• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.75-82
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• 1994

Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) is known as important criteria for ecotoxicology on hazardous chemicals. But there is no standard method for determining BCF and reported BCFs were slightly different in accordance with authors. This study was performed with aims to determine BCFs on BPMC and Carbaryl. Carassius auratus(goldfish) be chosen as test organism and test period were 3-day, 5-day and 10-day. Extract solvents were n-hexane and acetonitrile. GC-ECD was used to detecting carbamates. The obtained results were as follows: 1. It was possible to determine short term BCF$_s$ of Carbaryl or BPMC through relatively simple procedure. 2. BCF$_3$ of Carbaryl in concentration of 1, 2, 5, 10 ppm were 0.34 $\pm$ 0.06, 0.18 $\pm$ 0.02, 0.10 $\pm$ 0.01, 0.06 $\pm$ 0.01 respectively. BCF$_5$ of Carbaryl were 0.34 $\pm$ 0.05, 0.18 $\pm$ 0.02, 0.13 $\pm$ 0.01 and 0.07 $\pm$ 0.01, BCF$_{10}3$ of Carbaryl were 0.45 $\pm$ 0.05, 0.27 $\pm$ 0.02, 0.16 $\pm$ 0.02 and 0.09 $\pm$ 0.01. BCF$_3$ of BPMC in concentration of 1, 2, 5 ppm were 4.66 $\pm$ 0.17, 2.64 $\pm$ 0.49, 1.88 $\pm$ 0.24 respectively. BCF$_5$ of BPMC were 4.09 $\pm$ 0.50, 2.42 $\pm$ 0.37 and 1.83 $\pm$ 0.15. 3. BCF$_s$ of BPMC were decreased as increasing concentration. However, BPMC concentration in fish were increased in contrast to BCF. But more concentrated BPMC was found in fish 3-day test than found concentration in fish 5-day test. 4. Same trend appeared in Carbaryl. BCF$_s$ of Carbaryl were decreased as increasing concentration and prolonging test period. But found Carbaryl concentration in fish were increased. 5. BCF$_s$ of BPMC were higher than that of Carbaryl by 10 times, in spite of the physicochemical properties of the two carbamates were similar to each other. Further study is recommended to find out the reason of the difference.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Power Electronics
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• v.5 no.5
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• pp.515-521
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• 2000

This paper describes the field test results of IGBT VVVF inverter for the railway propulsion system. The 1,650kVA IGBT VVVF inverter has been developed. Therefore, the field test is performed in SMG 6 Line to confirm its the reliability and performance. The train consists of 4M4T and the electrical equipment for field test are as follows : VVVF inverter 4 sets, 16 traction motors and 2 SIVs. The propulsion system is composed with 1C4M(1-Controller 4-Motors). The results of propulsion system which have the excellent acceleration/deceleration and the jerk characteristics as well as starting ability on slope are taken through the field test.

• Journal of Korean Dental Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.51-60
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• 2021

Purpose: Measuring viability of a three-dimensional in vitro organotypic human oral tissue model has been suggested as an alternative test method to the oral mucosa irritation test of oral care products. The aim of this study was to investigate the production of two different cytokines using organotypic human oral tissue model following exposure to chemicals that are commonly used in oral care products. Materials and Methods: The organotypic human oral tissues were exposed to ethanol, sodium lauryl sulphate or hydrogen peroxide for 90 minutes. Following exposure, interleukin (IL)-1α and IL-8 productions were assessed and correlated with cell viability testing as well as histology of the organotypic human oral tissues. Result: High levels of IL-8 were released from organotypic human oral tissues in all of the test and control groups without any significant differences between them. In contrast, differences were found in IL-1α release between the test and control groups. Additionally, the trend of IL-1α release corresponded to the phenotypes observed in histological analysis while different trend existed between IL-1α release and cell viability. Conclusion: The study concluded the non-specific release of IL-8 for the assessment of oral care product chemicals' toxicity, while potential of measuring IL-1α cytokine level as the possible alternative test method.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.405-411
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• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the optimum conditions for oral mucosal irritation testing using the buccal pouch of hamsters. Methods: Test materials were applied to the buccal pouch of seven-week old male Syrian hamsters (SLC, Japan) four times at one-hour intervals and macroscopic changes were examined at 24 hours after final treatment. After sacrifice, the buccal pouches were removed and prepared for histopathological evaluation. In order to set the exposure time, we performed exposure tests of 5, 12, 18 and 23 minutes using sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) 1% and set the treatment volume from the test results at 2, 3, or 4 ml treatment using SLS 1%, Triton X-100 1% and ethanol. After setting the experimental conditions, seven groups of materials [sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) (1%), Triton X-100 (1%), hydrogen peroxide (3%), ethanol (100%), chlorhexidine (0.2%, 2%), phosphate buffer saline (PBS)] were assessed. Results: Experimental conditions of material exposure time were fixed as 18 minutes from the exposure tests of 5, 12, 18 or 23 min using sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) 1%. Treated volume was set as 4 ml per each pouch from the test results of 2, 3, or 4 ml treatments using SLS 1%, Triton X-100 1% and ethanol. The results in terms of irritation degree were in the order of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) (1%) > Triton X-100 (1%) ${\fallingdotseq}$ hydrogen peroxide (3%) > ethanol (100%) ${\fallingdotseq}$ chlorhexidine (0.2%, 2%) > phosphate buffer saline (PBS). Conclusion: From this study, suitable conditions for hamster mucosal irritation testing were suggested and this method was verified through materials commonly used on oral mucosal membranes.

• The Journal of Korean society of community based occupational therapy
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.63-73
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• 2014

Objective : The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of crafts and handwriting on bilateral coordination during task performance. Methods : Randomly selected 30 college students without hand disability were invited for the study, and grouped 3(test group 1 for crafts, test group 2 for handwriting, and control group) with 10 students per group respectively. Then Jebsen-taylor hand function test, Purdue pegboard test, and Minnesota manual dexterity test were employed for evaluating changes before and after the intervention. Results : After training intervention of crafts and handwriting for two test groups, test groups showed better bilateral coordination significantly than the control group. Especially test group 1(crafts) showed a bigger difference at Jebsen-taylor hand function test, and likely test group 2(handwriting) did at Purdue pegboard test. Conclusion : It was found that crafts increase bilateral coordination, while handwriting increase hand dexterity during task performance. That is, crafts and handwriting affect tasks differently. Further studies applying various crafts and handwriting for many age groups will be helpful for identifying the better way of occupational intervention for individuals in lack of bilateral coordination.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.27-31
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• 2018

Canine coronavirus is a single-stranded RNA virus that causes enteritis in dogs of any age. Coronaviral enteritis is seldom definitively diagnosed, since it is usually much less severe than many other types of enteritis and is self-limiting. Conventional diagnostics for the canine coronaviral enteritis such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), virus isolation, and electron microscopic examination are inappropriate for small animal clinics due to the complicated experimental processes involved. Therefore, a commercially available lateral flow test kit based on chromatographic immunoassay techniques was tested to evaluate its performance as a first-line diagnostic test kit that could be used in clinics. The coronavirus antigen test kit detected canine coronavirus-infected dogs with 93.1% sensitivity and 97.5% specificity. The detection limit of the test kit was between $1.97{\times}10^4/mL$ and $9.85{\times}10^3/mL$ for samples with a 2-fold serial dilution from $1.25{\times}10^6\;TCID_{50}$ ($TCID_{50}$, 50% tissue culture infectious dose). Additionally, the test kit had no cross-reactivity with canine parvovirus, distemper virus, or Escherichia coli. Overall, the commercially available test kit showed good diagnostic performance in a clinical setting, with results similar to those from PCR, confirming their potential for convenient and accurate use in small animal clinics.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.17-21
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• 2020

It was carried out to investigate the antibiotic residues detected by the residue tests for edible tissues of slaughtered livestock in Korea from January to November in 2019. Positive cases of qualitative test and analytical test for 11 months were 689 and 341, respectively. Positive cases of analytical test for cattle, pigs, horses and poultry were 164, 168, 2 and 7, respectively. Antibiotics were detected from 472 materials from 341 cases and classified as β-lactams 162 (37.9%), aminoglycosides 141 (33%), quinolones 69 (16.2%), sulfonamides 23 (5.4%), amphenicols 10 (2.3%), tetracyclines 9 (2.1%), macrolides 6 (1.4%) and the rest 7 (1.4%). Other materials were benzyl penicillin 119 (27.9%), (dihydro)streptomycin 105 (24.6%) and enrofloxacin (including ciprofloxacin) 39 (9.1%). In conclusion, strict management of benzyl penicillin and streptomycin in cattle and pigs should be implemented to reduce the positive cases of slaughtered livestock in Korea.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.14-21
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• 2008

Purpose: Objective Structured Clinical Examination(OSCE) has been used for clinical skill evaluation. This study was done investigate whether there are positive impact educational effects if nursing students are invited to develop OSCE modules. Method: The participants were 63 second-year students in one nursing college. Students were divided into 3 groups; the OSCE module development group(Exp1), traditional study group(Exp2), and control group(Cnt). Students were allocated according to clinical skill test scores to make the 3 groups equal. Exp1 developed OSCE modules, and Exp2 studied using traditional methods. Clinical skill tests and surveys were done to measure self-directed readiness, problem-solving ability, and self-efficacy before and after experimental treatments. Results: Clinical skill test scores increased significantly in all three groups, but Exp1 and Exp2 showed a higher clinical skill test score increment than Cnt. Self-directed readiness scores increased significantly in Exp1, but not in Exp2 and Cnt. Problem-solving ability scores increased significantly in Exp1 compared to Cont. Conclusion: Development of OSCE modules has positive educational effects for participating students in terms of clinical skill tests, self-directed readiness, and problem-solving ability.

• Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.59-71
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• 2008

Purpose: This study was to identify the effects of simulation-based training for advanced cardic life support on the competence of nurses in critical care settings. Methods: In this study, a nonequivalent control pretest-post test quasi-experimental design was used. Data were collected from May 1 to June 1, 2006 at one general hospital in W city. Among 40 nurses in critical care settings, twenty were assigned to the experimental group and twenty to the control group. Nurses in the experimental group received simulation-based training for advanced cardiac life support. Measurement tool were ACLS related knowledge and skills developed by AHA & Mega Code (2005) and some items were modified. The collected data were statistically processed using SPSS version 12.0 for Windows, and analyzed using descriptive statistics, $X^2$test, t-test, paired ttest, Pearson correlation coefficients. Results: 1) Hypothesis 1“: Nurses who received simulationbased training would have more knowledge of advanced cardiac life support than nurses who received traditional training”, was supported (t=11.51, p=.00). 2) Hypothesis 2: “Nurses who received simulation-based training would have better advanced cardiac life support skills than nurses who received traditional training”, was supported (t=2.38, p=.00). Conclusion: Simulation-based training for advanced cardiac life support is an effective strategy for increasing the competence of nurses in advanced cardiac life support in critical care settings.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.43-48
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• 2010

Purpose: This study was designed to determine the test-retest, inter-rater, and intra-rater reliability of the Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS) when applied to children with cerebral palsy (CP). Methods: Subjects were out-patient children with cerebral palsy at four CP clinics in Gyeonggyi-do and Chungcheong nam-do. For test-retest and inter-rater reliability studies, the PBS was used twice on 7 separate days by twenty-four children with CP. To assess intra-rater reliability, 10 CP subjects were selected by random sampling. Four pediatric-trained physical therapists with 2-13 years of clinical experience scored the children’s performance blindly, while replaying videotaped data. Results: There was no significant difference in total scores (ICC 3,1=0.89, 0.93, 0.90, and 0.91) measured by each of the four therapists on two occasions. The Inter-rater reliability assessed the 1st and 2nd time was high (1stICC 3,1=0.91, 2nd ICC 3,1=0.93). The intra-rater reliability measured by each of the four therapists using the 2nd scores was also high (ICC 3,1=0.98, 0.99, 0.97, and 0.98). Conclusion: The PBS is reliable. We believe that it can be used in characterizing children with CP.