• Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.37-51
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• 2002

Let X be a reflexive Banach space with a uniformly Gateaux differentiable norm, C a nonempty bounded open subset of X, and T a continuous mapping from the closure of C into X which is locally pseudo-contractive mapping on C. We show that if the closed unit ball of X has the fixed point property for nonexpansive self-mappings and T satisfies the following condition: there exists z $\in$ C such that ∥z-T(z)∥<∥x-T(x)∥ for all x on the boundary of C, then the trajectory tlongrightarrowz$_{t}$$\in$C, t$\in$[0, 1) defined by the equation z$_{t}$ = tT(z$_{t}$)+(1-t)z is continuous and strongly converges to a fixed point of T as t longrightarrow 1￣.ow 1￣.

• Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.71-82
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• 2023

BACKGROUND: Cardiac magnetic resonance fingerprinting (cMRF) enables simultaneous mapping of myocardial T1 and T2 with very short acquisition times. Breathing maneuvers have been utilized as a vasoactive stress test to dynamically characterize myocardial tissue in vivo. We tested the feasibility of sequential, rapid cMRF acquisitions during breathing maneuvers to quantify myocardial T1 and T2 changes. METHODS: We measured T1 and T2 values using conventional T1 and T2-mapping techniques (modified look locker inversion [MOLLI] and T2-prepared balanced-steady state free precession), and a 15 heartbeat (15-hb) and rapid 5-hb cMRF sequence in a phantom and in 9 healthy volunteers. The cMRF_5-hb sequence was also used to dynamically assess T1 and T2 changes over the course of a vasoactive combined breathing maneuver. RESULTS: In healthy volunteers, the mean myocardial T1 of the different mapping methodologies were: MOLLI 1,224 ± 81 ms, cMRF_15-hb 1,359 ± 97 ms, and cMRF_5-hb 1,357 ± 76 ms. The mean myocardial T2 measured with the conventional mapping technique was 41.7 ± 6.7 ms, while for cMRF_15-hb 29.6 ± 5.8 ms and cMRF_5-hb 30.5 ± 5.8 ms. T2 was reduced with vasoconstriction (post-hyperventilation compared to a baseline resting state) (30.15 ± 1.53 ms vs. 27.99 ± 2.07 ms, p = 0.02), while T1 did not change with hyperventilation. During the vasodilatory breath-hold, no significant change of myocardial T1 and T2 was observed. CONCLUSIONS: cMRF_5-hb enables simultaneous mapping of myocardial T1 and T2, and may be used to track dynamic changes of myocardial T1 and T2 during vasoactive combined breathing maneuvers.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.451-470
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• 2020

Let C[0, T] denote an analogue of Wiener space, the space of real-valued continuous functions on the interval [0, T]. For a partition 0 = t₀ < t₁ < ⋯ < t_n < t_n+1 = T of [0, T], define X_n : C[0, T] → ℝⁿ⁺¹ by X_n(x) = (x(t₀), x(t₁), …, x(t_n)). In this paper we derive a simple evaluation formula for Radon-Nikodym derivatives similar to the conditional expectations of functions on C[0, T] with the conditioning function X_n which has a drift and does not contain the present position of paths. As applications of the formula with X_n, we evaluate the Radon-Nikodym derivatives of the functions ∫₀^T[x(t)]^mdλ(t)(m∈ℕ) and [∫₀^Tx(t)dλ(t)]² on C[0, T], where λ is a complex-valued Borel measure on [0, T]. Finally we derive two translation theorems for the Radon-Nikodym derivatives of the functions on C[0, T].

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.7-16
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• 2005

This experiments were carried out to determine growth characteristics, dry matter yield and voluntary intake of silage according to growth stage of Sorghum$\times$sudangrass(SSH) hybrid in mono-cropping and inter-cropping(C; com, T1; cutting of SSH at milk stage. T2; cutting of SSH at dough stage, T3; cutting of SSH at yellow ripe stage, T4; cutting of SSH and soybean at milk stage, T5; cutting of SSH and soybean at dough stage, T6: cutting of SSH and soybean at yellow ripe stage). Results obtained from these experiments are as follows; Plant length and leaf length of SSH(T2, T3, T4. T5 and T6)) were higher than C. T1 treatment was lower than it. C showed $2.3\~2.9$ times higher stem diameter as 29.5mm compare to SSH(T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6). soybean(T4, T5 and T6) was lower in $4.3\~5.4$ times. But SSH of inter-cropping treatment(T4, T5 and T6) showed highly comparing with mono-cropping(T1, T2 and T3) at the same maturity. Leaf rate and stem hardness of SSH(T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6) were lower than C. The fresh yield was high line with T2(72,320kg/ha), T1(69,103kg/ha), T3(68,333kg/ha) and C(57,988kg/ha), dry matter yield was high in line with T3(22.413kg/ha), T2(21,479kg/ha), C(19,252kg/ha) and T6(18,175kg/ha), (P<0.05). Protein dry matter yield was higher in T3(1,434kg/ha), C(1,386kg/ha)T5 and T6(1,345kg/ha) it was lower in T1(872kg/ha), (P<0.05). Crude protein of silage of T4 and T5 was higher than C, T2 and T3 were lower than it(P<0.05), while NDF content was not different. ADF content of T6 was higher than those of the other treatment. The highest hemi-cellulose among treatments was shown in T1 whereas T6 showed the lowest. Fresh intake of silge was 160.4, 155.8, 168.7, 172.9, 132.9, 158.7 and 185.2 g/BW for C, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6, respectively. Dry matter intake was high in line with T6(60.3g), C(153.8g), T3(53.6g), T5(47.8g), T2(46.8g), T4(35.2g) and T1(34.48g/BW), (P<0.05). Crude protein intake was high in line with T6(3.9g), T5(3.4g), C(3.4g), T2(2.9g), T3(2.9g), T4(2.6g) and T1(2.3g/BW), (P<0.05). As mentioned above the results, mono-cropping(T3) and inter-cropping(T5 and T6) could be recommended as increasing method of sorghum $\times$ sudangrass hybrid silage utilization when silage intake of dry matter and crude protein were considered.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.377-392
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• 2008

Let X be a real reflexive Banach space with a uniformly $G\hat{a}teaux$ differentiable norm, C a nonempty closed convex subset of X, T : C $\rightarrow$ X a continuous pseudocontractive mapping, and A : C $\rightarrow$ C a continuous strongly pseudocontractive mapping. We show the existence of a path ${x_t}$ satisfying $x_t=tAx_t+(1- t)Tx_t$, t $\in$ (0,1) and prove that ${x_t}$ converges strongly to a fixed point of T, which solves the variational inequality involving the mapping A. As an application, we give strong convergence of the path ${x_t}$ defined by $x_t=tAx_t+(1-t)(2I-T)x_t$ to a fixed point of firmly pseudocontractive mapping T.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.119-125
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• 1981

The thermostable resistor was made by using P.T.C.R-N.T.C.R. ceramics. In this study $BaTiO_3$ type P.T.C.R. ceramics and $SnO_2-Sb_2O_3$ type N.T.C.R. ceramics were cocrystallized in one body and electrical resistance was stable under the temperature variation between $25^{\circ}C$-40$0^{\circ}C$. The ceramics showed the most stable electrical resistance for the mal variation when the composition was 0.6P.T.C.R. $BaTiO_3$,$ 0.4SnO_2$ and 0.01 $Sb_2O_3$.

• Korean Journal of Mathematics
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.215-231
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• 2008

Let E be a uniformly convex Banach space with a uniformly $G{\hat{a}}teaux$ differentiable norm, C a nonempty closed convex subset of E, and $T:C{\rightarrow}{\mathcal{K}}(E)$ a multivalued nonself-mapping such that $P_T$ is nonexpansive, where $P_T(x)=\{u_x{\in}Tx:{\parallel}x-u_x{\parallel}=d(x,Tx)\}$. For $f:C{\rightarrow}C$ a contraction and $t{\in}(0,1)$, let $x_t$ be a fixed point of a contraction $S_t:C{\rightarrow}{\mathcal{K}}(E)$, defined by $S_tx:=tP_T(x)+(1-t)f(x)$, $x{\in}C$. It is proved that if C is a nonexpansive retract of E and $\{x_t\}$ is bounded, then the strong ${\lim}_{t{\rightarrow}1}x_t$ exists and belongs to the fixed point set of T. Moreover, we study the strong convergence of $\{x_t\}$ with the weak inwardness condition on T in a reflexive Banach space with a uniformly $G{\hat{a}}teaux$ differentiable norm. Our results provide a partial answer to Jung's question.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.297-308
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• 2003

Subjective pork quality was determined on the six groups of the following treatments. Meat samples were obtained from pigs which had been fed with finishing pig diets containing 5% beef tallow(C), 3% beef tallow and 2% perillar seed oil(T1), 250ppm vitamin E($\alpha$-tocopheryl acetate) in T1(T2), 3% beef tallow and 2% squid viscera oil(T3), 250ppm vitamin E in T3(T4), 3% beef tallow and 2% CLA(Conjugated linoleic acid, T5). In the fatty acid composition, SFA(Saturated fatty acid) and EFA(Essential fatty acid) were higher in T5 than in the rest of three treatments such as C, T1, T3 groups, while UFA(Unsaturated fatty acid), MUFA(Monounsaturated fatty acid), UFA/SFA, MUFA/SFA were low. The total content of amino acid in the T3 were higher those for the rest of rest of C, T1, T5 the content for vitamin added treatment(T2, T4) groups higher than non treated one. T3 and T5 showed higher TBARS(Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance) values than the C and T1 groups VBN(Volatile basic nitrogen) values were higher in the order of T5>T3>T1>C. There was no difference in total plate counts, number of lactic acid bacteria and number of E. coli. In sensory property, the C and T1 showed a higher acceptance than the T3 and T5. In cooked meats, the T3 showed a lower hardness than that of control(C), T1 and, with a higher acceptance. In TBARS, VBN, total counts, lactic counts, and E. coli counts, sensory test of cooked meat and raw meat, there was no significant difference between vitamin supplement groups within each oil treatment.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.37 no.7
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• pp.533-539
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• 2004

It has been reported that CLA decreases fat deposition in vivo and in vitro experiments. Among CLA isomers, c9t11 and t10c12 have been shown to exert active biological activities. For example, t10c12 reduces body weight and increases lean body mass, whereas, c9t11 has little effect on body fattness. However, the underlying molecular mechanism for the anti-obesity action of CLA isomers are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of t10c12 and c9t11 on lipid accumulation, cell proliferation, cell death and the expression levels of Ucp genes which are proposed as targets for anti-obesity in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Isomers of CLA at 50$\mu$M were added into preadipocyte differentiation medium for 3, 6 and 9days. Control cells received only the vehicle in the differentiation medium. Cytochemical analyses for lipid accumulation, cell proliferation and apotosis were carried out to compare lipidogenesis and cellular activity. RT-PCR analysis of GAPDH, Ucp 2,3 and 4 were also performed to find any modulatory effects of CLA isomers on the metabolic genes. Lipid accumulation indicated by Oil Red-O staining was inhibited in CLA isomers as compared to the control. T10c12 isomer showed less lipidogenesis than c9t11 did. A decrease occurred in CLA isomers as shown by BrdU incorporation. Apotosis has occured at higher level in t10c12 when compared to that of t9c11. Ucp 2, 3 and 4 genes were also upregulated in CLA isomers. T10c12 showed higher level of Ucp gene expressions than the c9t11 did. The biological activities of CLA isomers were also found to be different during differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, suggesting that different isomers may be active in certain stage of lipidogenesis. The results indicate that both c9t11 and t10c12 CLA isomers decrease lipidogenesis, inhibit cell proliferation, increase cell death and upregulate in Ucp gene expressions during 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation. T10c12 isomer was more effective than c9t11 in overall anti-obesity activity.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.250-258
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• 1980

Various radicals may add to isonitriles to give imidoyl radcals RN=CR'. This may be also generated via abstraction of imidoyl hydrogen from imine in the following manner: RN=CR' ＋ R"${\cdot}{\rightarrow}$ RN=CR' ＋ R"-H Imidoyl radicals would be stabilized via two pathways, ${\beta}$-cleavage and atom transfer reactions. ${\beta}$-Cleavage may occur in two directions depending upon structure of the radicals. Cyanide transfer and the "so-called" normal ${\beta}$-cleavage are the two modes of ${\beta}$-cleavage. Addition of t-butoxy radical to t-butyl isocyanide 7 generates an imidoyl radical t-Bu-N=C-O-Bu-t, which undergoes ${\beta}$-cleavage to give t-butyl isocyanate and t-butyl radical. Addition of phenyl radical to 7 forms the intermediate radical t-Bu-N=$C-C_6H_5$, which decomposes to give benzonitrile and t-butyl radical. The t-butyl radical generated from the ${\beta}$-cleavage adds to 7 giving the radical t-Bu-N=C-Bu-t, which cleaves only to pivalonitrile and t-butyl radical, inducing radical chain isomerization. Trimethylsilyl radical adds to 7 to give the intermediate t-Bu-N=$C-Si(CH_3)_3$, which collapses to $(CH_3)_3$SiCN and a t-butyl radical.