• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.30-45
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• 2024

This study introduces an effective method for predicting individual local tax delinquencies using prevalent machine learning and deep learning algorithms. The evaluation of credit risk holds great significance in the financial realm, impacting both companies and individuals. While credit risk prediction has been explored using statistical and machine learning techniques, their application to tax arrears prediction remains underexplored. We forecast individual local tax defaults in Republic of Korea using machine and deep learning algorithms, including convolutional neural networks (CNN), long short-term memory (LSTM), and sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq). Our model incorporates diverse credit and public information like loan history, delinquency records, credit card usage, and public taxation data, offering richer insights than prior studies. The results highlight the superior predictive accuracy of the CNN model. Anticipating local tax arrears more effectively could lead to efficient allocation of administrative resources. By leveraging advanced machine learning, this research offers a promising avenue for refining tax collection strategies and resource management.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.220-239
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• 2019

According to the National Currency (國幣) article in GyeongGukDaeJeon (經國大典), the ChoSonT'ongPaeJiIn (朝鮮通幣之印) was a seal that was imprinted on both ends of a piece of hemp fabric (布). It was used for the circulation of hemp fabric as a fabric currency (布幣). The issued fabric currency was used as a currency for trade or as pecuniary means to have one's crime exempted or replace one's labor duty. The ChoSonT'ongPaeJiIn would be imprinted on a piece of hemp fabric (布) to collect one-twentieth of tax. The ChoSonT'ongPaeJiIn (朝鮮通幣之印) was one of the historical currencies and seal materials used during the early Chosun dynasty. Its imprint was a means of collecting taxes; hence, it was one of the taxation research materials. Despite its value, however, there has been no active research undertaken on it. Thus, the investigator conducted comprehensive research on it based on related content found in JeonRokTongGo (典錄通考), Dae'JeonHu-Sok'Rok (大典後續錄), JeongHeonSwaeRok (貞軒?錄) and other geography books (地理志) as well as the materials mentioned by researchers in previous studies. The investigator demonstrated that the ChoSonT'ongPaeJiIn was established based on the concept of circulating Choson fabric notes (朝鮮布貨) with a seal on ChongOseungp'o (正五升布) in entreaty documents submitted in 1401 and that the fabric currency (布幣) with the imprint of the ChoSonT'ongPaeJiIn was used as a currency for trade, pecuniary or taxation means of having one's crime exempted, or replacing one's labor, and as a tool of revenue from ships. The use of ChoSonT'ongPaeJiIn continued even after a ban on fabric currencies (布幣) in March 1516 due to a policy on the "use of Joehwa (paper notes)" in 1515. It was still used as an official seal on local official documents in 1598. During the reign of King Yeongjo (英祖), it was used to make a military service (軍布) hemp fabric. Some records of 1779 indicate that it was used as a means of taxation for international trade. It is estimated that approximately 330 ChoSonT'ongPaeJiIn were in circulation based on records in JeongHeonSwaeRok (貞軒?錄). Although there was the imprint of ChoSonT'ongPaeJiIn in An Inquiry on Choson Currency (朝鮮貨幣考) published in 1940, there had been no fabric currencies (布幣) with its imprint on them or genuine cases of the seal. It was recently found among the artifacts of Wongaksa Temple. The seal imprint was also found on historical manuscripts produced at the Jikjisa Temple in 1775. The investigator compared the seal imprints found on the historical manuscripts of the Jikjisa Temple, attached to TapJwaJongJeonGji (塔左從政志), and published in An Inquiry on Choson Currency with the ChoSonT'ongPaeJiIn housed at the Wongaksa Temple. It was found that these seal imprints were the same shape as the one at Wongaksa Temple. In addition, their overall form was the same as the one depicted in Daerokji (大麓誌) and LiJaeNanGo (?齋亂藁). These findings demonstrate that the ChoSonT'ongPaeJiIn at Wongaksa Temple was a seal made in the 15th century and is, therefore, an important artifact in the study of Choson's currency history, taxation, and seals. There is a need for future research examining its various aspects.

• Journal of Legislation Research
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• no.55
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• pp.95-136
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• 2018

Marriage forms a minimal social unit. Marriage can affect not only relative relationship but also possession of property. Regarding legal issues related to marriage, mainly the civil law, especially the family law section, regulates. However, marriage has also a significant legal effect in terms of taxation. This article deals with the taxation of gift tax among them. In Korea, if you give more than 600 million won in assets to your husband and wife, the donee must pay the gift tax. However, there has been little research into the influence of the marital property system on the taxation of gift tax on the donation between married couples. There are two legislative approaches to the attribution of property held by married couples. The one is separate property system, the other is community property system. Under separate property system, husband and wife own property separately. The community property system recognizes marital property of married couple as a common property of married couple. The legal property system in Korea is separate property system. However, married couples can adopt the community property system as a marital property system by their agreement. Currently, most Korean couples are subject to separate property system as a marital property system. There is no legal problem to levy the gift tax on the donation between couples who are subject to separate property system. The problem is the donation of asset between couples who are subject to the community property system. In community property system, most property acquired during marriage (except for gifts or inheritances) is considered community property. community property means property owned jointly by both partners. Some argue that the gift tax can not be taxed between married couples who are subject to the community property system. In this paper, we examine whether these arguments are valid.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.461-467
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• 2020

Industrial consultation is a kind of personal service for companies. The Industry-Academic Cooperation Foundation sets up a consultation contract in which a professor performs the consultation as the person in charge. Recently, there is an issue regarding taxation of the consulting fee paid to the professor; in short, there is no standardized practice for the imposition of income tax. In this study, we examine the characteristics of industrial consultation and present an acceptable taxation rule based on related laws. First, it is not appropriate to regard consulting fees as wage income, considering that there is no employment relationship between the Industry-Academic Cooperation Foundation and the professor. Considering that the base consulting fee amount is the same as the invention compensation, according to accounting practices, and that an employee invention is apt to be derived in the consultation, it is reasonable that the consulting fee should be regarded as wage income similar to employee invention compensation. As treating the consulting fee as wage income could end up reducing industrial consultations, the government should amend the income tax law to include industrial consultation as a type of other income.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.25 no.10
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• pp.185-191
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• 2020

This article proposes the unified an arm's length price of transfer pricing for thin capitalization since the scope of permanent establishment has been enlarged under Digital Economy and the implementation of Blackchain system to resolve the drawback of finding an arm's length price. The rule of current thin capitalization runs against the non-discrimination of taxation of the tax treaties and the national treatment which deals fairly with goods, sercice and capital money within the country under the treaty of commerce and navigator. In addition, the information of comparable uncontrolled debt are not available of current system to prove the debt which is not subject to the rule of thin capitalization. The united an arm's length price of transfer pricing for thin capitalization can apply to foreign investment as well as domestic corporations, thereby resolving the problem of the non-discrimination of taxation of the tax treaties and the treaty of commerce and navigation. The availability of transaction level data through Blockchain platform to decide whether the debt can be subject to thin capitalization can resolve the issue of comparable uncontrolled debt transaction which can't be found in current business transactions. This article should shed light on the proposing of the unified an arm's length price of transfer pricing for thin capitalization and Blockchain system to prevent the income shifting. This propose provide implication for policymakers on current system of thin capitalization and arm's length principles.

• Industry Promotion Research
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.39-53
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• 2020

With the recent increase in the demand for corporate trust based on transparency in accounting, such as management disclosures and autonomous management disclosures for Social Innovative Enterprises, the duties of Social Innovative Enterprises on accounting and tax affairs have become important. This study looked at the effects of NCS accounting, audit and tax functions on the sustainability of Social Innovative Enterprises, which have not been studied. In particular, issues such as management disclosures and adequacy of financial statements depend on how ethically the accounting officer performs the work. Accordingly, we looked at the intermediation of accounting ethics held by the person in charge of accounting in relation to the sustainability of the NCS accounting, audit and taxation functions. The research subjects surveyed 500 people in charge of accounting at 50 social innovation companies, including social enterprises established in special cities and metropolitan cities such as Seoul and Busan, as well as social cooperatives. A path analysis was conducted with 372 valid questionnaires. As a result of the analysis, NCS accounting, audit and tax functions have a significant impact on both economic value and social value and environmental value, which are the sustainability elements of Social Innovative Enterprises. It was also found that NCS accounting, audit and tax affairs had a significant impact on accounting ethics, and accounting ethics had a significant impact on social and environmental values, excluding economic values. In addition, accounting ethics were found to have a mediated effect between NCS accounting, audit and taxation functions and the sustainability elements of Social Innovative Enterprises. In particular, the relationship between NCS accounting, audit and tax affairs and social value was found to be completely mediated.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.195-214
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• 2009

The Mangi yoram("萬機要覽"), a guidebook of state affairs, was published by royal command in the late Joseon period. Its chapters on financial affairs(財用篇) are particularly remarkable, as they explain on all aspects of the national finance of the late Joseon period in a clear manner. The financial part of the Mangi yoram includes metallic mineral resources, such as the location of gold, silver, copper, lead deposits and the prosperity and decline of the mines, and the various uses of each of the minerals. These are still regarded as valuable resources. Its contents on agricultural geography comprise not only the total yearly output of grains, paddyfields and dryfields, their taxation and standards of taxation, but also ginseng which was famous in the outside world in the pre-modern era. The book also clearly explains distribution of agricultural dikes for irrigation and their functions. The book also contains information on forestry geography, e.g. the varieties of pine trees and their distribution and mountain containment policies. Contents related to commercial geography consist of material on different types of markets such as the yukuijeon(六矣廛), sijeon(市廛), peongsisuh(平市署), nanjeon(亂廛), and the distribution, size and prosperity and decline of the border markets of the northern frontier such as the hoeryungkaesi(會寧開市) and geongwonkaesi(慶源開市). Contents related to transport geography are the distribution and functions of government granaries etc. Obviously, this book contains detailed information on various aspects of Korean geography. If we try to understand the contents of this book from the framework of modern geographical classification schemes, the geographic information contained in the book assumes even greater significance. In sum one may conclude that this book, which the king kept by his side, contained useful geography related knowledge and necessary information, and was directly relevant to the administration of the country. It exerted immense influence on the contemporary intellectual world of Joseon Korea, and was regarded as an invaluable resource.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-53
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• 2015

In environmental policy areas, a greater use of economic instruments (EIs) has recently been observed in many countries. However, EIs are heterogeneous policy tools. The textbook case of a Pigouvian tax is far from widely used, mainly due to the information requirements and other structural and institutional constraints. The successful implementation of EIs might heavily depend on pre-existing structural and institutional conditions. Moreover, these institutional conditions are particularly unfavorable in developing countries. Using a simple analytical general equilibrium model, this paper examines how these constraints affect the welfare gain from the introduction of environmental taxes in developing countries. First, this paper solves for the second-best optimal Pigouvian tax and output tax in the presence of a distortionary tax on market use of labor. The result confirms that an environmental output tax achieves a socially-efficient level of emissions in the least-cost manner only if the nature of the linkage between the tax base and the environmental damage is fixed. Second, incorporating structural and institutional constraints into the model through a set of parameter values from China and the US, this paper calculates the net welfare effects of either using the ideal Pigouvian tax or instead using an output tax. The numerical simulation results show that the net welfare gain from the use of an ideal Pigouvian tax could be more than six times larger than that of an output tax in developing countries. On the other hand, the welfare gain is only 50 percent in developed countries. This means that the potential welfare disadvantage from using output taxes instead emissions tax for environmental purposes could be much greater in the case of developing countries.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.67-104
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• 2018

In this paper, we compare the spread effects of the carbon tax imposition method using the real business cycle model considering the productivity and energy price shocks. Scenario 1 sets the carbon tax rate that encourages the representative firm to maintain a constant $CO_2$ reduction ratio in accordance with its green house gas reduction targets for each period. Scenario 2 sets the method of imposing the steady state value of the carbon tax rate of Scenario 1 during the analysis period. The impulse response analysis shows that the responses of $CO_2$ emissions to external shocks are relatively sensitive in scenario 2. And simulation results show that the cost of $CO_2$ abatement is more volatile in scenario 1, and $CO_2$ emissions and $CO_2$ stock are more volatile in scenario 2. In particular, the percentage changes in volatility between the two scenarios of $CO_2$ emissions and $CO_2$ stock increase as the green house gas reduction target is harder. When the green house gas reduction target is 60% and over, the percentage changes(absolute value) between the two scenarios exceed the percentage change(absolute value) of the $CO_2$ reduction cost between them.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.93-114
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• 2017

Under the FTA agreement, preferential tariffs between FTA members will result in tariff reductions. In order to ensure the stable use of the FTA tariff system, it is necessary for the customs authorities to determine whether the origin goods are clearly applicable. This study analyzed the procedure of appeal according to the origin verification system based on the decision made by Korea Customs Service and Tax Tribunal. From this, we examined whether the rate of re-claiming a case rejected in the 'Review System of the Legality Before Taxation' differs. In addition, we carried out a quantitative analysis using bootstrapping technique in order to overcome the scarcity cases of verification of origin among FTA members. The implications of this paper are summarized as follows: First, we tested the hypothesis that the re-claiming rate of Western countries is higher. Second, some issues represented higher re-claiming rate. Third, there was no significant difference between the verification group and the re-claiming rate. Finally, even if an applicant makes a claim again, there is a possibility of being rejected again.