• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.19-37
• /
• 1989

The purpose of this study was to investigate the development of logical thinking and scientific reasoning pattern of Korean high school students. To carry out this study subjects were selected about 2,000 Junior high school students, and about 4,100 senior high school students throughout the nation. They were identified as concrete, transitional or formal operational stage with the use of TOLT(the Test of Logical Thinking) by Tobin and Capie(1980), and TOSR(the Test of Scientific Reasoning) by W.A Farmer(1986). This study turned out that more than 76% of Junior high school students were classified as the concrete operational stage and about 44% of senior high school students were classified as the formal operational stage, while about 26% of them were still in the concrete operational level. This study showed that the main factor of the intellectual development of students is learning by the gradual advancement of their grades and especially entrance into the senior high school rather than by the physical growth. This study also showed that there are the take-off stage of the development of logical thinking between fourteen and fifteen years of their ages. Less than 25% of junior high school students were in the formal operational stages which are capable of control of variables, probabilistic, correlation and combinational logic in problem-solving situation, while 33-54% of senior high school students were in the formal operational levels. 38% of junior high school students were in the formal operational stage which is capable of proportional logic, while about 55% of senior high school students were in the formal operational stage. Less than 20% of senior high school students were classified as group of highly capable of scientific reasoning, while more than 23% of them were classified as group of poor capability. It also turned out that there are differences or no differences between male and female students of each school in problem-solving situation regarding each logic approach. These differences were proved to be fluctuating depending on the situations and their grades. The other results of this study is similar to those of other researches such as Tomlinson-Keasey 1972, Coleman 1973, Lawson 1973, Lawson and Renner 1974, Neimark 1975, Han 1982, and Kim 1989.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.17 no.6
• /
• pp.1356-1358
• /
• 2003

The person mental get accomplished unconsciousness and consciousness. The wisdom is smoothly thinking activity. If the ascent and descent operation of 'HEART mental faculties (心神) - KIDNEY essence of life (腎精) is normal, mental action is clearness. The wrong mental action come out two direction. The one is the agony as a result of the prosperous appear on the Heart Fire(心火). The other is the non-mind as a result of the prosperous appear on the Kindey Water(腎水). If we keep on the maintenance of the condition on WATER & FIRE complement each other (水火昇降) by the mental concentration training method, we can conquest for the agony and non-mind.

• Korean System Dynamics Review
• /
• v.2 no.1
• /
• pp.5-28
• /
• 2001

The advent of Electronic Commerce is raising two hypothetical questions conflicting each other in economic point of view. The one is that cyberspace will eventually resolve the problem of economic disparity by presenting equal opportunities to local companies through the removal of barriers in terms of time and space. The other is that the problem of economic disparity will be amplified by the vicious cycle of reproduction on an enlarged scale residing in the new rules of digital economy. As an initial attempt to tackle the questions listed above, by introducing systems thinking and adopting the systems dynamics simulation technique this paper puts an effort to find some tentative answers to the questions possibly raised about the impact of electronic commerce on local economy on which little research has been conducted so far. The general scheme for the dynamism of systems where two groups of electronic malls compete each other and the findings presented in the paper would perhaps provide some ideas and directions for further study.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
• /
• v.33 no.5
• /
• pp.963-980
• /
• 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate the process of constructing pre-service teachers' scientific knowledge information through collective intelligence. We selected the 'Appropriate Technology' (A.T.) as the subject for formation of scientific knowledge. Twenty nine pre-service teachers of the course 'Scientific Thinking and Writing in Science Education' were allowed to freely post information whenever they wanted. They presented their full opinions, interacted with each other, and assessed the other' information on the website for a month. The way of posting was as follows. After one pre-service teacher had written the information about A.T. on the website, the other assessed the text and added or modified the writing. This process continued. We analyzed every writing they posted and questionnaire which contained the reason why they modified the text. The result was as follows. Pre-service teachers formed collective intelligence through four stages. First, pre-service teachers started to find the information related to the subject and they just added the information behind the other's writing. In the second stage, information was added, too. But the difference was that the information they selected carried values for having certain views. Third, they organized their writings with logical and critical thinking. Finally, they revised their overall writing. The results showed that students could develop their critical thinking and they could learn the way of communication from the process of collective intelligence. We found the forming process of knowledge by collective intelligence, and explored the various involving patterns and thinking activities in the process. Based on this research, we expect the improvement of students' logical and critical thinking through the various classes using collective intelligence.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
• /
• v.44 no.4
• /
• pp.318-330
• /
• 2023

This study aimed to verify the validity of a measurement tool for Vietnamese high school students' systems thinking abilities. Two quantitative assessment tools, the Systems Thinking Measuring Instrument (Lee et al., 2013) and the Systems Thinking Scale (Dolansky et al., 2020), were used to measure students' systems thinking after translation into Vietnamese. As a result, it was revealed that Cronbach-α for each tool (i.e., STMI and STS) was .917 and .950, respectively, indicating high reliability for both. To validate the construct validity of the translated questionnaire, exploratory factor analysis was performed using SPSS 26.0, and confirmatory factor analysis was performed using AMOS 21.0. For concurrent validity, correlation analysis using structural equation modeling was performed to validate the translated questionnaire. Exploratory factor analysis revealed that 10 items from the STMI and 12 items from the STS loaded on the intended factors and appropriate factor loading values were obtained. For confirmatory factor analysis, a structural equation model organized with 10 items from the STMI and 12 items from the STS was used. The result of this showed that the convergent validity values of the model were all appropriate, and the model fit indices were analyzed to be χ²/df of 1.892, CFI of .928, TLI of .919, SRMR of .047, and RMSEA of .063, indicating that the model consisting of the 22 items of the two questionnaires was appropriate. Analysis of the concurrent validity of the two tools indicated a high correlation coefficient (.903) and high correlation (.571-.846) among the subfactors. In conclusion, both the STMI and STS are valid quantitative measures of systems thinking, and it can be inferred that the systems thinking of Vietnamese high-school students can be quantitatively measured using the 22 items identified in our analysis. Using the tool validated in this study with other tools (e.g., qualitative assessment) can help accurately measure Vietnamese high school students' systems thinking abilities. Furthermore, these tools can be used to collect evidence and support effective education in ODA projects and volunteer programs.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.129-140
• /
• 2019

The purpose of our study is to confirm the usefulness of our new youth entrepreneurship program. In this study, I suggest design thinking as a new Youth entrepreneurship program which is consist of 9 dimensions: opportunity discovery, opportunity utilization, creativity capacity, career preparation behavior, entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial intention, self-preservation, social problem solving, and educational program objectives. To verify this new program, I conduct a pilot test in middle school and high school; the sample target is randomly selected one class in each school. My main finding is two. First, our new program successfully improves Youth entrepreneurship. Particularly, the improvement of opportunity utilization and entrepreneurial intention are prominent. As reasons, studies about food industry entrepreneurship is an unfamiliar subject for adolescent. Considering that entrepreneurial intention rapidly changes after the experience of entrepreneurial education, researchers need to focus on this variable. Second, I confirm the effects of gender, motivation, prior experience, interest oneself and other's recommendation about the entrepreneurship program. As a result, gender and prior experience do not have an important influence. On the other hand, voluntary interest and other's recommendation are influential. The most important factor is the influence of a teacher. Therefore, researchers need to examine the more specific mechanism of each dimension in the future.

• Journal of the Regional Association of Architectural Institute of Korea
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.89-95
• /
• 2019

In the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, a new curriculum that breaks away from the existing education programs is needed to cultivate men of talent for this new industrial era. In this regard, this study aimed to develop innovative curriculums that can be applied to the capstone design of architectural engineering at universities in Korea. To this end, it analyzed the operational status of the capstone design curriculum of domestic universities that operate engineering certification education programs. In addition, it examined educational innovation cases of advanced universities at home and abroad, and analyzed other studies related to educational renovation. Based on the analysis results, it developed the capstone design curriculum of architectural engineering that can be applied to domestic universities. The curriculum was developed into two contents: operating method and syllabus. The method which has been commonly applied to domestic universities was adopted as the operating method. The syllabus was developed by applying flipped learning and design thinking theory, which has widely been dealt with in advanced universities and recent studies. In addition, the curriculum was developed in the form of a prototype to meet the conditions of each university for its efficient utilization.

• Korean System Dynamics Review
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.5-24
• /
• 2016

This study structurally analyzes major inefficiency of Korea's healthcare delivery system by utilizing the systems thinking. In particular, the phenomenon of patient's concentrated visits to large hospitals, waste of resource due to competitions between clinics and large hopitals, and the structure of oversupply were visualized using the causal loop diagram. The inefficient structure of healthcare delivery system can be understood more clearly by utilizing the major system archetypes of 'success to the successful', 'tragedy of commons', 'escalation' and 'limits to growth'. This study also finds solution from archetypal structure suggested by Wolstenholme. The inefficient status of healthcare delivery system might be explained by the 'out of control' archetype. In conclusion, the public resources such as the national health insurance need to be acknowledged as the entire achievement. All the participants should cooperate with each other in order to improve the inefficiency of the healthcare delivery system. In addition, the arrangement of incentive system for cooperation, acceleration of health information technology, and development of innovative business models make the sustainable healthcare delivery system.

• The Mathematical Education
• /
• v.56 no.3
• /
• pp.341-363
• /
• 2017

This case study contributes to the efforts on identifying the essential features of responsive teaching practice where students' mathematical thinking is central in instructional interactions. We firstly conceptualize responsive teaching as a type of teachers' instructional decisions based on noticing literature, and agree on the claim which teachers' responsive decisions should be accounted in classroom interactional contexts where teacher, students and content are actively interacting with each other. Building on this responsive teaching model, we analyze classroom observation data of a 7th grade teacher who implemented a lesson package specifically designed to respond to students' mathematical thinking, called Formative Assessment Lessons. Our findings suggest the characteristics of responsive teaching practice and identify the relationship between noticing and responsive teaching as: (a) noticing on students' current status of mathematical thinking by eliciting and anticipating, (b) noticing on students' potential conceptual development with follow-up questions, and (c) noticing for all students' conceptual development by orchestrating productive discussions. This study sheds light on the actual teachable moments in the practice of mathematics teachers and explains what, when and how to support teachers to improve their classroom practice focusing on supporting all students' mathematical conceptual development.

• Archives of design research
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.31-37
• /
• 1991

Process of thinking on the form in product design includes the process in which unclear requirements are transformed into defined concepts, and the process in which the design as a form conforming to the concepts in conc1uded.(The former is called fconceptualizationJ which deals with abstract matters, and the latter "manipulation of the formJ which deals with more embodied matters) In conceptualization process the operation which transform the diverse requirements in the initial phase of de\ulcornersign to related linguistic expressions or to an image that directly suggests the form is executed. In the process of manipulation of the form the transformation to design as the description of relationships between the formal elements of the design solution resulted from the transformed requirements. It is the job of selecting the most suitable formal elements, balancing the relationships between them, out 01 the possibilities that reside in the individual attributes of formal elements, and finally leading to the design as the end solution. This writing focuses down to the wilfulness and ambiguity of design, and the diversity of design solution after the requirements, formal elements, and the process of relating the formal attributes to each other is built up the two phases.ases.