• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.191-204
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• 2010

Recently, the CO2 emission and energy consumption have become critical global issues to decide the future of nations. Especially, the spread of IT products and the increased use of internet and web applications result in the energy consumption and CO2 emission of IT industry though information technologies drive global economic growth. EU, the United States, Japan and other developed countries are using IT related environmental regulations such as WEEE(Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment), RoHS(Restriction of the use of Certain Hazardous Substance), REACH(Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of CHemicals) and EuP(Energy using Product), and have established systematic green business/IT strategies to enhance the competitiveness of IT industry. For example, the Japan government proposed the "Green IT initiative" for being compatible with economic growth and environmental protection. Not only energy saving technologies but energy saving systems have been developed for accomplishing sustainable development. Korea's CO2 emission and energy consumption continuously have grown at comparatively high rates. They are related to its industrial structure depending on high energy-consuming industries such as iron and steel Industry, automotive industry, shipbuilding industry, semiconductor industry, and so on. In particular, export proportion of IT manufacturing is quite high in Korea. For example, the global market share of the semiconductor such as DRAM was about 80% in 2008. Accordingly, Korea needs to establish a systematic strategy to respond to the global environmental regulations and to maintain competitiveness in the IT industry. However, green competitiveness of Korea ranked 11th among 15 major countries and R&D budget for green technology is not large enough to develop energy-saving technologies for infrastructure and value chain of low-carbon society though that grows at high rates. Moreover, there are no concrete action plans in Korea. This research aims to deduce the priorities of the Korean green business/IT strategies to use multi attribute weighted average method. We selected a panel of 19 experts who work at the green business related firms such as HP, IBM, Fujitsu and so on, and selected six assessment indices such as the urgency of the technology development, the technology gap between Korea and the developed countries, the effect of import substitution, the spillover effect of technology, the market growth, and the export potential of the package or stand-alone products by existing literature review. We submitted questionnaires at approximately weekly intervals to them for priorities of the green business/IT strategies. The strategies broadly classify as follows. The first strategy which consists of the green business/IT policy and standardization, process and performance management and IT industry and legislative alignment relates to government's role in the green economy. The second strategy relates to IT to support environment sustainability such as the travel and ways of working management, printer output and recycling, intelligent building, printer rationalization and collaboration and connectivity. The last strategy relates to green IT systems, services and usage such as the data center consolidation and energy management, hardware recycle decommission, server and storage virtualization, device power management, and service supplier management. All the questionnaires were assessed via a five-point Likert scale ranging from "very little" to "very large." Our findings show that the IT to support environment sustainability is prior to the other strategies. In detail, the green business /IT policy and standardization is the most important in the government's role. The strategies of intelligent building and the travel and ways of working management are prior to the others for supporting environment sustainability. Finally, the strategies for the data center consolidation and energy management and server and storage virtualization have the huge influence for green IT systems, services and usage This research results the following implications. The amount of energy consumption and CO2 emissions of IT equipment including electrical business equipment will need to be clearly indicated in order to manage the effect of green business/IT strategy. And it is necessary to develop tools that measure the performance of green business/IT by each step. Additionally, intelligent building could grow up in energy-saving, growth of low carbon and related industries together. It is necessary to expand the affect of virtualization though adjusting and controlling the relationship between the management teams.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.75-84
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• 1996

This study was conducted to reveal the relationship between the oral health status and their Knowledges about the oral health of the freshman of colleges in Taegu city. The evaluation for the oral health status through the oral examinations and their analysis of their knowledges on the periodontal disease were done on 216 males and 205 females from 1st to 30th April, 1993. The obtained results were as follows: The oral health status of 421 subject showed that 35.7% was good, 59.1% fair, and 6.2% poor, respectively. In case of the oral health status of females, 41.9% was good and 4.4% poor, and then in males 27.8% was good, 7.8% poor. The oral health status of the females was better than that of the males(p=0.006). The 52.1% among the good oral health status group answered that the dental plaque is the bacterial membrane causing dental disease, and the 23.1% among the poor oral health status group answered same as the above. The 91.8% among the good oral health status group answered that the periodontal diseases can be prevented, and the same answer came out from 15.4% of the poor group. It was found that the better oral health status group had the better knowledges about periodontal disease(p=0.001). For the question about their experiences in scaling the 30.1% of good oral health status group and the 23.1% of poor group answered that scaling is very helpful to periodontal health(p=0.001). About the experience of the education for tooth brushing, the 53.2% of good oral health status group and the 7.6% of poor group had the experiences to receive the education for tooth brushing(p=0.001). About the frequency and the time of tooth brushing, the 53.4% of good oral health status group brushed their teeth more then 3 times a day and 41.8% of good group brushed their teeth after every meal(p=0.001). The result of multiple regression analysis according to the simplified oral health index indicated that the variable having an effect on the oral health status was the tooth brushing frequency, knowledge of periodontal disease prevention, experience in education of tooth brushing and time of tooth brushing(p=0.001).

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.7-14
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• 2014

This study aims to evaluate the impact of varying exposure to dental amalgam on urinary mercury levels in children by measuring the number of amalgam-filled teeth and the variance of mercury concentration in urine over a period of 2 years. A total of 317 (male 158, female 159) elementary school children (1st~4th graders) attending 2 schools in urban regions participated in this study. At 6-month intervals, 4 oral examinations were conducted to check any variance in the conditions of dental caries and the status of dental fillings. Also, urine tests were conducted followed by a questionnaire survey. To elucidate the factors potentially affecting the mercury concentration in urine, t-test, ANOVA, chi-square test and a mixed model were used for the analysis. Regarding the status of dental fillings in line with examination time periods, deciduous teeth had more amalgam-filled surfaces than those filled with resin, whereas permanent teeth had more resin-filled surfaces than those filled with amalgam. A significant relevance was found between the exposure to dental amalgam and urinary mercury levels. Specifically, subjects whose teeth surfaces had been filled with dental amalgam showed higher urinary mercury levels than those who had no dental amalgam fillings. Based on the analysis using the mixed model, the increase in the number of teeth surfaces filled with amalgam was found to be the factor affecting the increase in urinary mercury levels. The urinary mercury levels were found to be highly associated with the exposure to dental amalgam. The more the teeth surfaces filled with amalgam, the higher the urinary mercury levels. Hence, even a trace of dental amalgam fillings can liberate mercury, affecting the variance in the urinary mercury levels. These findings suggest that some criteria or measures should be developed to minimize the exposure to dental amalgam. Moreover, relevant further studies are warranted.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2012

The Baegdusan volcano is one of the most active volcanoes in northeastern Asia, and the 10th century eruption was the most voluminous eruption in the world in recent 2,000 years. During the period from 2002 to 2005, volcanic earthquakes and abnormal surface distortions by suspected subsurface magma intrusion beneath the volcano were observed in the Baegdusan area. Seismic activity has gradually increased with earthquake swarms during 2002-2003 and hundreds of seismic event in a day, especially annual peak of 2,100 in 2003. Then the number of seismic activity has declined since 2006 to the background level in 1999-2001. According to the typical frequency of volcanic earthquakes in the Baegdusan volcano, the frequency distribution of typical volcanic earthquakes between 2002 and 2005 indicates that all the main frequency of the earthquakes basically falls down less than 5 Hz and 5-10 Hz. These events are all the VT-B and LP events caused by the shallow localized fracture and intrusion of magma. The horizontal displacement measurement by GPS during the period from 2000 to 2007 of the Baegdusan stratovolcano area indicates that an inflated process has been centered at the summit caldera since 2002. The displacement between 2002 and 2003 reached at a maximum value of 4 cm. After 2003, the deformation rate of the volcano continued to decrease with unusual variation during the period from 2006 to 2007. After 2003 the vertical displacement uplift rate falls down gradually but still keeps in an uplift trend in northern slope. It is generally believed that when $^3He/^4He(R)$ in a gas sample from a hot spring exceeds $^3He/^4He(R)$ in the atmosphere, it can be concluded that mantle-source. And temperatures of hot springs are rising steadily to $83^{\circ}C$. It is unrest signals at the Baegdusan, which is potentially active. The Baegdusan volcano is now in unrest status, there is eruption threat in the near future. Intensified monitoring and emergency response plan for volcanic risk mitigation are urgent for the volcano.

• Journal of Science Education
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.302-316
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to devise a Small-Scale Chemistry (SSC) lab program for primary school learners and to examine its effects on science learning achievement. In addition, it will be examined whether the type of learning groups affects the achievement or not. The participants in the current study were 173 6th graders from 6 classes of Y elementary school in Changwon city, Gyeongnam. Three classes(86) were assigned to the experimental group and the other three, the comparative group after checking the pre-homogeneity between the two groups through t-test on the scores of the science mid-term exam. We conducted five experimental sessions on the Acid and Base in the science textbook for the sixth graders. The students of one experimental class worked in pairs and another class worked individually, but the students of the comparative classes were divided into groups of six(one group with pair, another group with individual work in the SSC program, and the other group conducting the traditional experiment with groups of six students). The data were analyzed by t-test and ANOVA. The results showed that experimental learning using individual work in the SSC program compared to traditional experimental learning was effective in improving science learning achievement. also it was indicated that the teachers could reduce their burden of preparing for classes and of school hours when they utilized the SSC laboratory learning program. Teachers could also actively support students' experimental activities in employing the program. Based on the results, we suggest that the development of the SSC laboratory learning program is meaningful in the sense that this program can help elementary schoolers to improve science learning achievements more than the existing traditional experimental methods.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.163-170
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• 2007

The effects of olive oil on the quality characteristics of pressed ham were investigated. Five different treatments were carried out varying the amount of olive oil added to pressed ham. for the control, 10% back fat among the total ham components was added without any olive oil. For the first treatment, 5% olive oil within the lard component was added into the pressed ham. The 2nd, 3rd and 4th treatments included 10%, 15% and 20% olive oil, respectively. Manufactured pressed hams containing olive oil were vacuum packaged and then stored for 28 days at $4^{\circ}C$. The crude protein and crude fat were not significantly different between the control and olive oil treated hams. The moisture and crude ash contents of olive oil treated hams was significantly lower than that of the control(p<0.05). There was no significant difference in pH between the control and olive oil treated hams. The pH increased during the first 7 days of storage and then decreased somewhat for the remainder of the 28 day storage period for all treatments. The meat color $b^*$ value of olive oil treated hams was higher than that of the control, whereas the meat color $a^*$ value decreased with the inclusion of olive oil. Neither value changed during the period of storage. There was no significant difference in texture between the control and olive oil treated hams throughout the storage period. In summary, pressed ham manufactured with added olive oil showed no change in physico-chemical properties and texture characteristics. Thus, it may be assumed that high quality pressed ham can be manufactured with increased monounsaturated fatty acid content.

• The Korean Nurse
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.59-76
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• 1997

The purposes of this study were to identify the contents and satisfaction level of the patients received home care service, and to compare the differences of the contents by the characteristics of the patients. Seventy eight patients received home care service from 1st Jan. to 30th Sept., 1996 were data-collected to analyze the contents and outcomes of home care service. Sixty-nine patients currently receiving home care service were participated to evaluate the satisfaction level of home care service. The data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, $x^2$ test, and ANOVA by SPSS $PC^+$ program. The findings of this study were as follow : 1. The contents & outcomes of home care service 1) The mean age of the subjects was 64.4 years: 58% of them were female. Those who living in Seoul were 83% and the rest of the subjects was living in Kyung-Gi. 2) The subjects who had one diagnosis were 41%. Over 60% of them had the disease of neurologic & sensory system. 3) The mean number of visit was 6. Only one visit was 22%. The mean time of care was 79 minutes. Duration of visit from 31 minutes to 60 minutes were 47 %. The subjects who terminated the visit because of death were 67.3%. 62% of the persons who referred them to the home care service were nurses. 4) The pain after the service was more relieved than before. The amounts of intake, the degree of bed sore, edema & fracture after the service were more improved than before. Health status after the service was improved in general. 5) There were significant differences between initial and last conscious level in tracheostomy care & oxygen inhalation care. There was significant difference between initial and last degree of activity in blood sugar check. 6) There were significant differences on the number of visit in assessment of the status, evaluation & observation, vital sign check, skin care, injection, medication, bed sore care, colostomy care, relaxation therapy for pain relief, patient education, family care, exercise therapy, position change, supply of disinfected equipments and infection control. There were significant differences on visiting time in nasogastric tube care, drainage tube care and oxygen inhalation care. 2. The satisfaction level of home care service 1) 50% were male. Over 60 years of the subjects was 61 %. Those who living in Seoul were 82%. 2) The subjects who had one or two diagnosis were 32% respectively. 55% of the persons who referred them to the home care service were nurses. 3) Total level of satisfaction of home care service was very high. 4) The older the age, the higher the satisfaction level. The larger the number of visit, the higher the satisfaction level. 5) The subjects who were in cloudy state were higher level of satisfaction than in alert or coma state. The subjects whose activity were normal or who needed assistance were higher level of satisfaction than bedridden or immobilized subjects. These findings suggested that the patients had substantial need for posthospital care. They tended to be elderly and to have experienced the wide range of health problems associated with aging, chronicity, including limitations in activities, and other serious health problems. So, the nationwide home care systems beyond the limit of demonstration program by local association and the development of the effective financial system of home based health care are necessary for the clients who are in need of home care.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.72-78
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• 1981

On August 25, 1979 a heavy daily rainfall of 465 mm pured into Jinhae area by the influence of Typhoon Judy. In consequence of the typhoon, 38 persons were killed, houses and arable land were demolished and caused wide ranges of landslides in the area. According to the previous investigation, there had been five cases of such typhoons accompanied a daily precipitation over 300 mm for 27 years, however, there had not occurred any landslides before, even though it is reported that any typhoon accompanied by heavy daily rainfalls over 300 mm is normally known to cause various kinds of landslides. This phonomenon was described to the fact that there has been a qualitative change in the agents of landslides such as precipitation, geology, topography and forest. Thus, in this report, the relations of the agents to the development of landslides were to be analysed and brought forth the following confirmation: 1. In the district, 71 landslides of which area covered 15.3 ha were observed. 2. In terms of geology of the landslided sites. 89 and 11% in numbers were observed in the andesite and the granite respectively, and the areas of those landslide estimated 45 and 55% respectively. 3. In a topographical point of view, 44% of the numbers of landslides(55% in area basis) were occurred within the slopes of $26-35^{\circ}$, while no landslides were observed in either lower (below $9^{\circ}$) or upper (above $41^{\circ}$) slopes. In terms of slope patterns, 39 and 33% in numbers (52 and 46% on the basis of area) were observed in concave slopes and compound slopes respectively. 4. In terms of forest ages, the most landslides were observed in 5-15 year-old forest, of which averages were 2.19 landslides per 100 ha and 0.47 ha per 100 ha. However, no landslides were observed in the forest of over 26 years old. 5. Among the agents, precipitation, geology, topography are considered not to be controlled but the only agent, the forest, to be controlled by human beings. Thus, this firstly observed landslides at Jinhae District are conclusively considered as the result of qualitative changes of one agent, the forest, in the area.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.9-16
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• 1969

It is well known that a number of -SH and -SS containing substances afford a certain measure of protection against radiation effects in many biological systems, and it is conceivable that inherent -SH levels in Ehrlich ascites tumour (ELD)cells may be of decisive improtance with respect to the development of cellular radiation injury. So far, little effort has been directed to elucidate the changes in levels of different -SH and -SS groups in ELD cells when the tumour-bearing whole animal was subjected to the sublethal dose of X-irradiation. The present study was designed to bring some lights in the possible changes of and relationship between various sulfhydryl levels, such as P-SH, NP-SH and NP-SS, as well as the content of protein and cell volume of ELD cells, after subjecting the ELD mice to 1,200 r of X-irradiation. The animals used in this experiment were all mixed bred mice of $20{\sim}25\;gm$ in body weight (approximately 2 months old) irrespective of sex. 12 mice in one experiment were inoculated intraperitoneally with 0.2 ml of ascites tumour cells $(2{\times}10^6\;cells)$, and on the 7th day of the tumour growth, they were X-irradiated with 1,200 r, using the conventional X-ray machine under the following conditions: 200 Kv at 15 mA, 0.5 mm Cu filter, target-skin distance: 50 cm. Radiation dose was measured with the the Philip integrating dosimeter. At 24, 36, 48 and 60 hours after the X-irradiation, the mice were killed by cervical dislocation, and the tumours were taken out. Freshly withdrawn ascites tumours were placed in ice, and immediately the cell concentration was measured with the Coulter Cell Counter (Model B), and the hematocrit of the tumour cells were also determined. Cell volume was thus calculated by the cell concentration and hematocrit value. P-SH content of ELD cells was measured potentiometrically according to the method of Calcutt & Doxey, and NP-SH and NP-SS contents were measured spectrophotometrically by the method described by Ellman. Protein content of ELD cells was determined with the Folin phenol reagent by Lowry et al. Altogether, 48 experimental mice were used, and 12 mice with the only exception of X-irradiation were used as the control. Results obtained indicate that the contents of all the cellular sulfhydryl groups as well as cell volume and protein content of the ELD cells increase significantly as time progresses after the sub-lethal X-ray dose of 1,200 r was given and that all the increase is in a lineal fashion. The regression lines of the relative values, (i. e., taking each control value as 1) of all the values obtained, and the regression lines of cell volume, protein and NP-SH are identical, whereas those of NP-SS and P-SH appear to be widely seperated. However, the difference of those two lines (NP-SS & P-SH) were found to be not significant statistically (p>0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded from the above results that all the values examined increase in a lineal fashion with no statistically significant difference among them. Also, with the radiation dose of 1,200 r, the ELD cell becomes enlarged and swollen progressively up to 60 hours post-irradiation and it becomes more than two times of the original normal size at 60 hours after the irradiation, and up to this stage, it seems apparent that the cell division has been slow due to the X-irradiation applied in this experiment. It is well understandable that the contents of NP-SH, NP-SS, P-SH and protein of the ELD cells increase in parallel with the increase of the cell volume by the X-ray does used, but it also seems interesting to note that all the cellular substances tested show no appreciable difference in the pattern of increase.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.26
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• pp.29-58
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• 2011

Since 11 September 2001, warnings of risk in the nexus of terrorism and nuclear weapons and materials which poses one of the gravest threats to the international community have continued. The purpose of this study is to analyze the aim, principles, characteristics, activities, impediments to progress and developmental recommendation of the Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism(GICNT). In addition, it suggests implications of the GICNT for the ROK policy. International community will need a comprehensive strategy with four key elements to accomplish the GICNT: (1) securing and reducing nuclear stockpiles around the world, (2) countering terrorist nuclear plots, (3) preventing and deterring state transfers of nuclear weapons or materials to terrorists, (4) interdicting nuclear smuggling. Moreover, other steps should be taken to build the needed sense of urgency, including: (1) analysis and assessment through joint threat briefing for real nuclear threat possibility, (2) nuclear terrorism exercises, (3) fast-paced nuclear security reviews, (4) realistic testing of nuclear security performance to defeat insider or outsider threats, (5) preparing shared database of threats and incidents. As for the ROK, main concerns are transfer of North Korea's nuclear weapons, materials and technology to international terror groups and attacks on nuclear facilities and uses of nuclear devices. As the 5th nuclear country, the ROK has strengthened systems of physical protection and nuclear counterterrorism based on the international conventions. In order to comprehensive and effective prevention of nuclear terrorism, the ROK has to strengthen nuclear detection instruments and mobile radiation monitoring system in airports, ports, road networks, and national critical infrastructures. Furthermore, it has to draw up effective crisis management manual and prepare nuclear counterterrorism exercises and operational postures. The fundamental key to the prevention, detection and response to nuclear terrorism which leads to catastrophic impacts is to establish not only domestic law, institution and systems, but also strengthen international cooperation.