• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.171-185
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• 2003

The eight hundred fourteen male and female elderly living in urban and rural area of Incheon were compared in terms of anthropometric indices and health related factors. Mean height, weight, BMI, WHR, MAC, TSF, %body fat and systolic blood pressure of male elderly were 162.7cm and 162.0cm, 61.8kg and 58.3kg, 23.2 and 22.0, 0.91 and 0.89, 24.4cm and 24.0cm, 9.9mm and 11.5mm, 23.9% and 23.2%, 152.1mmHg and 150.0mmHg in the urban and rural respectively. In female elderly, mean height, weight, BMI, WHR, MAC, TSF, %body fat and systolic blood pressure were 150.3cm and 149.2cm, 55.9kg and 53.1kg, 24.4 and 23.4, 0.87 and 0.86, 25.4cm and 24.4cm, 20.2mm and 18.9mm, 37.2% & 35.4%, 142.2mmHg and 151.7 mmHg in the urban and rural respectively. As the age increasing, most of the anthropometric indices are decreased while systolic blood pressure are increased in both gender. The proportion of the subject with normal hearing were 73.1% in the urban, 61.4% in the rural and 61.8% in the male, 73.1% in the female. Hearing and tooth status became deteriorated as increasing the age and the more elderly felt themselves unhealthy as increasing the age. Aerobic(25.7%) and walking/jogging(18.4%) in the urban, walking/jogging (22.1%) and climbing(3.5％) in the rural were the preferred exercise in the elderly. Frequency of health promoting substance intake were very low and not significantly different between the urban & the rural, and the male and the female elderly. Neuralgia, diabetes, indigestion and cerebral stroke showed relatively higher morbidity in the elderly. Neuralgia was significantly higher in the female(23.3%) than in the male(13.1%). Diabetes was significantly higher in the female(22.4%) and the urban(21.9%) elderly than in the male(16.1%) and the rural(13.5%) elderly respectively. In conclusion, as the age increasing the height and weight of the elderly decreased significantly and BMI, WHR and body fat toned to decrease. Hearing and tooth status deteriorated significantly as the age increasing, especially in female elderly.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.67-79
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• 1993

This study was designed to identify the general health conditions and high risk factors of the male & female environmental workers. Thereby. the results of this study were to provide useful data as a contribution to knowledge for health protection and promotion. The data used for this study were environmental workers' physical examination cards; the male environmental workers were 52 persons. and the female environmental workers 52 persons. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, Pearson correlation, and distinction analysis, using the SPSS program. The results of this study can be summarized as follows; 1. Thers was a significant statistical difference between the two groups as to height. eyesight. serum GPT, hematocrit. The variables having little difference between two groups were weight. systolic blood pressure. total cholesterol. creatinine. 2. The rate of revealed in significant health examination was extra-health discrimination rate $28.8\%$, significant result of illness rate $12.5\%$. injury-inflicting rate $7\%$. second-time urine test $5.7\%$. antigen positive 3.8%. hearing impairment $2.8\%$, urine protein positive $1.9\%$. and urine sugar positive $1.9%$. 3. The workers diagnosed as extra-health discrimination were 30 persons or $28.8\%$. There was a difference between two groups on the prevalence. In the male environmental workers. ten times live problems and six times pulmonary tuberculosis and three times circulatory problems were revealed the higher than thoes of the female environmental workers. 4. In the male environmental workers, the relationship between age and systolic blood pressure revealed a significant correlation (r=0.22. p<0.05). In the female environmental workers. there was a negative correlation between age and weight (r= 0.25, p<0.05). the relationship between age and total cholesterol correlated positively (r=0.30, p<'0.05). 5. In the male environmental workers, there was a negative correlation between working career and creatinine(r=-0. 22, p<0.05) In the female environmental workers, there was a positive correlation between working career and total cholesterol (r= 0.58, p<0.01). 6. There were significant differences on working career and creatinine accdording to the male and female environmental workers who had any problems through x-ray inspection. 7. There were significant differences on height. eyesight. serum GPT according to the male and female environmental workers who were diagnosed as extra-health discrimination. 8. The female environmental workers who were diagnosed as 'care' were positively correlated with weight (r= 0.26. p<0.05)' and systolic blood pressure (r= 0.30. p<0. 05). on the other hand. the left and right eyesight correlated nagatively(r=-0.15. r=-0.33. p<0.01). 9. The most influential variables on the male and female environmental workers' health condition were working career, height. and weight. And these three variables could help determine the two groups at the level of 81. 8 percentage.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2015

Purpose: The purposes of this study are finding the elements for a fast determination of the need for a transfusion to a multiple trauma patient arriving at this clinic in the initial stage establishing objective bases for a doctor in an emergency department to determine the need for a transfusion immediately after a patient has arrived at the emergency department, and providing treatment by considering various factors based on the nine criteria suggested in the emergency room transfusion score (ETS). Methods: This study was conducted on 375 multiple-trauma patients who visited the Chosun University Hospital Emergency Medical Center and activated the Emergency Trauma Team from January 2010 to December 2013. The patients were divided into the transfused group and the non-transfused group by retrospectively analyzing their medical records. Subsequently, the medical records were examined using the nine items suggested by the ETS and the results were analyzed. Results: Three hundred seventy-five patients with multiple traumas visited the Chosun University Hospital Emergency Medical Center and activated the Emergency Trauma Team. Among them, 258 died and 117 recovered and left the hospital. The deceased patients consisted of 182 males and 76 females with an average age 45. Of the 375, 165 were transferred from other hospitals, and 245 were blunt trauma patients. One hundred sixty-nine patients were injured in traffic accidents, and 119 of those 169 who had systolic blood pressure less than 90 mm Hg died. Two hundred twenty-six (60.3%) out of the 375 patients with multiple traumas received an emergency blood transfusion and their average age was 48. The 375 patients consisted of 156 males, 151 who had been transferred from other hospitals, 218 who presented with blunt trauma, 134 who had been injured in traffic accidents, 156 who had a systolic blood pressure less than 90 mm Hg, 134 who scored higher than 9 points on the GCS, and 162 who had a stable pelvic fracture of these 143 died. Conclusion: During this study, 226 (60.3%) out of the patients with multiple traumas received an emergency blood transfusion. After analyzing the results related to emergency blood transfusion by using ETS, we found that an emergency blood transfusion had to be prepared quickly when patients were transferred from other hospitals when the systolic blood pressure was less than 90 mmHg. when abnormalities had been detected by ultrasonography and when the patient presented with a stable pelvic fracture.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.232-244
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• 2002

This study investigated the correlation between health-related habits and the biochemical characteristics of the blood of Korean bus drivers. A total of 178 bus drivers working in the Masan area participated in this study. The general characteristics and health-related habits of the subjects were surveyed using a serf-administered questionnaire. The biochemical date were collected from regular health check-ups done through their workshop health insurance company in lune, 1999. The results were as follows : The average age of the subjects was 38 years, and 44.2% had a driving career of between 10 and 19 years. About 90% of the subjects ate irregularly, and 36% ate. health floods. Their rates of drinking, smoking and exercise were 74.6%, 83.6% and 70.8%, respectively. Their frequency of drinking was significantly increased as the length of their driving career increased (p < 0.001). Their levels of total serum cholesterol, in relation to the length of their driving career was significantly higher in the over 20 year group than in the below 10 year group (p < 0.05). Their systolic blood pressures, according to age, were significantly higher in the 51 to 60 age group than in the other groups (p < 0.05). Their total um cholesterol levels signiscantly increased with increasing age (p < 0.001). Their diastolic blood pressures (p < 0.001) and blood glucose levels (p < 0.05) were significantly higher among the subjects who drinking alcohol almost everyday, than among other subjects. Their systolic blood pressures who significantly increased with increasing frequency of their drinking (p < 0.001). The systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were positively related to age, the amount of drinking, the frequency of drinking and the obesity index, and negatively related to exercise and the duration of exercise. The hemoglobin was positively related to age, preference for a meat diet and the obesity index. The blood glucose was positively related to the amount of drinking, and the total serum cholesterol was positively related to age, length of driving career, period of smoking and the obesity index. The results of this study indicated that bus drivers need regular exercise, moderation of their drinking and smoking, and control of their body weights so as to prevent chronic diseases.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.492-501
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to examine the most effective weight training (WT) intensity for the improvement of metabolic syndrome factors in overweight high school students. Sixty overweight high school students were randomly divided into 4 groups (15 subjects/group) according to WT intensity: A group - control group, B group - 40-55% repetition maximum (RM) group, C group - 60-75% RM group, and D group - 80-90% RM group. They exercised between 60-70 minutes a day, three times a week, for eight weeks. In order to determine the most effective WT intensity, five metabolic syndrome factors--waist size, fasting glucose, triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and blood pressure--were measured for each subject prior to and after the experiment. Waist size decreased in all exercise groups, but the results were more prominent in the 40-55% RM and 60-75% RM groups. TG levels also decreased in all groups but results were more prominent in the 40-55% RM group. HDL-C levels in the 80-90% RM group were significantly higher than the control group. Groups did not show any significant difference in the diastolic blood pressure, but the 40-55% RM group's systolic blood pressure significantly decreased compared to other groups. Groups did not show significant difference in the fasting glucose level. These results indicate that lower-intensity weight training is generally more effective than the higher-intensity weight training in improving metabolic syndrome factors in overweight high school students and that the most effective WT intensity is 40-55% RM.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.146-154
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• 2004

This study compared intake of vitamins and antioxidant nutritional status of smokers and nonsmokers, and the effect of supplementation of vitamin C and vitamin E on antioxidant system of smokers and nonsmokers. Subjects were 30 smokers and 30 non-smokers of male university students. They were divided into groups of 10 subjects each one with supplementation for 4 weeks, to investigate the effects of supplementation. Smokers were divided into vitamin C supplement group, vitamin E supplement group and vitamin C and vitamin E combination supplement group, and so were nonsmokers. The supplementation of vitamin C was 500mg and vitamin E was 400IU. There was no significant difference of antioxidant vitamin intakes between smokers and non-smokers, and plasma concentration of vitamin C in smokers was lower than non-smokers (p<0.05). Blood pressure was higher in smokers (p<0.05), with no difference in blood glucose levels, methemoglobin and TBARS, but SOD activity was significantly higher in non-smokers (p<0.001). Vitamin C supplementation resulted in a significant decrease of diastolic blood pressure (p<0.01), systolic blood pressure (p<0.001) and methemoglobin (p<0.001) in smokers. Also a significant decrease of diastolic blood pressure (p<0.05), systolic blood pressure (p<0.05), blood glucose (p<0.05), methemoglobin (p<0.001) and TBARS (p<0.05), with significant increase of SOD activity (p<0.001) were found in vitamin E supplement group. In vitamin C and vitamin E combination supplement group, there was a significant decrease of diastolic blood pressure (p<0.05), methemoglobin (p<0.01) and TBARS (p<0.05). In non-smokers, methemoglobins (p<0.001) of vitamin C supplement group and vitamin E supplement group decreased, and diastolic pressure (p<0.05), methemoglobin (p<0.01) and TBARS (p<0.05) significantly decreased in vitamin C and vitamin E combination supplement group. These results indicated better efficacy of antioxidant supplementation in smokers than in nonsmokers, suggesting that the supplementation of vitamin C and vitamin E might decrease the oxidative stress and various risk factors of smoking-related diseases.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.19-31
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• 1974

In oder to study the correlation between daily urinary output of sodium chloride and blood pressure, twenty four hour urine samples were collected from 224 cases (70 male and 154 female) of healthy Koreans whose age varied from 18 to 70 years old. The volume and concentration of sodium, chloride and potassium and total nitrogen were measured, along with the resting blood pressure. Results obtained are summarized as follows; 1. Daily urinary output was increased as a function of age. However, daily urinary output per unit sulface area was maintained at approximately 800 to 900 $ml/m^2$ in all age groups of male and it increased as a function of age in female groups. There was no significant difference between male and female. 2. The daily urinary sodium concentration was decreased gradually acceding to age in both sexes. Daily excretion of sodium was constant regardless of age in both sexes but especially high in 25-39 year female age group, which was slightly greater in males than in females. 3. The daily urinary chloride concentration was at approximately 250 meq/L in all age groups of male and which decreased as a function of age in females. 4. Hence the daily urinary output of sodium chloride was constant in all age groups of males which increased as a function of age in female groups. However, daily excretion of sodium chloride per unit sulface area was maintained at approximately 11 $gm/m^2$ in males and which increased as a function of age in females. 5. The daily urinary excretion of potassium was constant regardless of age in both sexes. 6. Urinary K/Na ratio was maintained at approximately 0.27 in males and 0.33 in females. 7. The daily urinary output of total nitrogen amount was approximately $8{\sim}10$ gm in males and $7{\sim}9$ gm in females. However, daily urinary output of nitrogen per unit sulface area was constant regardless of age in both sexes. 8. The systolic blood pressure was increased gradually according to the age in both sexes and was higher for males than females under 40 years of age. However, there was no significant difference between both sexes in ages over 40 years. 9. Quantitative comparisons indicated that daily urinary output and sodium chloride excretion are higher while daily potassium output, nitrogen excretion and urinary K/Na ratio are significantly lower among Koreans than a among Occidentals. These findings suggest that average Koreans live on low-protein and high-salt diet throughout their livers. Statistical result obtained may he summarized as follows; 10. The relation between blood pressure and sodium concentration of urine. The correlation between systolic blood pressure and sodium concentration was negatively associated for both sexes and the correlation coefficient was significant for females $({\gamma}_1=-.19<-{\gamma}_{152},\;_{0.05}=-0.159)$ and it was not significant for males $({\gamma}_1=-.19>-{\gamma}_{68},\;_{0.05}=-0.232)$ tut may be due to the sample size for males. The correlation between diastolic blood Pressure and sodium concentration was negatively associated for both sexes and the correlation coefficient was significant for males $({\gamma}_1=-.37<-{\gamma}_{68},\;0.05=-0.232)$ and the relation was not significant for females $({\gamma}_1=-.11>-{\gamma}_{152},\;_{0.05}=-0.159)$. 11. The relation between blood pressure and daily urinary sodium chloride excretion. The association between systolic blood pressure and sodium chloride excretion was positively correlated for both sexes and the relation was significant for females $({\gamma}_1=.20>{\gamma}_{152},\;_{0.05}= 0.159)$ and it was insignificant for males $({\gamma}_1=.09<{\gamma}_{68},\;_{0.05}=0.232)$, The relation between diastolic blood pressure and sodium chloride excretion was positively associated and insignificant for both sexes males $({\gamma}_1=.17<{\gamma}_{68},\;_{0.05}=0.232)$ and females $({\gamma}_1=.09<{\gamma}_{152},\;_{0.05}=0. 159)$. 12. The relation between daily urinary nitrogen excretion and sodium chloride excretion. The association between daily nitrogen excretion and sodium chloride excretion was positively significant for both sexes, males $({\gamma}_1=.31>{\gamma}\;_{68},\;_{0.05}=0.232)$ and females $({\gamma}_1=.36>{\gamma}_{-152},\;_{0.05}=0.159)$.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.155-162
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• 2012

Devices to measure the blood pressure of patients are being used without any calibration in a hospital. It is an important to show consistent values when any medical devices measure the same patients regardless they are sphygmomanometer or fully automatic electronic blood pressure meter. We compared sphygmomanometer and fully automatic electronic blood pressure meters with standard digital blood pressure monitor (SDBPM) to evaluate the consistency of the small healthy subjects. We measured the blood pressure from six healthy subjects (three of 20~40 years and three of 40~60 years old). Two sphygmomanometer and two fully automatic electronic blood pressure meters were used and compared with the SDBPM. Blood pressures measured from right and left arms each and were compared. All six healthy subjects showed normal blood pressure values. In general, left blood pressure values showed higher values than right side. Comparing SDBPM, with the other monitors, the systolic pressure showed ${\pm}$ 34.8% difference and ${\pm}$ 33.3% for the diastolic pressure. Correlation between SDBPM and Sphygmomanometer was 0.59~0.71, and 0.50~0.70 for fully automated digital BP monitors. It fell in grade-D when we apply the BHS(British hypertension society). AAMI(American association for the advancement of medical instrumentation) also showed unsatisfactory results for the mean value (${\leq}$ 5 mmHg) and standard deviation (${\leq}$ 8 mmHg). We tested sphygmomanometer and fully automatic electronic blood pressure meters and compared with a standard digital blood pressure monitor. All devices showed inconsistent blood pressures. A reliable calibration system is highly needed for all devices in all hospitals.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.267-273
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• 2002

Background: We performed a phase IV clinical trial to examine the usefulness of a continuous infusion of nicardipine hydrochloride to control hypertension in patients with acute aortic dissection. material and Method: Systolic/diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate were monitored before and after the intravenous administration of nicardipine in 31 patients with aortic diseases. The period of nicardipine administration in each patient was from 3 to 14 days. Efficacy was evaluated by determining the average amount of blood pressure reduction on the 3rd day of drug administration. The dosage of another antihypertensive agent was slowly tapered down, and ultimately replaced by the test drug. Result: 28 patients were diagnosed as acute aortic dissection, 2 patients as rupture of the aortic arch aneurysm, and 1 patient as traumatic aortic rupture. Mean age was 53.9 $\pm$ 14.9(29~89) years, and 21 patients(67.7%) were male. 14 patients(32.3%) had complications associated with underlying aortic disease: aortic insufficiency in 7, hemopericardium in 6, acute renal failure in 1, paraplegia in 1, lower extremity ischemia in 1, and hemothorax in 1. The time needed to reach the target blood pressure was within 15 minutes in 16, from 15 to 30 minutes in 10, from 30 to 45 minutes in 3 and from 45 to 60 minutes in 2, and their baseline average systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressures(mmHg) were 147$\pm$23, 82.3$\pm$ 18.6, and 104 $\pm$ 18, respectively. Average systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressures(mmHg) on the third day of nicardipine infusion were 119$\pm$ 12, 69$\pm$9, and 86$\pm$8, and they all showed statistically significant decrease(p<0.05). The average systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure(mmHg) after the discontinuation of the nicardipine infusion were 119 $\pm$ 15, 71 $\pm$ 14, and 86$\pm$ 13, respectively. No significant difference was observed between the average pressures measured on the third day and those measured after the discontinuation of the nicardipine infusion, and no definite side effects were observed during the study period. Conclusion: Nicardipine hydrochloride was both effective and safe at controlling blood pressure in patients with acute aortic dissection.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.1020-1026
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• 2007

Purpose: This study was to investigate the relationship between blood pressure, lipids and body mass index by smoking status among adolescents. Methods: This study was designed as a descriptive correlational study. General and smoking characteristics were collected using a questionnaire. The smoking group consisted of 42 (33%) students and the non smoking group 85 (67%) students. Blood pressure, lipids, height and weight were measured, and body mass index was calculated to $kg/m^2$. The collected data was analyzed by the n(%), ${\chi}^2-test$, t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient (SPSS 12.0). Results: 1. The smoking level was different between grade, smoking status among the family, the contentment of their relationship with their parents, school life and teachers. 2. The smoking group's systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and body mass index were higher than those of the non smoking group. 3. The smoking amount had a significant positive correlation between total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol. Conclusion: The result of this study offered basic data to develop intervention programs to prevent hypertension and hyperlipidemia in smoking adolescents.