• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.1212-1217
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• 2004

The aim of this study was to investigate Quality characteristics of Pleurospermum kamtschaticum to increase the value of functional food resources. To examine Quality characteristics of Pleurospermum kamtschaticum, various factors such as color, texture, fiber, minerals, tannin, crude proteins, crude lipids and sensory quality, were determined using physicochemical methods. The contents of dietary fiber were 0.57％ and 0.54％ in each 100 g of leaf and stem parts (freeze drying base). In mineral content, potassium was the highest value in both of leaf and stem parts (freeze drying base). The contents of tannin were 108.1 $\mu$g/mL and 20.9 $\mu$g/mL in leaf and stem parts (fresh base) respectively. Blanching stems showed significant difference in hardness from freeze-drying leaves. The antioxidative activity in ethanol extracts of Pleurospermum kamtschaticum was investigated using peroxide value and free radical scavenging activity. Free radical scavenging activity in ethanol extracts of Pleurospermum kamtschaticum was 43.5％ in a 100 $\mu$g/mL level, and the antioxidative index was 1.09 in a 500 $\mu$g/mL level. For functional food using Pleurospermum kamtschaticum the contents of crude proteins and lipids were about 9％ and 26％, respectively. The results from sensory evaluation of each treatment older age showed a better acceptability.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.247-255
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• 2009

This work was conducted to investigate the effects of the addition level of Corn distiller's dried grains with solubles (CDDGS) and phytase in broiler diets on the broiler performance and the ileal amino acid digestibility. Three eighty four Ross broiler (one-day-old) were assigned randomly to 8 treatments groups (12 birds/pen, 4 pens/treatment) as $4{\times}2$ complex factors of CDDGS 4 treatments (0, 5, 10 and 15%) and phytase 2 treatments (0, 500 FTU/kg), and fed experimental diets for 6 weeks (starter, 0~2 wk; grower, 2~4 wk; finisher, 4~6 wk). After the feeding trial was finished, 12 broilers (6 weeks) with similar weights were selected from all treatments to investigate the digestibility of nutrients and amino acids for the first week. The experimental diets contained similar ME and CP of all treatments. Body weight gains and feed intakes were high at phytase treatments (P>0.05), but there was no difference in feed intake of the chicks. The amino acid digestibilities of diets were improved for iso-leucine, lysine, threonine, valine, aspartic acid, proline, serine and tyrosine (P<0.05). Finally, this work showed that growth performance and amino acid digestibility were improved by the addition of CDDGS and phytase in broiler diets.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.129-144
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• 2013

The consumption of coffee has been drastically increased last two decades. Now almost all the Korean adult people enjoy the coffee and diverse cultures related coffee have been spread widely in Korea. Therefore new marketing strategies are necessary to satisfy consumers according to ages, attitudes, and other characters. It has been continuously discussed whether the coffee gives negative impacts to health. Regardless of the discussions of the effects to health, now coffee became a part of modern daily lives. In this study the motivations of coffee consumption were classified to five; wellbeing motivation, refreshment motivation, social motivation, habitual motivation, and emotional motivation. Future intention of coffee consumption were also classified to five factors: sound mental intention, addictive intention, side-effect recovery intention, economic intention, and psychological intention. The survey was conducted in Seoul City and Kyeongki Province from January 3 to February 2, 2013. Total 500 questionaries were distributed and 450 were collected and 428 samples were used for the analysis of this study. The data were analyzed by SPSS Win 18 Version. The methods used in this study were factors analysis test, reliability test, validity test, t-testy, One-Way ANOVA, and regression analysis. The hypnosis in this study were as follows. First, The motivations of coffee consumption would influence to the intention of coffee consumption. Second, there would be statistical differences to the intention of coffee consumption according to the demographic characteristics. According to the result of the study, the motivation of coffee partially affected to the intention of coffee consumption. And there were statistical differences according to age, occupations, educational levels, and monthly incomes. The implications of this study were the factors related health and emotional feeling were considered more important than tastes and characters of coffee-shop that people thought more important before.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.30 no.10
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• pp.991-1000
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• 1997

Closed thoracostomy with UWSD* which is the most utilized procedure in chest surgery applies general thoracic disorders, trauma and after-thoracic surgery. The University hospital was involved on operating 2341 cases of closed thoracostomy with UWSD except chest tubing after-thoracic surgery for a full six years from January, 1991 to December, 1996. The rate of men and women out of the total 2341 cases was 3.5 : 1, the distribution by age showed that men were 36.6 $\pm21.0$ years old, women were $47.0\pm20.2$ years old and so that the total were 40.0 $\pm$ 20.5 years old. As for indication, spontaneous, secondary and traumatic pneumothorax were the most common, in addition to hemothorax hemopneumothorax, hydrothorax, hydropneumothorax, empyema, chylothorax. The most indwelling period of chest tubing is between eight and fourteen days for 974 cases and the average is 13.7 $\pm$ 6.3 days, The average drainage amount immediately after thoracostomy was 537 $\pm$ 88m1, and in 694 cases(46.0%), the drain amount was 201 ~ 500 ml. The rate of right and left tubing was 52.4 47.6, in 2071 cases(88.5%), the thoracostomy was the first chance and 2210 cases(94.4%) were treated with a single tube drainage. Almost all the patients complained of tube site pain, besides tube site infection, intercostal neuralgia, loss of tube function by the pleural adhesion, intrathoracic infection, incomplete reexpansion of defective lung, hemorrhage caused by the rupture of a blood vessel, subcutaneous emphysema, lung parenchymal rupture, diaphragmatic and intraabdominal trauma, reexpansionary pulmonary edema of one side lung and cellulitis were relapsed. 84.6% of all patients recovered with only clo ed thoracostomy and the rest of patient needed additional some necessary managements and so on to have successful results. There were two deaths(0.1%), caused by reexpansionary pulmonary edema, the cellulitis were complicated by thoracostomy with UWSD on an empyema patients to come to death(due to sepsis). t UWSD = under water seal drainage

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.191-203
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• 1999

The objectives of this study were to investigate 1) the effects of Selenium(Se), Vitamin E (Vit. E) or recombinant Bovine Somatotropin(rBST) administration on fresh and frozen/thawed semen characteristics and 2) the effect of taurine on frozen/thawed semen characteristics in Hanwoo sires Hanwoo sires were randomly assigned to five groups (1. control, 2. rBST, 0.09mg/kg body weight (BW), 3. Vito E 1,500IU/kg BW, 4. Se 0.l mg/kg BW, 5. Vit. E 1,500IU plus Se 0.1 mg/kg BW). The administration of Se, Vit. E and rBST for each experimental group were given 6 times at 15 days interval by intramuscular injection. The administration of Se, Vit. E or rBST in Hanwoo sires didn't affect semen volume and pH values, but sperm viability was significantly increased comparing to the control group. Also, frozen/thawed semen analysis showed that the sperm viability increased, but any other effects were not found in total sperm :lumber, motility and abnormality among treatments. The addition of taurine in semen freezing extender had a beneficial effects on frozen/thawecl semen characteristics in all groups. The administrations of rBST, Vit. E and Se did not affect the sperm capacitation and acrosome reaction, either the ratio of F pattern(uncapacitated and acrosome intact sperm) or AR pattern(capacitated and acrosome-reacted sperm), but the ratio of B patten(capacitated and acrosome intact sperm) of treatment groups was significantly higher than that of control group, These results indicated that the viability, motility and quality of semen in Hanwoo sires were slightly increased by the injection of rBST, Vit. E and Se, and the addition of taurine in semen freezing extender were also increased the semen characteristics after thawing.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.105-121
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• 2006

This study is related with the judgements of our country's supremcourt against the transaction of Letter of Credit which is beneficiary's fraudulent trade deal. In this case I think to analyse the judgements and to present the basic grounds on which the judgements were established. In Letter of Credit transaction, there are the major parties, such as, beneficiary, issuing bank, or confirming bank and the other parties such as applicant, negotiating bank, advising bank and paying bank. Therefore, in this cases, the beneficiary, the French Weapons' Supplier who did not shipped the commodities, created the false Bill of Lading, let his dealing bank make payment against the documents presented by him and received the proceeds from the negotiating bank or collecting bank, thereafter was bankrupted and escaped. For the first time, even though the issuing bank conceived that the presented documents were inconsistent with the terms of L/C. it did not received the payment approval from the applicant against all the discrepancies, made the negotiating bank pay the proceeds to exporter and thereafter, delivered the documents to the applicant long after the time of the issuing bank's examination of documents. The applicant who received the documents from the issuing bank, instantly did not examine the documents and inform to the issuing bank whether he accepted the documents or not. Long time after, applicant tried to clear the goods through custom when he knew the bill of ladings were false and founded out the documents had the other discrepancies which he did not approved. As the results, the applicant, Korea Army Transportation Command claimed, that the issuing bank must refund his paid amount because issuing bank examined the documents unreasonably according to u.c.p 500 Act 13th, 14th. In spite of the applicant's claim, the issuing bank argued that it paid the proceeds of L/C reasonably after receiving the applicant's approval of an discrepancy of document, the delayed shipment, but for concerning the other discrepancies, the trivial ones, the applicant did not examined the document and noticed the discrepancies in reasonable time. Therefore the applicant sued the issuing bank for refunding it's paid proceeds of L/C. Originally, this cases were risen between Korea Exchange Bank and Korea Army Transportation Command. As result of analysing the case, the contents of the case case have had same procedure actually, but the lower courts, the district and high courts all judged the issuing bank was reasonable and did not make an error. As analysing these supreme court's judgements, the problem is that whether there are the applicant's liability of examining the documents and informing its discrepancies to the issuing bank or not, and if the applicant broke such a liabilities, it lost the right of claiming the repayment from issuing bank. Finally to say, such applicant's liabilities only must be existed in case the documents arrived to the issuing bank was delivered to the applicant within the time of the documents examination according to u.c.p 500 Act 14, d. i. But if any the documents were delivered to applicant after time of the documents examination, the applicant had not such liabilities because eventhough after those time the applicant would have informed to the issuing bank the discrepancies of documents, the issuing bank couldn't receive repayment of its paid proceeds of document from the negotiating bank. In the result after time of issuing bank's examination of documents, it is considered that there's no actual benefit to ask the applicant practice it's liability. Therefore finally to say. I concluded that the Suprem Court's judgement was much more reasonable. In the following, the judgements of the supreme court would be analysed more concretely, the basic reasons of the results be explained and the way of protecting such L/C transaction would be presented.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.87-96
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• 2003

The purposes of this study were to find out the optimum intensity of magnetic field where magnetism could promote the activity of osteoblast, and to discover the possibility of clinical application in the areas of dental implants and bone grafts by confirming the effect of clinically increasing bone formation. In this experiment, we used the Neodymium magnet, which had magnetic power six times as strong as the current ones and enabled the resistances against the demagnetization up to 20 to 50 times to be minimized with the size of 1mm in sight. In order to culture cells, a specially designed device was used. It was made to adjust the distance and accordingly to control the intensity of the magnetic field, by placing the cell culture plate in the center with a magnet of 1mm long and thick installed on the both ends. Using MC3T3-E1 cell, a kind of osteoblast-like cell, we cultured, for 24 hours, not only the test group which had been cultured under the magnetic fields with different intensity of 5, 10, 50, 100, 500, and 1000 Gauss, but also the control group excluding the influences of the magnetic field. After observing the cell's form and the density of the culture medium through an inverted microscope, we made a series of proceedings needed for the immunofluoroscence staining, such as fixation, normal serum reaction, primary antibody reaction, and secondary antibody reaction. And with a fluorescence microscope, we observed those-above and compared the frequency of expression of IFG-1 receptor. To make a Western immunoblotting analysis, the cells cultured under the same condition as the above had the procedure of the lysis buffer and the acrylamide gel electrophoresis was carried out. Protein transferred into the nitrocellulose membrane and tested on the primary and the secondary antibody reactions was observed and compared. The results were as follows: When observed through an inverted microscope, the nuclear divisions of the cells under the magnetic field of 10 Gauss were the most active, and the density of the cells could be observed the most enormously. As the result of an immunofluoroscence staining of IGF-1 receptor, the expression of IFG-1 was the most frequently observed under the magnetic field of 10 Gauss. On the other hand, few differences of consideration were made between the test group cultured under the magnetic fields of 5, 500, and 1000 Gauss and the control group. In respect of the expression of IFG-1 receptor, the test group cultured under the magnetic fields of 50 and 100 Gauss were higher than the control group, and lower than that cultured under the magnetic field of 10 Gauss.(p<0.05) According to the Western immunoblotting analysis, the band of IFG-1 receptor which had 85KDa of molecular weight was the darkest. Judging from the above-mentioned results, the growth factor receptor of an osteoblast cell which was an important criterion for the bone formation was increased in maximum under the magnetic field of 10 Gauss. Moreover it was observed that the optimum intensity of magnetic field in which magnetism made the activity of the osteoblast cell increase was about 10 Gauss.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.74-94
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• 1993

Metabasites and metapelites in the Mungyong area were intruded by Cretaceous granites with radius of 4-8 km. As the distance from granite body increases, the mineral assemblage of metabasite changes from amphibole + plagioclase through amphibole + plagioclase + epidote to amphibole + plagioclase + epidote + chlorite. The compositional variations of amphibole and plagioclase according to the change of metamorphic grade and bulk rock compositions are very complex. Towards the Mungyong Cretaceous granite body, the mineral assemblage of metapelite changes from chlorite+ muscovite(ch1orite zone) through biotite + chlorite + muscovite(biotite zone) to andalusite+biotite + muscovite${\pm}$chlorite or cordierite+ biotite+ muscovite${\pm}$chlorite(cordierite zone). The estimated metamorphic conditions of cordierite zone are 480~$580^{\circ}C$ 1.5-3.3 kb. The theoretical study on the thermal metamorphism caused by the Cretaceous granite with radius longer than 4 km in the Mungyong area suggests the followings: The degree of metamorphism is mainly determined not by the size of granite body but by the temperature of granite intrusion; The country rocks within 2 km from Cretaceous granite have undergone metamorphism with temperature higher than $500^{\circ}C$, which is consistent with the petrological study in the Mungyong area. Mungyong Cretaceous granite caused a low P/T thermal metamorphism to the country rocks; the amphibolite facies metamorphism to the country rocks within 1-2 km from the granite body and the epidote-amphibolite and greenschist facies metamorphism to the country rocks within 2-5 km.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.351-360
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microleakage of class V compomers according to acid etching treatment and treatment times. Extracted 180 sound human molar teeth were selected then prepared physiologic pulpal pressure far this experiment. In this study class V cavities were prepared on buccal surface with gingival margin located in 1mm superior to CEJ under simulate physiological conditions. These specimens were randomly divided into 6 groups of 30 each and restored following methods : A: Dyract AP + Prime&Bond 2.1 Group 1 : No acid etching, according to manufacturer's instruction. Group 2 : 15 seconds acid etching and same method with Group 1. Group 3 : 30 seconds acid etching and same method with Group 1. B: F2000 groups + Single Bond adhesive Group 1 : No acid etching, according to manufacturer's instruction. Group 2 : 15 seconds acid etching and same method with Group 1 Group 3 : 30 seconds acid etching and same method with Group 1. After 500 thermocycling between $5^{\circ}C\;and\;55^{\circ}C$, the specimens were sealed with glass ionomer and nail varnish then placed in 5% methylene blue dye for 5 hours and rinsed with tab water. The specimens were embedded in orthodontic clear resin, then sectioned buccolingually through the center of restoration with a low speed diamond saw. The dye penetration on each of the specimens were then observed with a stereomicroscope at $\times20$ magnification. The results of this study were statistically analyzed using the indepedent sample t-test and analysis of variance. Results were as follows, 1. In occlusal walls, microleakage were significantly reduced in acid etched group restored with Dyract AP but no statistically significance in F2000 groups. 2. In gingival walls, microleakage were significantly reduced in group 2 restored with Dyract AP, and group 2 and group 3 in F2000 groups. 3. All groups, except group 3 in Dyract AP, showed significantly less microleakage in occlusal wall than gingival wall. 4. No statistical significance were showed between group 2 and group 3 in both materials.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.147-152
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the photosynthetic R. micranthum by natural habitats. In the results, natural habitats didn't affect values of light saturated point, light compensation point and photosynthetic capacity of R. micranthum. We investigated light response curve and chlorophyll content at each habitat. Light compensation points were 11.8 ${\mu}mol\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$, 11.5 ${\mu}mol\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$ and 10.4 ${\mu}mol\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$ in Seokpo-ri, Yeonha-ri, and Mt. Worak. Light saturation points showed that R. micranthum is shade tolerant specie which has the light saturation point approximately 500~600 ${\mu}mol\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$. Photosynthetic rates of R. micranthum leaves were 5.5 ${\mu}mol\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$, 5.4 ${\mu}mol\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$ and 5.6 ${\mu}mol\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$ in Seokpo-ri, Yeonha-ri and Mt. Worak. On the other hand, since between $20^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$, it appeared that the values of net photosynthetic rates of R. micranthum leaves in all sites were high. Especially, the rates were highest at $25^{\circ}C$. Because of low stomatal transpiration rate in saturation radiance, the moisture utilization efficiency in Yeonha-ri was lower than other habitats. Rates of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll content in Mt. Worak were no significant difference. Therefore R. micranthum has characteristic of shade tolerant species. The moderate temperature for R. micranthum is between $20^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$.