• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.171-181
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• 2012

Lysine is the first limiting essential amino acid in cereals for humans and monogastric animals, although its content is generally low. A chemically induced high-lysine barley mutant, M98, has an agronomically undesirable shrunken endosperm trait. In order to obtain detailed insight into the atypical traits of M98 grains, we characterized amino acid composition and protein profiles of M98 and its parent cultivar Chalssalbori. Among a total of 16 amino acids, the percentage of each of the 7 amino acids, including lysine, was 1.2~1.8 times higher in M98, comparing to Chalssalbori. The percentage of proline and its precursor, glutamic acid, in M98 was about the half of that of the amino acids in Chalssalbori, but arginine synthesized from glutamic acid was 1.8 times higher in M98, compared that in the parent cultivar. Theses results indicated that the mutation in M98 grains might alter the proportion of amino acids linked to each other in a biosynthetic pathway. A comparison of grain proteome profiles between Chalssalbori and M98 revealed 70 differentially expressed protein spots, where 45 protein spots were up-regulated and 25 protein spots down-regulated in M98 compared to those in Chalssalbori. Of these changed protein spots, 53 were identified using nano-electrospray ionization liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Most of these identified proteins were involved in various biological processes. In particular, 28 protein spots such as ${\beta}$-amylase, serpins and B3-hordein were identified as proteins associated with the atypical traits of M98. It was thought that a genetic study on the unique protein profile of M98 would be needed to develop an agronomically feasible barley cultivar with high-lysine trait.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.250-261
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• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate the herbicidal response and effective control strategy of sulfonylurea(SU)-resistant Scirpus juncoides Roxb. occurred in the paddy fields of Korea. A biotype of Scirpus juncoides Roxb. resistant to SU was identified in the paddy fields treated with SU herbicide-based mixtures for seven consecutive years. The apparent SU resistance observed in Scirpus juncoides Roxb. was completely confirmed in greenhouse tests. The susceptible biotype was almost controlled at the recommended dose of all the tested, but the resistant biotype was survived 20 to 30% even at 10 times higher dose of each the recommended dose of SU herbicides. The $GR_{50}$ values of 4 SU herbicides for the resistant biotype were 53 to 88 times higher than those for the susceptible biotype. The acetolactate synthase(ALS) isolated from the resistant biotype against bensulfuron-methyl and pyrazosulfuron-ethyl was less sensitive than that of the susceptible biotype. The $I_{50}$ values of the resistant biotype against bensulfuron-methyl and pyrazosulfuron-ethyl were 498 and 126 times higher than those for the susceptible biotype. A rapid diagnosis for identifying resistance of Scirpus juncoides Roxb. was possible within at least 3 days after SU herbicides. Three herbicides having different mode of action from SU herbicide, carfentrazone-ethyl, pyrazolate and simetryne exhibited excellent controlling effects on the resistant biotype of Scirpus juncoides Roxb. till 3.5 leaf stage. Among the SU-based herbicides, pyriminobac-methyl+pyrazosulfuroil-ethyl+carfentrazone-ethyl GR and azimsulfuron+carfentrazone-ethyl+pyriminobac-methyl GR were very effective to control resistant biotype of Scirpus juncoides Roxb. without rice injury. The resistant biotype which were not controlled with SU herbicise-based herbicides survived from the fields were effectively controlled by bentazone SL.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.282-287
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• 2012

This study was carried out to clarify the effects of the application of pesticide by different spray nozzle types on pesticide residues. The average droplet size and discharge rate were investigated when the manual compressed sprayer with two head disk type nozzle and the knapsack engine powered sprayer with two head fan shape nozzles were used. The fan type nozzles were classified into three types by the number of orifice in the nozzle. Three type nozzles tested were fan with one orifice, fan with two orifices and fan with three orifices. Fan (trade name : D-3) with 2.4 L/min. of the discharge rate and $76{\mu}m$ of the average droplet size while maintaining constant pressure $1.1{\pm}0.2$ MPa, and fan D-35 with 2.6 L/min. and $90{\mu}m$ while maintaining constant pressure $1.0{\pm}0.2$ MPa were appropriate. The orifice size of D-3 was 0.65 mm length ${\times}$ 0.45 mm width and the orifice size of D-35 was 0.62 mm length ${\times}$ 0.46 mm width. The residue levels of imidacloprid on perilla leaves among four applications by four different nozzles show significantly difference with 5% significance level. The residue levels $3.76{\sim}3.92mg\;kg^{-1}$ by fan or disk type is smaller than $4.52{\sim}4.92mg\;kg^{-1}$ by fan II or fan III. The residue levels of imidacloprid on perilla leaf were different depend on the spray nozzles type.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.345-352
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• 2012

As the breast cancer rate is increasing fast in Korean women, people pay more attention to mammography and number of mammography have been increasing dramatically over the last few years. Mammography is the only means to diagnose breast cancer early, but harms caused by radiation exposure shouldn't be overlooked. Therefore, it is important to calculate the radiation dose being absorbed into the breast tissue during the process of mammography for a protective measure against radiation exposure. Because it is impossible to directly measure the radiation dose being absorbed into the human body, statistical calculation methods are commonly used, and most of them are supposed to simulate the interaction between radiation and matter by describing the human body internal structure with anthropomorphic phantoms. However, a simulation using Geant4 Code of Monte Carlo Method, which is well-known as most accurate in calculating the absorbed dose inside the human body, helps calculate exact dose by recreating the anatomical human body structure as it is through the DICOM file of CT. To calculate the absorbed dose in the breast tissue, therefore, this study carried out a simulation using Geant4 Code, and by using the DICOM converted file provided by Geant4, this study changed the human body structure expressed on the CT image data into geometry needed for this simulation. Besides, this study attempted to verify if the dose calculation of Geant4 interlocking with the DICOM file is useful, by comparing the calculated dose provided by this simulation and the measured dose provided by the PTW ion chamber. As a result, under the condition of 28kVp/190mAs, the Difference(%) between the measured dose and the calculated dose was found to be 0.08 %~0.33 %, and at 28 kVp/70 mAs, the Difference(%) of dose was 0.01 %~0.16 %, both of which showed results within 2%, the effective difference range. Therefore, this study found out that calculation of the absorbed dose using Geant4 Simulation is useful in measuring the absorbed dose in the breast tissue for mammography.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.720-725
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• 2013

When highly shrinkable materials such as coir dust are major component of root media, the degrees of compaction during container filling of root media severely influences the physical properties of root media. It results in the changes in total porosity (TP), container capacity (CC) and air-filled porosity (AFP). This research was conducted to secure the fundamental information in changes of soil physical properties as influenced by the compaction of root media during container filling. To achieve this, three root media were formulated by blending coir dust (CD) with expanded rice hull (CD + ERH, 8:2, v/v), carbonized rice hull (CD + CRH, 6:4) and ground and raw pine bark (CD + GRPB, 8:2). Based on the optimum bulk density, the amount of root media filled into 6.0, 7.5, 8.5, 10.5 and 12.5 cm were adjusted to 90, 100, 110, 120 and 130% based on the weight of root media. Then the changes in TP, CC, and AFP were measured. Elevation of the packing amount of root media in all sizes of pot resulted in the decrease of TP. But the decrease was more severe in CD + ERH and CD + CRH than those in CD + GRPB. The CC also decreased gradually as the packing amounts were elevated in three root media, but the decreases were severe as the container sizes became larger. The AFP decreased drastically by the elevation of the packing amount of root media in all sizes of pot. The AFP was the highest in CD + CRH medium when pot sizes were smaller than 7 cm, but that was the highest in CD + ERH when the pot sizes were larger than 8.5 cm among the 3 root media tested. In this research, the elevation of packing amount of three root media influenced more severely the AFP rather than CC. This result indicates that the packing amount should be controlled to maintain appropriate level of AFP because AFP rather than CC influence severely crop growth. The results obtained through this study can be used to predict the changes in physical properties of root media as influenced by packing amount in various sizes of pots.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.790-797
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• 2013

During pear fruit development, calyx can abscise from fruitlet following petal fall. The calyx abscission varies with pear cultivars. The presence of calyx on pear fruit makes the fruit shape calyx end protruded. In the present study, the degrees of the calyx abscission were examined in 120 Southern-type Asian pear (Pyrus pyrifolia), 52 Nothern-type Asian pear (P. ussuriensis), and 34 European pear (P. communis) cultivars, and its inheritance was investigated using cross combinations between the Southern-type Asian pear cultivars showing different degrees of calyx abscission. Majority of the cultivars produced < 10% or > 90% calyx-perpetual fruit, but the cultivars producing both calyx-perpetual and -deciduous fruit were in minor frequency. The cultivars producing < 10% calyx-perpetual fruit were in higher frequency in Southern-type Asian, Nothern-type Asian, and European pears in that order, while those producing calyx-perpetual fruit were in higher frequency in European, Nothern-type Asian, and Southern-type Asian pears in that order. In the cross between the parents producing < 10% calyx-perpetual fruit, most of the $F_1$ seedlings also produced < 10% calyx-perpetual fruit. In the cross between the parents producing > 90% calyx-perpetual fruit, on the contrary, most of the $F_1$ seedlings also produced > 90% calyx-perpetual fruit. When the paternal parent produced < 10% calyx-perpetual fruit, most of the $F_1$ seedlings also produced < 10% calyx-perpetual fruit regardless of the degree of calyx abscission in the maternal parent. When the cross was between the maternal parent producing < 10% calyx-perpetual fruit and the paternal parent showing different degrees of calyx abscission, the $F_1$ seedlings showed similar degrees of the calyx abscission to those in the paternal parent. These results suggest that the characteristics of the calyx abscission is influenced more greatly by the paternal parent than by the maternal parent, and the calyx abscission in Southern-type Asian pears is a qualitative trait which is governed by dominant gene(s).

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.666-676
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• 2013

The study was carried out to examine the initial point of dormancy, breaking time of internal dormancy, and to find out the accumulated hours of low temperature (under $7.2^{\circ}C$ from $0.0^{\circ}C$ to $7.2^{\circ}C$) for bud-breaking. Over-all, the chilling requirement for breaking of internal dormancy in the commercial apple cultivars ('Fuji' and 'Tsugaru') and apple cultivars bred in Korea ('Hongro', 'Sunhong', 'Honggeum', 'Hongan', 'Hongso', 'Gamhong', 'Summer dream') at the Gunwi region for 4 years (from 2009 to 2012) was investigated. Also, the breaking time of internal dormancy in the field at the Gunwi region and the breaking time of dormancy if air temperature of Gunwi region rises $4^{\circ}C$ higher than the current one were investigated using the same data. The initial point of dormancy was set at the time when the lateral bud breaking did not occurred (when heading back cutting was done in the middle of terminal shoots). The occurrence of the breaking of internal dormancy was decided if the breaking of the terminal bud of bourse shoot occurred within 15 days or not in growth chamber. About 100 bourse shoots were collected by cultivar classification in early December every year and were stored at $5.0^{\circ}C$, and they were placed in growth chamber at one week interval. The chilling requirement of cultivars was expressed in accumulated hours in the field and in the growth chamber under $7.2^{\circ}C$ and $0.0-7.2^{\circ}C$ from the initial point of dormancy to the breaking time of internal dormancy. The results showed that the initial point of dormancy in selected cultivars could occur at the end of September. The breaking time of internal dormancy could occur from the end of January to the early of February. The accumulated hours under $7.2^{\circ}C$ for breaking of internal dormancy were 1,600-2,000 hours, while those of $0.0-7.2^{\circ}C$ were 1,300-1,800 hours. In comparing the different apple cultivars, the chilling requirement of the early flowering cultivars seemed lower than that of the late-flowering cultivars. Based on these results, if the air temperature of Gunwi region rises about $4.0^{\circ}C$ higher than the current one, the breaking time of internal dormancy will be delayed by 2-4 weeks.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.113-121
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• 2020

Macrophages are initiators for regulating a host's defenses to eliminate pathogens and trigger tissue repair. Macrophages are classified into two types: classically (M1) activated macrophages and alternatively (M2) activated macrophages. M1-phenotype macrophages directly or indirectly kill infectious organisms and tumor cells via pro-inflammatory responses, whereas M2-phenotype macrophages remodel wounded tissue through anti-inflammatory responses. In this paper, we investigated how Phellinus linteus hot water extract passed from Diaion HP-20 resin (PLEP) regulates polarization of M1-like or M2-like macrophages in human THP-1 cells. PLEP did not have cytotoxicity at a high concentration of 300 ㎍/ml. We observed morphological alteration of the THP-1 cells, which are stimulated by PLEP, LPS/INF-γ (M1 stimulators) or IL-4/IL13 (M2 stimulators). PLEP exposure induced morphology contiguous with LPS/INF-γ. qPCR was also performed to determine whether PLEP influences M1 or M2 polarization-related genes. M1-phenotype macrophage-specific genes, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, CXCL10 and CCR7, were enhanced by PLEP in a dose-dependent manner similar to LPS/INF-γ. Conversely, M2-phenotype-specific genes, such as MRC-1, DC-SIGN, CCL17 and CCL22, were suppressed by PLEP. PLEP also significantly up-regulated secretory inflammation cytokines related to M1 polarization of macrophages, including TNFα, IL-1β and IL-6, which was similar to the gene expression. Further, MAPK and NF-κB signaling were increased by treatment with PLEP, resulting in enhancement of cytokine secretion. PLEP might therefore be used as a promising booster of pro-inflammatory responses through M1 polarization of human THP-1 cells.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.244-253
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• 2012

The effect of fermented Rhus verniciflua stem bark (FRVSB) extract on the microbial count, enzyme activity, concentrations of free amino acids and organic acids, and physiochemical properties of doenjang (soybean paste) was evaluated during brine fermentation. The FRVSB extract increased the total free amino acid concentration by 1.3-3.1-fold on the $42^{nd}$ day of brine fermentation. After the filtration of brine, the following microbial counts were obtained in the doenjang: bacteria, $0.3{\times}10^8-12.0{\times}10^8$ cfu/g; mold, $3.0{\times}10^4-21.0{\times}10^4$ cfu/g; yeast, $1.0{\times}10^4-2.0{\times}10^4$ cfu/g; Escherichia coli, not detected; and Bacillus cereus, $3.0{\times}10^2-25.0{\times}10^2$ cfu/g. The FRVSB extract addition enhanced the protein and starch degrading activity by 13.8-26.0% and 16.1-35.1%, respectively. The extract increased the total free amino acid content by 1.4-3.0-fold. Lactic acid, acetic acid, and pyroglutamic acid were the predominant organic acids in doenjang. Moreover, the proximate composition, pH, moisture, ash, salt, and amino nitrogen content were increased.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.94-100
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• 2009

These experiments were conducted to improve the effect of seed disinfection on rice seed severely infected Bakanae disease by seed soaking into mixed solution of prochloraz EC and fludioxonil FS. We investigated the effects of various concentrations of two fungicides mixed solution on spore germination and mycelial growth of Fusarium fujikuroi. Mycelial growth was inhibited 100% at $10{\mu}g$/ml of prochloraz and 33.3% at $80{\mu}g$/ml of fludioxonil. Spore germination was inhibited 81.4% at $40{\mu}g$/ml of prochloraz. Interestingly, mixed solution of $5{\mu}g$/ml or $10{\mu}g$/ml of each fungicide inhibitied 100% of mycelial growoth and 99.2% of spore germination, respectively. Severely infected rice seeds soaked into mixed solution composed of $125{\mu}l$/ml of prochloraz and $50{\mu}l$/ml of fludioxonil showed 2.1% of disease symptoms compared to 20.4% of prochloraz $125{\mu}l$/ml, but higher concentrations of prochloraz decreased the seedling stand rate. When the seed soaking time was longer and temperature was higher, control effect on Bakanae disease was improved, but seedling stand was lower about 80% over $35^{\circ}C$.