Wheat germ, which is rich in nutrients and phytochemicals, is a by-product during the milling process of wheat kernel. In this study, we aimed to increase the amount of bioactive 2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (2,6-DMBQ) in wheat germ using the cell-wall-degrading enzyme cellulase (Celluclast 1.5L). The amounts of organic acids, free sugars, and 2,6-DMBQ in wheat germ treated with Celluclast 1.5L were evaluated at various reaction times and temperatures. The results of reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of Celluclast 1.5L-treated wheat germ revealed 2,6-DMBQ, four organic acids (tartaric, acetic, lactic, and succinic acids), and three free sugars (sucrose, fructose, and glucose). As reaction time and temperature of the mixture of wheat germ and Celluclast 1.5L increased, the contents of four organic acids, glucose, fructose, and 2,6-DMBQ increased, but that of sucrose decreased. Taken together, these results suggest that Celluclast 1.5L-treated wheat germ containing increased amounts of 2,6-DMBQ serves as a source of functional ingredients in food industry.
Kim, Da Jeong;Assefa, Awraris Derbie;Jeong, Yi Jin;Jeon, Young Ah;Lee, Jae Eun;Lee, Myeong Chul;Lee, Ho Sun;Rhee, Ju Hee;Sung, Jung Sook
Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
/
v.27
no.2
/
pp.96-107
/
2019
Background: The aim of this study was to compare the fatty acid composition, antioxidant activity, and the content of two major phenolic acids, caffeic and rosmarinic acids, of 45 Perilla accessions collected from Russia. Methods and Results: A total of 45 accessions of the genus Perilla were used in this study. The antioxidant activities of these accessions were analyzed using a spectrophotometer, and their caffeic and rosmarinic acid contents were determined using a reversed-phase ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC) system. The Perilla seed oil was recovered using hexane in a soxhlet extraction method. The fatty acid compositions were analyzed using a Shimadzu QP2010 gas chromatography-mass spectoroscopy system. The results showed that accessions IT226732 and IT274300 had the highest content of caffeic and rosmarinic acid, respectively. A cluster analysis based on antioxidant assay results and concentration of phenolic acids led to the categorization of Perilla accessions into three major groups. The accessions in Group I were characterized by higher caffeic and rosmarinic acid content and antioxidant activity, compared to the accessions in the other two groups (p < 0.05). The total oil content ranged between 28.39 and 46.89%. The compositions of oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acid ranged from 11.83 to 19.55%, 11.92 to 16.71%, and 59.19 to 67.28%, respectively. Conclusions: The results of this study indicated that accessions IT274300, IT226732, IT274293, IT235818, and IT235820 could be used as a source of functional materials.
We have carried out granulometry and component analysis on pyroclastic deposits of the Maljandeung Tuff, Ulleung Island, to interpret the eruption types and prime dynamic mechanisms. It is divided into three members in the extracaldera area, each of which comprises the lithofacies of coarse tuffs and lapillistones in the lower part, and pumice deposits in upper one. The lithofacies present quantitative evidences in the granularity and component distribution patterns. As compared to the pumice deposits, the coarse tuffs and lapillistones exhibit a relative increase in both the lithic/juvenile and the crystal/juvenile ratios, and a preferential fragmentation of the juvenile fraction. The abundance of lithics and crystals in the tuffs and lapillistones can be attributed to preferential fragmentation of the aquifer-hosting rocks due to explosive evaporation of ground water, and indirect enrichment in lithics and crystals due to removal of juvenile fines from eruptive cloud. The above data exhibit that early phreatopmagmatic phase was followed by purely magmatic fragmentation phases. The coarse tuffs and lapillistones suggest phreatoplinian eruption derived from explosive interaction of magma with ground water near the conduit, while pumice deposits indicate magmatic eruption by magmatic explosion from juvenile gas pressure. In early stage, phreatoplinian eruption occurred from explosive magma/water interaction in connecting confining water with drawdown of the magma column in the conduit; Later it shifted to plinian eruption by explosive expansion of only magmatic volatiles in intercepting water influx due to higher magmatic gas pressure than confining water pressure with rising of the magma column in the conduit.
This experiment was performed to verify whether dietary heat-killed Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LR) improves growth performance and modulates immune responses of weaned pigs. Ninety-six weaned pigs ([Landrace × Yorkshire] × Duroc; 6.95 ± 0.25 kg body weight [BW]; 28 d old) were randomly allocated to four treatments: 1) a basal diet without heat-killed LR (CON), 2) T1 (CON with 0.1% heat-killed LR), 3) T2 (CON with 0.2% heat-killed LR), and 4) T3 (CON with 0.4% heat-killed LR). Each treatment had six pens with four pigs (6 replicates per treatment) in a randomized completely block design. The heat-killed LR used in this study contained 1 × 109 FU/g of LR in a commercial product. Pigs were fed each treatment for four weeks using a two-phase feeding program to measure growth performance and frequency of diarrhea. During the last week of this study, all diets contained 0.2% chromic oxide as an indigestible marker. Fecal sampling was performed through rectal palpation for the consecutive three days after the four adaptation days to measure apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter, crude protein, and gross energy (GE). Blood sampling was also performed on day 1, 3, 7, and 14 after weaning to measure immune responses such as serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), C-reactive protein (CRP), and cortisol. The heat-killed LR increased (p < 0.05) growth rate, feed efficiency, and ATTD of GE for overall experimental period compared with CON, but reduced (p < 0.05) post-weaning diarrhea. In addition, pigs fed diets contained heat-killed had lower concentrations of serum TNF-α (d 7; p < 0.05), TGF-β1 (d 7; p < 0.10), and cortisol (d 3 and 7; p < 0.05) than pigs fed CON. In conclusion, dietary heat-killed LR improved growth rate, modified immune responses of weaned pigs, and alleviated post-weaning diarrhea.
Cassiano, Eduardo Cuellar Orlandi;Perna, Flavio Junior;Barros, Tarley Araujo;Marino, Carolina Tobias;Pacheco, Rodrigo Dias Lauritano;Ferreira, Fernanda Altieri;Millen, Danilo Domingues;Martins, Mauricio Furlan;Pugine, Silvana Marina Piccoli;de Melo, Mariza Pires;Beauchemin, Karen Ann;Meyer, Paula Marques;Arrigoni, Mario de Beni;Rodrigues, Paulo Henrique Mazza
Animal Bioscience
/
v.34
no.1
/
pp.74-84
/
2021
Objective: Feed additives that modify rumen fermentation can be used to prevent metabolic disturbances such as acidosis and optimize beef cattle production. The study evaluated the effects of liquid and powdered forms of polyclonal antibody preparation (PAP) against Streptococcus bovis and Fusobacterium necrophorum on rumen fermentation parameters in ruminally cannulated non-lactating dairy cows that were adapted or unadapted to a high concentrate diet. Methods: A double 3×3 Latin square design was used with three PAP treatments (control, powdered, and liquid PAP) and two adaptation protocols (adapted, unadapted; applied to the square). Adapted animals were transitioned for 2 weeks from an all-forage to an 80% concentrate diet, while unadapted animals were switched abruptly. Results: Interactions between sampling time and adaptation were observed; 12 h after feeding, the adapted group had lower ruminal pH and greater total short chain fatty acid concentrations than the unadapted group, while the opposite was observed after 24 h. Acetate:propionate ratio, molar proportion of butyrate and ammonia nitrogen concentration were generally greater in adapted than unadapted cattle up to 36 h after feeding. Adaptation promoted 3.5 times the number of Entodinium protozoa but copy numbers of Streptococcus bovis and Fibrobacter succinogens genes in rumen fluid were not affected. However, neither liquid nor powdered forms of PAP altered rumen acidosis variables in adapted or unadapted animals. Conclusion: Adaptation of cattle to highly fermentable carbohydrate diets promoted a more stable ruminal environment, but PAP was not effective in this study in which no animal experienced acute or sub-acute rumen acidosis.
Lee, Hye Min;Kim, Jong Wook;Choi, Jae Yoon;Yoon, Byung Il;Woo, Seung-Buhm
Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
/
v.33
no.1
/
pp.13-29
/
2021
A 3-D hydrodynamic model is applied in the Han River Estuary system, Gyeonggi Bay, to understand the mechanisms of salt transport. The model run is conducted for 245 days (January 20 to September 20, 2020), including dry and wet seasons. The reproducibility of the model about variation of current velocity and salinity is validated by comparing model results with observation data. The salt transport (FS) is calculated for the northern and southern part of Yeomha channel where salt exchange is active. To analyze the mechanisms of salt transport, FS is decomposed into three components, i.e. advective salt transport derived from river flow (QfS0), diffusive salt transport due to lateral and vertical shear velocity (FE), and tidal oscillatory salt transport due to phase lag between current velocity and salinity (FT). According to the monthly average salt transport, the salt in both dry and wet seasons enters through the southern channel of Ganghwa-do by FT. On the other hand, the salt exits through the eastern channel of Yeongjong-do by QfS0. The salt at Han River Estuary enters towards the upper Han River by FT in dry season, whereas that exits to the open sea by QfS0 in wet season. As a result, mechanisms of salt transport in the Han River Estuary depend on the interaction between QfS0 causing transport to open sea and FT causing transport to the upper Han River.
Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
/
v.22
no.2
/
pp.3-11
/
2021
Myanmar is an undeveloped country with high development value among Asian countries. Therefore, various countries including the U.S. are considering entering the market. In this respect, demand for real estate development project is forecast to grow on increased inflow of foreigners and Myanmar's economic growth. However, Myanmar is a high-risk country in terms of overseas companies, including national risk. In this study, we conducted an in-depth interview with experts (law, finance, technology, and local experts) after analyzing data on Myanmar to extract risk-causing factors. Through this, 106 risk factors were extracted, and the final risk classification system was established by conducting three-time groupings using the affinity diagramming. And the relative importance of each factor was presented using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) technique. As a result, the country-related risk, the fund-related risk, and the pre-sale-related risk were highly important. The research results are expected to provide risk management standards to companies entering the Myanmar real estate development type project.
Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
/
v.29
no.1
/
pp.1-13
/
2011
Cheongpyeongsa Temple was originally built in the early years of Goryeo Dynasty, but its current structural framework was made by the Lord Jinrakgong Lee Ja Hyeon(1061-1125) of the middle Goryeo period based on the Zen thought after he began living in the Cheongpyeong mountain around the temple in 1089. The purpose of this study is to conceptualize, based on old documents, historical changes of the appearance and survival of man-made structures with in the Zen garden formed and developed after Lee Ja Hyeon laid the foundation for Munsuwon Zen garden. Among the eight, outside-the-temple hermitages built at the time of Lee Ja Hyeon's Munsuwon Zen garden, only three hermitages, which are Sik-am, Gyeonseong-am, Yangshin-am had been remaining thanks to restoration and repair until late Joseon Dynasty and preserved as symbolic hermitages. Also, the Yeongji Pond built at the time of Lee Ja Hyeon still remains as precious landscape relics which is meaningful as a genuine Goryeo-period pond. The nine pine trees said to be planted by Lee Ja Hyeon remained until middle 1800s through their descendant trees. When the Buddhist monk Bowoo Daesa(1509-1565)changed the name to Cheongpyeongsa Temple in middle Joseon based on the Munsuwon Zen garden built by Lee Ja Hyeon and greatly expanded it, he newly built and expanded all buildings inside the temple except for Neunginjeon(main temple building), resulting in the present temple structure. In addition, by greatly enhancing the level of scenery by reconstructing Yeongji Pond outside the temple area and transplanting garden plants from the royal court, he made Cheongpyeongsa Temple the most prosperous Zen garden in its history. But after the mid-1800s, which is late Joseon period, Cheongpyeongsa Temple failed to thrive further and began to decline, and so currently most buildings of the Zen garden have disappeared except for some parts of the temple and other facilities are neglected.
This study was designed to analyze the delivery patterns of early(1900-1945) letters from the beginning of the postal service in order to examine the process of establishing the modern postal system after the constitution of the Postal Service(1884). In Chapter 2, we examined the 'change of the way letters are delivered', Chapter 3 is about the 'change of expression' and Chapter 4 is about 'double-faced of the post'. In the examination of aspects of changing the way letters were delivered, the phase of postal delivery by personal delivery to postal delivery were divided into three phases: [the period of personal delivery delivery] > [the coexistence period of personal delivery and postal deliveryy] > [the period of postal delivery]. In particular, it was interesting to see that the same sender and receiver mixed up postal delivery and personal delivery by the case in the second period. In addition, the functional differences between the express, telegram and particular post were found in the examination fo contents of the letter. In the examination of aspects of changing in expression, a change of common expression in 'greeting, ending, and receiving expressions' were confirmed. Also, it was confirmed that 'woo-pyeon' was not used as the basic term, but instead replaced with various terms, and that 'woo' was used independently and productively. In the double-faced aspects of post, there were disadvantages of the postal delivery such as 'discontent of the lost' and 'security of confidentiality', despite the advantages of 'economic, rapid, and long-distance delivery'. Because the disadvantage of postal delivery could be supplemented by personal delivery, postal delivery and personal delivery could coexist for a considerable period of time.
Chhoeum, Vantha;Wang, Changwon;Jang, Seungwan;Min, Se Dong;Kim, Young;Choi, Min-Hyung
Journal of Internet Computing and Services
/
v.21
no.6
/
pp.41-50
/
2020
The consequences of wearing high heels can be different according to the heel height, gait speed, shoe design, heel base area, and shoe size. This study aimed to focus on the knee extension and flexion range of motion (ROM) during gait, which were challenged by wearing five different shoe heel types and two different self-selected gait speeds (comfortable and fast) as experimental conditions. Measurement standards of knee extension and flexion ROM were individually calibrated at the time of heel strike, mid-stance, toe-off, and stance phase based on the 2-minute video recordings of each gait condition. Seven healthy young women (20.7 ± 0.8 years) participated and they were asked to walk on a treadmill wearing the five given shoes at a self-selected comfortable speed (average of 2.4 ± 0.3 km/h) and a fast speed (average of 5.1 ± 0.2 km/h) in a random order. All of the shoes were in size 23.5 cm. Three of the given shoes were 9.0 cm in height, the other two were flat shoes and sneakers. A motion capture software (Kinovea 0.8.27) was used to measure the kinematic data; changes in the knee angles during each gait. During fast speed gait, the knee extension angles at heel strike and mid-stance were significantly decreased in all of the 3 high heels (p<0.05). The results revealed that fast gait speed causes knee flexion angle to significantly increase at toe-off in all five types of shoes. However, there was a significant difference in both the knee flexion and extension angles when the gait in stiletto heels and flat shoes were compared in fast gait condition (p<0.05). This showed that walking fast in high heels leads to abnormal knee ROM and thus can cause damages to the knee joints. The findings in this preliminary study can be a basis for future studies on the kinematic changes in the lower extremity during gait and for the analysis of causes and preventive methods for musculoskeletal injuries related to wearing high heels.
본 웹사이트에 게시된 이메일 주소가 전자우편 수집 프로그램이나
그 밖의 기술적 장치를 이용하여 무단으로 수집되는 것을 거부하며,
이를 위반시 정보통신망법에 의해 형사 처벌됨을 유념하시기 바랍니다.
[게시일 2004년 10월 1일]
이용약관
제 1 장 총칙
제 1 조 (목적)
이 이용약관은 KoreaScience 홈페이지(이하 “당 사이트”)에서 제공하는 인터넷 서비스(이하 '서비스')의 가입조건 및 이용에 관한 제반 사항과 기타 필요한 사항을 구체적으로 규정함을 목적으로 합니다.
제 2 조 (용어의 정의)
① "이용자"라 함은 당 사이트에 접속하여 이 약관에 따라 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스를 받는 회원 및 비회원을
말합니다.
② "회원"이라 함은 서비스를 이용하기 위하여 당 사이트에 개인정보를 제공하여 아이디(ID)와 비밀번호를 부여
받은 자를 말합니다.
③ "회원 아이디(ID)"라 함은 회원의 식별 및 서비스 이용을 위하여 자신이 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을
말합니다.
④ "비밀번호(패스워드)"라 함은 회원이 자신의 비밀보호를 위하여 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을 말합니다.
제 3 조 (이용약관의 효력 및 변경)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트에 게시하거나 기타의 방법으로 회원에게 공지함으로써 효력이 발생합니다.
② 당 사이트는 이 약관을 개정할 경우에 적용일자 및 개정사유를 명시하여 현행 약관과 함께 당 사이트의
초기화면에 그 적용일자 7일 이전부터 적용일자 전일까지 공지합니다. 다만, 회원에게 불리하게 약관내용을
변경하는 경우에는 최소한 30일 이상의 사전 유예기간을 두고 공지합니다. 이 경우 당 사이트는 개정 전
내용과 개정 후 내용을 명확하게 비교하여 이용자가 알기 쉽도록 표시합니다.
제 4 조(약관 외 준칙)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스에 관한 이용안내와 함께 적용됩니다.
② 이 약관에 명시되지 아니한 사항은 관계법령의 규정이 적용됩니다.
제 2 장 이용계약의 체결
제 5 조 (이용계약의 성립 등)
① 이용계약은 이용고객이 당 사이트가 정한 약관에 「동의합니다」를 선택하고, 당 사이트가 정한
온라인신청양식을 작성하여 서비스 이용을 신청한 후, 당 사이트가 이를 승낙함으로써 성립합니다.
② 제1항의 승낙은 당 사이트가 제공하는 과학기술정보검색, 맞춤정보, 서지정보 등 다른 서비스의 이용승낙을
포함합니다.
제 6 조 (회원가입)
서비스를 이용하고자 하는 고객은 당 사이트에서 정한 회원가입양식에 개인정보를 기재하여 가입을 하여야 합니다.
제 7 조 (개인정보의 보호 및 사용)
당 사이트는 관계법령이 정하는 바에 따라 회원 등록정보를 포함한 회원의 개인정보를 보호하기 위해 노력합니다. 회원 개인정보의 보호 및 사용에 대해서는 관련법령 및 당 사이트의 개인정보 보호정책이 적용됩니다.
제 8 조 (이용 신청의 승낙과 제한)
① 당 사이트는 제6조의 규정에 의한 이용신청고객에 대하여 서비스 이용을 승낙합니다.
② 당 사이트는 아래사항에 해당하는 경우에 대해서 승낙하지 아니 합니다.
- 이용계약 신청서의 내용을 허위로 기재한 경우
- 기타 규정한 제반사항을 위반하며 신청하는 경우
제 9 조 (회원 ID 부여 및 변경 등)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객에 대하여 약관에 정하는 바에 따라 자신이 선정한 회원 ID를 부여합니다.
② 회원 ID는 원칙적으로 변경이 불가하며 부득이한 사유로 인하여 변경 하고자 하는 경우에는 해당 ID를
해지하고 재가입해야 합니다.
③ 기타 회원 개인정보 관리 및 변경 등에 관한 사항은 서비스별 안내에 정하는 바에 의합니다.
제 3 장 계약 당사자의 의무
제 10 조 (KISTI의 의무)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객이 희망한 서비스 제공 개시일에 특별한 사정이 없는 한 서비스를 이용할 수 있도록
하여야 합니다.
② 당 사이트는 개인정보 보호를 위해 보안시스템을 구축하며 개인정보 보호정책을 공시하고 준수합니다.
③ 당 사이트는 회원으로부터 제기되는 의견이나 불만이 정당하다고 객관적으로 인정될 경우에는 적절한 절차를
거쳐 즉시 처리하여야 합니다. 다만, 즉시 처리가 곤란한 경우는 회원에게 그 사유와 처리일정을 통보하여야
합니다.
제 11 조 (회원의 의무)
① 이용자는 회원가입 신청 또는 회원정보 변경 시 실명으로 모든 사항을 사실에 근거하여 작성하여야 하며,
허위 또는 타인의 정보를 등록할 경우 일체의 권리를 주장할 수 없습니다.
② 당 사이트가 관계법령 및 개인정보 보호정책에 의거하여 그 책임을 지는 경우를 제외하고 회원에게 부여된
ID의 비밀번호 관리소홀, 부정사용에 의하여 발생하는 모든 결과에 대한 책임은 회원에게 있습니다.
③ 회원은 당 사이트 및 제 3자의 지적 재산권을 침해해서는 안 됩니다.
제 4 장 서비스의 이용
제 12 조 (서비스 이용 시간)
① 서비스 이용은 당 사이트의 업무상 또는 기술상 특별한 지장이 없는 한 연중무휴, 1일 24시간 운영을
원칙으로 합니다. 단, 당 사이트는 시스템 정기점검, 증설 및 교체를 위해 당 사이트가 정한 날이나 시간에
서비스를 일시 중단할 수 있으며, 예정되어 있는 작업으로 인한 서비스 일시중단은 당 사이트 홈페이지를
통해 사전에 공지합니다.
② 당 사이트는 서비스를 특정범위로 분할하여 각 범위별로 이용가능시간을 별도로 지정할 수 있습니다. 다만
이 경우 그 내용을 공지합니다.
제 13 조 (홈페이지 저작권)
① NDSL에서 제공하는 모든 저작물의 저작권은 원저작자에게 있으며, KISTI는 복제/배포/전송권을 확보하고
있습니다.
② NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 상업적 및 기타 영리목적으로 복제/배포/전송할 경우 사전에 KISTI의 허락을
받아야 합니다.
③ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 보도, 비평, 교육, 연구 등을 위하여 정당한 범위 안에서 공정한 관행에
합치되게 인용할 수 있습니다.
④ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 무단 복제, 전송, 배포 기타 저작권법에 위반되는 방법으로 이용할 경우
저작권법 제136조에 따라 5년 이하의 징역 또는 5천만 원 이하의 벌금에 처해질 수 있습니다.
제 14 조 (유료서비스)
① 당 사이트 및 협력기관이 정한 유료서비스(원문복사 등)는 별도로 정해진 바에 따르며, 변경사항은 시행 전에
당 사이트 홈페이지를 통하여 회원에게 공지합니다.
② 유료서비스를 이용하려는 회원은 정해진 요금체계에 따라 요금을 납부해야 합니다.
제 5 장 계약 해지 및 이용 제한
제 15 조 (계약 해지)
회원이 이용계약을 해지하고자 하는 때에는 [가입해지] 메뉴를 이용해 직접 해지해야 합니다.
제 16 조 (서비스 이용제한)
① 당 사이트는 회원이 서비스 이용내용에 있어서 본 약관 제 11조 내용을 위반하거나, 다음 각 호에 해당하는
경우 서비스 이용을 제한할 수 있습니다.
- 2년 이상 서비스를 이용한 적이 없는 경우
- 기타 정상적인 서비스 운영에 방해가 될 경우
② 상기 이용제한 규정에 따라 서비스를 이용하는 회원에게 서비스 이용에 대하여 별도 공지 없이 서비스 이용의
일시정지, 이용계약 해지 할 수 있습니다.
제 17 조 (전자우편주소 수집 금지)
회원은 전자우편주소 추출기 등을 이용하여 전자우편주소를 수집 또는 제3자에게 제공할 수 없습니다.
제 6 장 손해배상 및 기타사항
제 18 조 (손해배상)
당 사이트는 무료로 제공되는 서비스와 관련하여 회원에게 어떠한 손해가 발생하더라도 당 사이트가 고의 또는 과실로 인한 손해발생을 제외하고는 이에 대하여 책임을 부담하지 아니합니다.
제 19 조 (관할 법원)
서비스 이용으로 발생한 분쟁에 대해 소송이 제기되는 경우 민사 소송법상의 관할 법원에 제기합니다.
[부 칙]
1. (시행일) 이 약관은 2016년 9월 5일부터 적용되며, 종전 약관은 본 약관으로 대체되며, 개정된 약관의 적용일 이전 가입자도 개정된 약관의 적용을 받습니다.