-ray energies, these are a piont dose. Therefore in brain tumor, treatment planning of intensity modulated radiation therapy in 9 treatment field showed no relation with energy dependency.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.120-127
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• 2000

Adaptive template filtering has been proposed recently for enhancement of signal-to-noise ratio without loss of resolution. In the adaptive template filtering, an optimal template among multiple templates is selected, then linear least square error filtering based on the template is applied in vowel by vowel basis. In some magnetic resonance imaging, where the distribution of gray level has relatively small dynamic range, e.g., $T_1$ imaging, however, artificial stair-like artifact is observed at near edges. This is partially due to the edge enhancement effect in such yokels that contain multiple compounds at the boundaries of tissues. The gray levels of these yokels become similar gray levels of near dominant vowels that contain single compound by the adaptive filtering, which enlarges edge discontinuities. In this paper, we propose a technique to eliminate such artifact by identifying those yokels that contain multiple compounds and assigning the largest template for them. Filtered images with the proposed technique show substantial visual enhancement at the edges without degradation of peak signal-to-noise ratio compared to the original adaptive template filtering for both magnetic resonance images and phantom images.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.363-368
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• 1991

Twenty-four specimens of the pufferfish Fugu xantheptens, Korean name, 'Ggachibog', collected at a fish market of Pusan were examined for anatomical distribution of toxicity by the mouse bioassay method. Frequency of toxic specimens was 88, 75, 54, 13, 71, 80 and $71\%$, in terms of liver, intestine, skin, muscle, testis, ovary and bile, respectively. Their the highest toxicity scores were 417, 387, 112, 17, 39, 403 and 178 MU/g, respectively; and average toxicity values were $110\pm25.0(mean \pm S.E.)$, $73\pm20.3,\;17.8\pm 5.1,\;2.7\pm1.1,\;15.6\pm5.4,\;115\pm33.0\;and\;34\pm9.3 MU/g,$ respectively. A significant correlation between the toxicities of liver and intestine(r=0.93), between those of liver and skin (r=0.79) and between those of liver and ovary(r=0.83) was observed.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.45-53
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• 2013

The action of melatonin within the body of animals is known to be mediated by melatonin receptors. Three different types of melatonin receptors have been identified so far in fish. However, which of these are specifically involved in puberty onset is not known in fish. We cloned and analyzed the sequence of melatonin receptor 1a (mel 1a) gene in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. In addition, we examined the tissue distribution of gene expressions for three types of receptors, mel 1a, 1b and lc and investigated which of them is involved in the onset of puberty by comparing their expression with that of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor I (GnRHr I) gene using quantitative real-time PCR from 1 week post hatch (wph) to 24 wph. The mel 1a gene of Nile tilapia consisted of two exons and one bulky intron between them. Mel 1a gene was found to be highly conserved gene showing high homology with the corresponding genes from different teleost. All three types of melatonin receptor genes were expressed in the brain, eyes and ovary in common. Expression of mel 1a gene was the most abundant and ubiquitous among 3 receptors in the brain, liver, gill, ovary, muscle, eye, heart, intestine, spleen and kidney. Mel 1b and mel 1c genes were, however, expressed in fewer tissues at low level. During the development post hatch, expressions of both mel 1a and GnRHr I genes significantly increased at 13 wph which was close to the putative timing of puberty onset in this species. These results suggest that among three types of receptors mel 1a is most likely associated with the action of melatonin in the onset of puberty in Nile tilapia.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.364-372
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• 2011

The pale chub (Zacco platypus) is generally found in Asian countries, such as Korea, Japan, and China. Nevertheless, very little information exists about the genes involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics in this species. This species is useful in monitoring the environmental impact on various pollutants in freshwater as a sentinel fish species. We cloned the full-length cDNA sequence of xenobiotic metabolizing cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) gene from Z. platypus and characterized it. Tissue distribution and timedependent induction of CYP1A were studied by real-time RT-PCR. Induction pattern of CYP1A was studied by exposing the fish to an arylhydrocarbon receptor agonist, ${\beta}$-naphthoflavone (BNF). The liver showed the highest level of expression in basal state as well as BNF- treated fish. However, appreciable levels of expression were also recorded in Gill and kidney and the least level of expression was observed in the eye. The results of the time-course study revealed an induction in the liver, brain, and gills after 6 h and 12 h in most of the tissues. This study provides an insight into the xenobiotics metabolizing system of Z. platypus and offers baseline information for further research related to biomarker, stress, and adaptive response of this ecologically important fish species in the freshwater environment.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.77-84
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• 2011

Purpose: The objectives of this study were to determine the enhancing effect of iontophoresis method as it transdermally deliver methylene blue (MB) using visual examination, in terms of penetration depth and tissue distribution in the skin, and to determine the effect of application duration on the efficacy of iontophoresis. Methods: Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 5-, 10-, 20-, and 40-minute groups. These rats were exposed to either topical or anodic iontophoresis of 1% MB using a direct current of $0.5mA/cm^2$ for 5, 10, 20, and 40 minutes. Using cryosections of rat tissues, the penetration depth of MB was measured using light microscopy. Results: Significant differences in the penetration depth (F=54.20, p<0.001) were detected among the four groups. Post hoc comparisons of the penetration depth of MB data pooled across groups showed no significant difference between all topical application groups and 5-minute iontophoresis group, but did reveal a significant difference in the penetration depth between all topical application groups and 5-minute iontophoresis group versus 10-minute group, between the 10-minute and 20-minute group, and between the 20-minute and 40-minute iontophoresis group (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results demonstrate that iontophoresis enhances transdermal delivery of MB across stratum corneum of skin barrier by visual examination. Furthermore, the penetration depth of iontophoretic transdermal delivery of MB was dependent on the application duration. The duration of iontophoresis is one of the important factor in the efficacy of iontophoresis application.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1998.11a
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• pp.154-155
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• 1998

Taurine, 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid is widely distributed in animal tissues and has a variety of biological activities. A recent worldwide study demonstrated beneficial effects of taurine on aging and age-associated disorders. In general, taurine levels in the brain decrease when an animal is subjected to pathologic conditions such as ischemia-anoxia and seizure. But taurine levels tend to increase in the brain in hypertention. In the present study, the blood-brain barrier BBB) transport of [$^3$H]taurine was compared between spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats (SD) using Internal artery carotid perfusion (ICAP) at a rate of 4$m\ell$/min for 10, 15 and 30 second. Calculated V$\_$D/, volume of distribution in brain, and PS, the permeability surface area product of [$^3$H]taurine through the BBB in SHR was a little lower than that in SD. PS for 15s is more higher than that of other seconds in both of them. It could be followed by taurine efflux back into blood after 15s. We also obtained pharmacokinetic parameters using intravenous injection of plasma volume marker, [$\^$14/C]sucrose and [$^3$H] taurine. PS value of [$^3$H]taurine in SHR (16.1 ${\pm}$ 2.9 ${\times}$ 10$\^$-3/ $m\ell$/min/g) was significantly higher than that in SD (7.4 ${\pm}$ 0.8 ${\times}$ 10$\^$-3/ $m\ell$/min/g). There is also significant difference for %ID/g in brain between SHR (0.195 ${\pm}$ 0.031) and SD (0.058 ${\pm}$ 0.003).

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1995.04a
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• pp.108-108
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• 1995

Pharmacokinetic studies on time-course of blood levels, tissue distribution, and excretion of G009, a potential hepatoprotective agent, were performed in male rats after a single oral dose(20mg/kg) of $\^$14/C-labelled G009. The radioactivity concentrations in plasma during 0～3 hours are low, but subsequently increase to a maximum at 12 hours after dosing. $\^$14/C-G009 was well distributed to all tissue. Tissue concentration profiles of radioactivity vary among tissues on time-course after administration. G009(single oral dosage) was distributed and/or absorbed at gastric intestines and excretional organs for initial time of 0-7 hours, and distributed to most tissue at 12-24 hours. In special, the concentration of radioactivity in tiller at 48 hours were 1% of total radioactivity of $\^$14/C-G009 administered. The expired air, urinary and fecal excretion of radioactivity within 24hours after administration were 61.5%, 1.9% and 21.2% of total radioactivity of $\^$14/C-G009 administered. The biliary excretion of radioactivity in rat increased slightly for 0-6 hours after administration. The biliary excretion of radioactivity within 48hours were 1.97%.