Journal of Life Science (생명과학회지)

Korean Society of Life Science (한국생명과학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The Effects of Weight Training by Intensity for 8 Weeks of Metabolic Syndrome Factor Improvement in Overweight High School Students

8주간의 강도별 웨이트트레이닝이 비만고교생의 대사증후군 인자 개선에 미치는 영향

  • Jeong, Seon-Tae (Department of Physical Education, Gyeongsang National University) ;
  • Kwon, Sun-Ok (Department of Physical Education, Gyeongsang National University)
  • Published : 2009.04.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the most effective weight training (WT) intensity for the improvement of metabolic syndrome factors in overweight high school students. Sixty overweight high school students were randomly divided into 4 groups (15 subjects/group) according to WT intensity: A group - control group, B group - 40-55% repetition maximum (RM) group, C group - 60-75% RM group, and D group - 80-90% RM group. They exercised between 60-70 minutes a day, three times a week, for eight weeks. In order to determine the most effective WT intensity, five metabolic syndrome factors--waist size, fasting glucose, triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and blood pressure--were measured for each subject prior to and after the experiment. Waist size decreased in all exercise groups, but the results were more prominent in the 40-55% RM and 60-75% RM groups. TG levels also decreased in all groups but results were more prominent in the 40-55% RM group. HDL-C levels in the 80-90% RM group were significantly higher than the control group. Groups did not show any significant difference in the diastolic blood pressure, but the 40-55% RM group's systolic blood pressure significantly decreased compared to other groups. Groups did not show significant difference in the fasting glucose level. These results indicate that lower-intensity weight training is generally more effective than the higher-intensity weight training in improving metabolic syndrome factors in overweight high school students and that the most effective WT intensity is 40-55% RM.

일반계 비만고교생 60명을 4그룹으로 구분, 웨이트트레이닝을 1일 60${\sim}$70분, 주 3회, 8주간 강도별(A group: control group, B group: $40{\sim}55%RM$, C group: $60{\sim}75%RM$, D group: $80{\sim}90%RM$)로 실시하여 대사증후군 5가지 인자(waist size, fasting glucose, TG, HDL-C, blood pressure) 개선을 위한 가장 효과적인 WT 강도를 알아보았다. Waist size의 감소는 운동군 모두 효과적이었으나 $40{\sim}55%RM$과 $60{\sim}75%RM$ 실시 그룹이 더욱 효과적이었고, TG의 감소도 운동군 모두 효과적이었으나 $40{\sim}55%RM$ RM 실시 그룹이 더욱 효과적이었다. Fasting glucose는 차이가 없었으며, HDL-C는 대조군보다 $80{\sim}90%RM$ 실시 그룹이 유의하게 증가하였고, blood pressure는 diastolic blood pressure는 차이가 없었고, systolic blood pressure는 다른 그룹보다 $40{\sim}55%RM$ 실시 그룹이 유의하게 감소하였다. 이러한 결과는 중 고강도보다는 오히려 저강도가 대사증후군 인자 개선에 효과적이라는 것을 시사하며, 웨이트트레이닝이 비만고교생의 대사증후군 위험 인자를 개선해준다는 사실을 확인하였다. 따라서, 비만고교생은 대사증후군 인자의 개선을 위해 $40{\sim}55%\;RM$의 웨이트트레이닝을 실시하는 것이 효과적이라 생각된다.

Keywords

References

  1. American College of Sports Medicine. 2002. ACSM's Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia
  2. American College of Sports Medicine. 2003. ACSM's Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. 4th eds., Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia
  3. American College of Sports Medicine. 2006. ACSM's Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. 7th eds., Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia
  4. Baek, E. J. and M. G. Lee. 2007. Effects of an 8-week combined training of walking and rope skipping on body composition, physical fitness, blood Lipid profiles, and growth hormone in elementary students. KJPE 46, 461-473
  5. Balady, G. J., K. A. Berra, I. A. Golding, N. F. Gordon, D. A. Mahelr, J. N. Myers, and I. M. Sheldahl. 2000. ACSM's Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. 6th eds., Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia
  6. Cauderay, M., F. Narring, and P. Michaud. 2000. Acrosssectional survey assessing physical fitness of 9- to 19-yearold girl and boys in Switzer, Pediatr. Exerc. Sci. 12, 398-412
  7. CDC. 2006. Physical activity and health women. http://www.cdc.gov
  8. Cha, B. S. 2006. Diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. Korean Diabetes 7, 20-24
  9. Choi, H. J. 2008. Association of blood leptin level with cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, and metabolic syndrome in female college students. JKPEAGW 22, 137-149
  10. Cook, S., M. Weitzman, M. S. Auinger, M. Nguyen, and W. H. Dietz. 2003. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome phenotype in adolescents. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 157, 821-828 https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.157.8.821
  11. Earle, R. W. and T. R. Baechle. 2004. NSCA's Essentials of Personalt Training IL: Human Kinetics
  12. Ehtisham, S., T. G. Barrett, and N. J. Shaw. 2000. Type 2 diabetes mellitus in UK children - an emerging problem. Diabet. Med. 17, 867-871 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1464-5491.2000.00409.x
  13. Fagot-Campagna, A., D. J. Pettitt, M. M. Engelgau, N. R. Burrows, L. S. Geiss, and R. Valdez. 2000. Type 2 diabetes among North American children and adolescents: an epidemiologic review and a public health perspective. J. Pediatr. 136, 774-782
  14. Faigenbaum, A. D. 2000. Strength training for children and adolescents. Clin. Sport Med. 19, 593-619 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-5919(05)70228-3
  15. Ferreira, J. W., W. Twisk, W. van Mechelen, H. C. Kemper, and C. D. Stehouwer. 2005. Development of fatness, fitness, and lifestyle from adolescence to the age of 36 years: determinants of the metabolic syndrome in young adults. The Amsterdam growth and health longitudinal study. Arch. Intern. Med. 165, 42-50 https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.165.1.42
  16. Ford, E., W. Giles, and W. Dietz. 2002. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults; findings from the third national health and nutrition examination survey. JAMA 287, 356-359 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.287.3.356
  17. Han, S. C., J. P. Cheon, and S. H. Lee. 2007. The effects of exercise type on the components of the metabolic syndrome. KJGD 15, 75-86
  18. Han, S. W., W. J. Lee, and H. D. Lee. 2007. The effect of changes in intensity of weight training on the body composition and physical strength factors. JKSR 18, 491-502
  19. Hong, H. S., J. S. Park, H. K. Ryu, and H. Y. Kim. 2008. The association of plasma HDL-cholesterol level with cardiovascular disease related factors in korean type 2 diabetic patients. JKDA 32, 215-224 https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2008.32.3.175
  20. Ivy. 1997. Role of exercise training in the prevention and treatment of insulin resistance and non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Sports Med. 24, 321-336 https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199724050-00004
  21. Javaheri, S., A. Storfer-lsser, C. L. Rosen, and R. Susan. 2007. Proceedings of the national Academy of Sciences, 104, 12587-12594 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0705408104
  22. Jeon, Y. J. 2004. The effects of long-term aerobic exercise on body composition and blood lipoprotein in hypertensive patients. JKSR 15, 705-713
  23. Jurca, R, M. J. Lamonte, C. E. Barlow, J. B. Kampert, T. S. Church, and S. N. Blair. 2005. Association of muscular strength with incidence of metabolic syndrome in men. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 37, 18849-1855
  24. Kang, H. S., K. J. Kim, T. W. Kim, H. M. Kim, K. T. Jang, J. G. Jeon, and H. C. Cho. 2001. Physiology of Sport and Exercise. Daehanmedia, Seoul
  25. Kang, H. Y., S. L. Jung, and H. R. Jung. 2004. The effect of 12week walking exercise on blood pressure of postmenopausal women. KJPE 43, 435-443
  26. Kang, J. H. 2004. Obesity. Hanuribook, Seoul
  27. Kang, Y. H., W. S. Lee, and K. K. Ko. 2008. Effects of exercise types on body composition, physique and fitness measurements of obese middle school students. JKSR 19, 141153
  28. Katznarzyk, P. T., A. S. Leon, J. H. Wilmore, J. S. Skinner, D. C, Rao, T. Rankinen, and C. Bouchard. 2003. Targeting the metabolic syndrome with exercise: evidence from the heritage family study. Med. Sci. Sport Exer. 35, 1703-1709 https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000089337.73244.9B
  29. Kim, C. K., H. C. Kim, and M. K. Lee. 2008. Effects of 12 weeks of combined exercise training on cardiopulmonary function and metabolic syndrome risk factors in elderly farmers. KJPE 47, 377-388
  30. Kim, H. J. 2008. Relationship between c-reactive protein and metabolic syndrome risk factors after combined exercise in overweight and obese adolescent. J. sport and leisure studies 33, 787-795
  31. Kim, J. W. and H. J. Kim. 2007. Effects of combined exercise training on metabolic syndrome related factors in overweight and obese elementary school boys. KJPE 46, 683-693
  32. Kim, J. W., J. Y. Jeon, and T. U. Kim. 2007. Effects of walking and behavior modification program on body composition, physical fitness and metabolic syndrome related factors in obese girls. JLS 17, 1744-1753 https://doi.org/10.5352/JLS.2007.17.12.1744
  33. Kim, T. W. 2005. Effects of lifestyle change programs adoption on metabolic syndrome related factors and adiponectin in obese adolescent girls. KJEN 9, 281-289
  34. Kim, Y. I. 2008. The correlation of poor heart rate recovery and serum lipids, exercise capacity in metabolic syndrome patients. Exercise Science 17, 289-299
  35. Kwon, Y. I., T. G. Park, G. H. Park, C. H. Park, J. Y. Jeon, M. K. Choe, K. H. Lee, T. W. Kim, and Y. O. Yang. 2006. Effects of combined exercise training on physical fitness and metabolic syndrome in obese middle school boys. KJPE 45, 611-621
  36. Lee, D. S., B. H. Lee, J. G. Kim, H. W. Moon, and S. S. Yoon. 2003. The effects of aerobic exercise and weight training on changes of blood lipid profile in obese middle school student. Exercise Sci. J. 12, 233-243
  37. Lee, J. H. 2006. Physical activity pattern of obese children with and without metabolic syndrome. KJPE 45, 599-607
  38. Leite, M. L. C. and A. Nicolosis, 2006. Lifestyle correlates of anthropometric estimates of body adiposity in an Italian middle-aged and eldely popultion: a covariance analysis. Int. J. Obesity 30, 926-934 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803239
  39. Lim, S., E. J. Lee, B. K. Koo, S. I. Cho, K. S. Park, H. C. Jang, S. Y. Kim, and H. K. Lee. 2005. Original articles : Increasing trends of metabolic syndrome in Korea -based on Korean national health and nutrition examination surveys-. J. Kor. Diabetes Assoc. 29, 432-439
  40. Maki, K. C. 2004. Dietary factors in the prevention of diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease associated with the metabolic syndrome. Am. J. Cardiol. 93, 12-17 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.02.001
  41. McFarlane, S. I., M. Banerji, and J. R. Sowers. 2001. Insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. J. Clin. Endocr. Metab. 86, 713-718 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.86.2.713
  42. McKenzie, T. L. 2001. Promotion physical activity in yourth: focus on middle school. Enviroments 53, 326-334
  43. Medical-Tribune. 2005. http:www.medical-tribune.co.kr/news/24697 (2005/03/10)
  44. Mertens, I., A. Verriken, J. J. Michiels, M. Van der Planken, J. B. Ruige, and L. F. Van Gaal. 2006. Among inflammation and coagulation makers, PAI-1 is a true component of the metabolic syndrome. Int. J. Obesity 30, 1308-1314 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803189
  45. National Cholesterol Education Program. 2001. Executive summary third report of the national cholesterol education program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 285, 2486-2497 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.285.19.2486
  46. Owens, S., B. Gutin, P. Barbeau, M. Litaker, J. Allison, M. Humphries, T. Okuyama, and N. A. Le. 2000. Visceral adipose tissue and markers of the insulin resistance syndrome in obese black and white teenagers. Obese. Res. 8, 287-293 https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2000.34
  47. Park, B. S. 2008. The effects of strength, strength and walking, strength and yoga on obese middle-aged women's physical fitness for 12 weeks. JKPEAGW 22, 53-66
  48. Park, C. H. and T. G. Park. 2009. Effects of aerobic exercise plus lifestyle modification program on obese-induced metabolic syndrome in obese adolescent girls. JLS 19, 198-205 https://doi.org/10.5352/JLS.2009.19.2.198
  49. Park, H. S., S. W. Oh, J. H. Kang, Y. W. Park, J. M. Choe, Y. S. Kim, W. H. Choe, H. J. You, and Y. S. Kim. 2003. Prevalence and associated factors with metabolic syndrome in south korea - From the korean national health and nutrition examination survey, 1998. J. KSSO 12, 1-14
  50. Park, H. S., Y. S. Yun, J. A. Kim, S. M. Kim, E. S. Lee, and J. H. Han. 2007. Manual of Metabolic Syndrome. Metabolic Syndrome Study, Seoul
  51. Park, J. Y. and J. M. Ahn. 2005. The effects on the quality of life by the healthful exercise program in middle-aged women. J. sport and leisure studies 24, 397-410
  52. Park, K. S. 2006. Metabolic syndrome and hypertension. Korean Diabetes J. 1, 37-45
  53. Park, T. G. 2005. Effects of 12 weeks walking exercise on metabolic syndrome makers in obese middle school girls. KJPE 44, 507-517
  54. Park, W. K. 2008. Comparison of health-related physical fitness, inflammatory markers and anti-oxidative capacity after swimming and resistance exercise program between pre-menopausal and post-menopausal women. KJGD 16, 117-125
  55. Park, Y. W. 2005. Office management of obesity. Hanmibook, Seoul
  56. Rankin, J. W., L. P. Goldman, M. J. Puglisi, S. M. Nickols-Richardson, C. P. Earthman, and F. C. Gwazdauskas. 2004. Effect of post-exercise supplement consumption on adaptations to resistance training. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 23, 322-330 https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2004.10719375
  57. Raustrop, A, R. P, Pangrazi, and A. Stahle. 2004. Physical activity level and body mass index among schoolchildren in south-eastern Sweden. Acta. Paediatr. 93, 400-404 https://doi.org/10.1080/08035250310007484
  58. Rubin, M. R., W. J. Kraemer, C. M. Maresh, J. S. Volek, N. A. Ratamess, J. L. Vanheest, R. Silvestre, D. N. French, M. J. Sharman, D. A. Judelson, A. L. Gomez, J. D. Vescovi, and W. C. Hymer. 2005. High-affinity growth hormone binding protein and acute heavy resistance exercise. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 37, 395-403 https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000155402.93987.C0
  59. Scott, M. G., I. C. James, T. C. Luther, B. H. Donald, C. P. Richard, C. S. Sidney, and J. S. Neil. 2004. Implications of recent clinical trials for the national cholesterol education program adult treatment panel III guidelines. Circ. Res. 110, 227-239 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000133317.49796.0E
  60. Shin, Y. A., S. J. Kang, and K. J. Kim. 2008. The synergistic effect of the UCP1 and FABP2 gene polymorphism on meta-bolic syndrome, insulin resistance and cardiorespiratory fitness. J. sport and leisure studies 32, 813-827
  61. Shin, Y. O., J. K. Kim, and H. W. Moon. 2006. Effects of weight training and aerobic exercise on plasma growth hormone and insulin-Like growth factor-1 in obese adolescent. KJPE 45, 575-582
  62. Sigal, R. J., G. P. Kenny, N. G. Boule, G. A. Wells, D. Prud'homme, M. Fortier, R. D. Reid, H. Tulloch, D. Coyle, P. Phillips, A. Jennings, and J. Jaffey. 2007. Effects of aerobic training, resistance training, or both on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: A Randomized Trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 147, 357-369 https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.147.2.357
  63. Sinaiko, A. R., D. R. Jr. Jacobs, J. Steinberger, A. Moran, R. Luepker, A. P. Rocchini, and R. J. Prineas. 2001. Insulin resistance syndrome in childhood: associations of the euglycemic insulin clamp and fasting insulin with fatness and other risk factors. J. Pediatr. 139, 700-707 https://doi.org/10.1067/mpd.2001.118535
  64. Stefanick, M. L., S. Mackey, M. Sheehan, N. Ellsworth, W. L. Haskell, and P. D. Wood. 1998. Effects of diet and exercise in men and post-menopausal women with low levels of HDL cholesterol and high levels of LDL cholesterol. New Engl. J. Med. 339, 12-20 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199807023390103
  65. Tooke, J. E. and M. M. Hannemann. 2000. Adverse endothelial function and the insulin resistance syndrome. J. Intern. Med. 247, 425-431 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2796.2000.00671.x
  66. Vivan, H. and H. Heyward. 2002. Advanced Fitness Assesment and Exercise Prescription. Burgess Publishing Company, Minneapolis, Minnesota
  67. Wang, J. S. and S. E. Chow. 2004. Effects of exercise training and detraining on oxidized low density lipoprotein-patientiated platelet function in men. American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 85, 1531-1537
  68. Wessel, T. R., C. B. Arant, M. B. Olson, B. D. Johnson, S. E. Reis, B. L. Sharaf, L. J. Shaw, E. Handberg, S. F. G. Sopko, C. J. Kelsey, and N. B. Merz Peptone. 2004. Relationship of physical fitness vs body mass index with coronary artery disease and cardiovascular events in women. JAMA 292, 1179-1187 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.292.10.1179

Cited by

  1. The effects of the 16-weeks' combined exercise program on metabolic syndrome and autonomic nerve system of low-level physical strength group vol.23, pp.4, 2012, https://doi.org/10.7465/jkdi.2012.23.4.787