• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.63-66
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• 1982

본 연구에서는 한국산 감귤류 폐과피의 효율적인 이용을 위하여 온주 밀감의 과피에서 펙틴을 추출하여 펙틴 함량을 측정하였으며, 추출한 펙틴과 펙틴 겔의 특성에 대해 검토하여 다음의 결과를 얻었다. 온주밀감의 과피와 albedo 내의 펙틴함량은 건물중량으로 각각 11.52%, 9.3%이었다. 과피에서 추출한 펙틴의 equivalent weight, 메톡실 함량, DE는 각각 596, 13.41%, 82.18%로 고메톡실 펙틴이었다. 아세틸함량은 0.125%로 겔 형성을 방해하는 범위는 아니었다. 점도와 분자량은 본 실험에 사용한 상품 펙틴에 비하여 높았으며, anhydrouronic acid함량은 98.4%로 매우 순도가 높았다. 추출한 펙틴의 젤리 등급은 138.1로 상품 펙틴에 비해 높아 우수한 겔 형성능력을 지닐 것으로 예측되었다. 겔의 텍스쳐는 강도, 응집성, 접착성 및 gumminess 모두 추출한 펙틴이 낮았다.

• 혜화의학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.67-78
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• 2012

Volatile odor substance originating from drying and making dry peel of tangerine from the fruit skin were collected through modern equipment. The anti-microbial activity of the substance against various skin-residing bacteria including acne, dandruff, athelete's foot, and gingivitis inducing microorganisms were tested. Anti-microbial activity was observed in purified oil, where 87 to 92% was D-limonene. Against P. acnes, 103$cfu/m{\ell}$ of P. acnes were suppressed at 0.1% Unshiu oil, and the MIC was measured to be 0.3%. Against P. ovale, a dandruff inducing bacteria, 104$cfu/m{\ell}$were suppressed at 0.1% Unshiu oil, and the MIC was measured to be 0.1%. Against T. rubrum and T. Mentagrophytes, both of which are athelete's foot inducing microorganisms, 83% of T. Mentagrophytes and 99.9% of T. rubrum were suppressed at 0.1% Unshiu oil, and the MIC were 0.3% and 0.05% respectively. Against S. aureus, a skin infection inducing bacteria, 103$cfu/m{\ell}$ of the bacteria were suppressed at 0.1% Unshiu Oil. Against B. subtilis, a non-pathogenic sporulating bacteria, 104$cfu/m{\ell}$ of the bacteria were suppressed at 0.1% Unshiu Oil. Against C. albicans, found in mucous membranes, 104$cfu/m{\ell}$ of the bacteria were suppressed at 0.1% Unshiu Oil. Against Aspergillus niger, an otomycosis inducing microorganism, 99.9% were suppressed at 0.1% Unshiu Oil. The results above indicate that low concentration of purified oil extracted from tangerine had strong antimicrobial activities against bacteria and fungi residing on the skin, and that it may be developed into skin disorder treating products in the future.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.475-480
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• 2015

Jeju citrus, which contains an abundance of calcium and vitamin, was used to develop fermented citrus peel extract. A total of seven probiotic strains were applied to tangerine dermis to select the best growing bacteria in citrus peel extracts. B. longum, B. bifidum, and L. mesenteroides were found to grow best in citrus peel extract culture containing glucose, yeast extracts, peptone, and potassium phosphate. Citrus peel extract culture consisting of 1% yeast extract, 5% peptone, and 0.1% phosphate was the best environment for growth of probiotics. The pH, acidity, and viable cell numbers of these fermented extracts were measured. The initial pH level of fermented extracts with nutrients was 5.25 and dropped rapidly to 3.39 after 72 hours of fermentation. The acidity of fermented extracts increased to 4.08 % after 72 hours of fermentation, and the viable cell number in fermented extracts after refrigeration for 2 weeks was $1.3{\times}10^{10}CFU/mL$. The antimicrobial activity of citrus peel fermented extracts against Campylobacter jejuni was determined, and concentrations more than 25,000 ppm showed antimicrobial activity.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.771-778
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• 2013

Essential oils are increasingly of interest for use as novel drugs acting as antimicrobial and antiviral agents. In the present study, we report the in vitro antiviral activities of 29 essential oils, extracted from Chinese indigenous aromatic plants, against the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Of these essential oils, those oils from ginger, lemon, tea tree, tangerine peel, artemisia, and lemongrass effected a more than 50% inhibition of TMV at 100 ${\mu}g/ml$. In addition, the mode of antiviral action of the active essential oils was also determined. Essential oils isolated from artemisia and lemongrass possessed potent inactivation and curative effects in vivo and had a directly passivating effect on TMV infection in a dose-dependent manner. However, all other active essential oils exhibited a moderate protective effect in vivo. The chemical constitutions of the essential oils from ginger, lemon, tea tree, tangerine peel, artemisia, and lemongrass were identified by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The major components of these essential oils were ${\alpha}$-zingiberene (35.21%), limonene (76.25%), terpinen-4-ol (41.20%), limonene (80.95%), 1,8-cineole (27.45%), and terpinolene (10.67%). The curative effects of 10 individual compounds from the active essential oils on TMV infection were also examined in vivo. The compounds from citronellal, limonene, 1,8-cineole, and ${\alpha}$-zingiberene effected a more than 40% inhibition rate for TMV infection, and the other compounds demonstrated moderate activities at 320 ${\mu}g/ml$ in vivo. There results indicate that the essential oils isolated from artemisia and lemongrass, and the individual compound citronellal, have the potential to be used as an effective alternative for the treatment of tobacco plants infected with TMV under greenhouse conditions.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.177-184
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• 2020

In an attempt to find a feed additive showing an anti-scuticociliate effect, extracts from Citrus unshiu Peel were tested against virulent scuticociliate infection. The most effective anti-scuticociliate killing activity in vitro was observed in the extract squeezed from homogenizing water-soaked dried tangerine peel (DTP). In addition, we have investigated the effect of DTP as a feed additive on growth rate and anti-parasitic activity of olivaceus flounder. DTP extract added diets (0.1, 0.5, 1, and 5%/feed weight) were fed to flounder for 7 days for checking a growth rate and 14 days for a challenging test. As a result, the feed conversion rate was significantly improved only in 1% DPT extract group compared to the control and 0.5% DTP extract fed group showed 100% of survival rate in the challenge test, all of which indicating that DTP extract would be a potential feed additive against scuticociliatosis.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.757-772
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• 2013

In this study, a combination of sorbent tube (ST)-thermal desorption (TD)-gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS) was used for quantitative analysis of liquid phase standards of 10 BVOC ((1) (+)-${\alpha}$-pinene, (2) (+)-${\beta}$-pinene, (3) ${\alpha}$-phellandrene, (4) (+)-3-carene, (5) ${\alpha}$-terpinene, (6) p-cymene, (7) (R)-(+)-limonene, (8) ${\gamma}$- terpinene, (9) myrcene, and (10) camphene). The results of BVOC calibration yielded comparatively stable pattern with response factor (RF) of 23,560~50,363 and coefficient of determination ($R^2$) of 0.9911~0.9973. The method detection limit (MDL) of BVOC was estimated at 0.03~0.06 ng with the reproducibility of 1.30~5.13% (in terms of relative standard error (RSE)). Emissions of BVOC were measured from four types of fruit samples ((1) tangerine (TO), (2) tangerine peel (TX), (3) strawberry (SO), and (4) sepals of strawberry (SX)). The sum of BVOC flux (${\sum}flux$ (BVOC) in ng/hr/g) for each sample was seen on the descending order of (1) TX=291,614, (2) TO=2,190, (3) SO=1,414, and (4) SX=2,093. If the results are compared between the individual components, the highest flux was seen from (R)-(+)-limonene (265,395 ng/hr/g) from TX sample.

• 생약학회지
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• 제38권2호통권149호
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• pp.133-138
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• 2007

Regarding chemical changes in oriental drugs after food processing such as roasting, fermentation, and extrusion, fifty commonly-used medicinal plants were investigated. As a result, Aurantii nobilis Pericarpium (a tangerine peel from Citrus unshu Markovich) showed remarkably different HPLC profiles after being roasted. An increased peak was isolated by repeated chromatography and identified as 5-hydroxymethyl furfral (5-HMF) by means of instrumental analyses. The 5-HMF content of Aurantii nobilis Pericarpoum reached its maximum level after being roasted for 30 min at 225$^{\circ}C$ (49.2 mg/g extract, ca 42 times of increase over untreated control). Although there were no significant changes in in vitro biological activity such as antioxidative, anti-dementia, anti-hypertension, anti-coagulation, or cytotoxicity, before and after roasting process, our results suggested that simple heat treatment might improve the value of the above oriental drug since 5-HMF has been known to possess inhibitory activities toward nitric oxide formation, tyrosinase, and sickling of red blood cells.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.105-111
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• 2019

Citurs unshiu Markovich is a medicinal product of dried tangerine peel (DTP). It is effective on antioxidation, and getting fame as a medicine and functional food. By utilizing DTP as a feed additive, we aim to enhance the growth rate, innate immunity, and bacterial infection resistance to Tilapia. The DTP extract was added to the feed weight by 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5% and then fed to tilapia for 7 days to evaluate the innate immunity parameter, growth rate and anti-bacterial activity. Innate immunity parameter results showed that the ROI was significantly higher in the 5% group added at high concentration, while showing decrease or no differences in other experimental groups. In other parameters, all the experimental groups showed no significant difference or decreased compared to the control group. The challenge test showed a high survival rate of 71% in the 0.5% group and the lowest in the control group (36%). For the growth rate, the feed efficiency was improved in all groups except for the 0.1% group compared to the control group. In conclusion, DTP extract has bacterial resistant effect in while not affecting innate immune system of fish. Also, it has shown the potential as a possible feed additive as it has brought the improvement on feed efficiency ratio.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.1-27
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• 2004

The following are the conclusions obtained by the philological study of the prescriptions introduced in Dongeuybogam such as Pyungwuisan, Pyungwuisan-added prescriptions, Pyungwuisan blended prescriptions: 1. Pyungwuisan and drugs based on Pyungwuisan were prescribed for stomach diseases, food poisoning, indigestion, impaired spleen, symptoms developed by dampness, diseases caused by changing water, diarrhea, edema, malignant malaria, an intestinal convulsion, blood in excrement, malaria, abortion, sparrow eye. 2. Dual prescriptions using Pyungwuisan and other independent prescriptions were applied to internal diseases concerning digestion, diarrhea and dysentery, abscess, intestinal swelling jaundice, symptoms developed by dampness, malaria, vomit, etc. 3. Etiological factors and diseases for which Pyungwuisan and medicines based on Pyungwuisan, dual prescriptions using Pyungwuisan were prescribed, were surveyed to include indigestion, weak spleen and stomach, drying dampness of spleen and stomach, dysfunctioning gall bladder, infection, damaged internals, external sensitiveness and internal damage, hypochondria, chilliness due to lack of chi. 4. A prescription for each disease needed specially added medicines to Pyungwuisan as the following: 1) For indigestion and dyspepsia, Pyungwuisan were prescribed with optional addition of Hoisaengsan, Sagunjatang, Ryukgunjatang, Ijintang, Sosihotang, etc., according to the symptoms, and were most frequently used with aromatic and digestive medicines such as mawwa medivata fermentata, malt, natgrass galingale rhizome, vilous amomum fruit, aucklandia root, round cardamom seed etc. 2) For diseases originated from damage by coldness, Pyungwuisan was taken with suitable amount of Jichulhwan, Hyangsosan, Hyangyusan, according to the symptoms. 3) For diarrhea and dysentery, Pyungwuisan were prescribed with the recipes of Oryeongsan, Sambaektang, Ijintang. 4) For jaundice, prescriptions always included natgrass galingale rhizome in the recipe of Pyungwuisan. 5) For malaria, mostly added prescriptions to Pyungwuisan were Sagunjatang, Ryukgunjatang, Ijintang, with usual addition of antifebrile dichroa root, tsaoko, green tangerine orange peel. 6) Pyungwuisan was prescribed with Hoisaengsan for vomit, with Oryeongsan for edema, and with kinds of Ueolgukhwan for hypochondria.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.224-232
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• 2012

본 연구는 서울지역에서 유통되는 식품원료 약용식물을 대상으로 식품공전의 다종농약다성분시험법에 의하여 100종 농약을 분석하였다. 사용부위(뿌리 82건, 과일 113건, 피층 29건, 전초 10건, 종자 18건)와 원산지(국산 201건, 수입 60건)로 구분하여 총 30종 261건 시료를 분석하였다. 원산지별 농약 검출율은 국산 20.9%, 수입 13.3%로 국산의 농약 검출율이 높았다. 전체 시료 261건 중 농약 검출율은 19.2%이며, 과일, 뿌리 시료에서만 농약이 검출되었고, 잔류허용기준을 초과한 시료는 대추와 천궁 1건씩 이였다. 과일시료의 농약 검출율은 39.8%였고, 농약검출 품목은 대추, 구기자, 복분자, 산수유, 오미자, 귤피였다. 뿌리시료의 농약 검출율은 6.1%였고, 농약 검출 품목은 천궁, 감초, 황기였다. 검출된 농약은 모두 17종으로 과일에서 15종, 뿌리에서 7종 농약이 82회 검출되었다. 검출빈도가 높은 농약은 cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, cyhalothrin, fenvalerate, bifenthrin 순이였다. 농약이 검출된 시료 중 50%이상이 2종 이상 농약이 동시에 검출되었다. 따라서 식품원료 약용식물 중 국산 과일, 뿌리의 농약 검출율이 높고, 검출 농약의 종류가 다양해지고 있어 지속적인 모니터링과 안전관리가 요구된다.