• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.393-402
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• 1995

The structural analysis of the reactor coolant system mainly consist of too fields. The one is the static analysis considering the impact of pressure and temperature built up during normal operation. The other is the dynamic analysis to estimate the impact of postulated events such as the seismic loads or postulated branch line pipe breaks event. Since the most important goal of the RCS structural analysis is to prove the safety of the RCS during normal operation or postulated events, a widely proven theory having enough conservatism is adopted. The load occurring on the RCS during normal operation is considered as the basic design loading condition throughout whole plant life time. The most typical characteristic of the RCS during normal operation is the thermal expansion of the RCS caused by reactor coolant with high temperature and pressure. Therefore, the exact estimation on the thermal movement of the RCS is needed to get more clear understanding on the thermal movement behavior of the RCS. In this study, the general structural analysis concept and modeling method to evaluate the thermal movement of the RCS under the normal plant operation condition are presented. To discuss the validation of the suggested analysis, analysis results are compared with the measured data which ore referred from the standardized 1000 MWe PWR plant under construction.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.100-107
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• 2005

Reinforcing steel bars in reinforced concrete structures are protected from corrosion by passive film on the steel surface inside concrete with high alkalinity. However, when the passive film breaks down due to chloride ion ingressed into the RC structures, a corrosion initiates at the surface of steel bars. Then, internal pressure by volume expansion of corrosion products in reinforcing bars induces cracking and spalling of cover concrete, which reduces not only durability performance but also structural performance in RC structures. In this paper, a service life prediction of RC structures is carried out by using a micro-mechanics based corrosion model. The corrosion model is composed of a chloride penetration model to evaluate the initiation of corrosion and an electric corrosion cell model and an oxygen diffusion model to evaluate the rate and the accumulated amounts of corrosion. Then, a corrosion cracking model is combined to the models to evaluate critical amount of corrosion product for initiation cracking in cover concrete. By implementing the models into a finite element analysis program, a time and space dependent corrosion analysis and a service life prediction of RC structures due to chloride attack are simulated and the results of the analysis are compared with test results. The effect of crack width on the corrosion and the service life of the RC structures are analyzed and discussed.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.65 no.5
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• pp.587-600
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• 2018

Infill panel is the first element of a building subjected to blast loading activating its out-of-plane behavior. If the infill panel does not have enough ductility against the loading, it breaks and gets damaged before load transfer and energy dissipation. As steel infill panel has appropriate ductility before fracture, it can be used as an alternative to typical infill panels under blast loading. Also, it plays a pivotal role in maintaining sensitive main parts against blast loading. Concerning enough ductility of the infill panel out-of-plane behavior, the impact force enters the horizontal diaphragm and is distributed among the lateral elements. This article investigates the behavior of steel infill panels with different thicknesses and stiffeners. In order to precisely study steel infill panels, different ranges of blast loading are used and maximum displacement of steel infill under such various blast loading is studied. In this research, finite element analyses including geometric and material nonlinearities are used for optimization of the steel plate thickness and stiffener arrangement to obtain more efficient design for its better out-of-plane behavior. The results indicate that this type of infill with out-of-plane behavior shows a proper ductility especially in severe blast loadings. In the blasts with high intensity, maximum displacement of infill is more sensitive to change in the thickness of plate rather the change in number of stiffeners such that increasing the number of stiffeners and the plate thickness of infill panel would decrease energy dissipation by 20 and 77% respectively. The ductile behavior of steel infill panels shows that using infill panels with less thickness has more effect on energy dissipation. According to this study, the infill panel with 5 mm thickness works better if the criterion of steel infill panel design is the reduction of transmitted impulse to main structure. For example in steel infill panels with 5 stiffeners and blast loading with the reflected pressure of 375 kPa and duration of 50 milliseconds, the transmitted impulse has decreased from 41206 N.Sec in 20 mm infill to 37898 N.Sec in 5 mm infill panel.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.71-81
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• 2000

For the construction of NATM tunnel, it is required a design based on the accurate soil condition from soil investigation. However, in practice, it often designs tunnels without fully understanding the condition. Especially, when soft soil comes up, or ground water breaks out suddenly on the construction, it needs to secure the stability of tunnel by appropriate reinforcing construction according to the results of measurements on field superlatively reflecting the faced situation. This report reviews the mostsuitable stability of tunnel in the construction of soft soil of tunnel by numerical analysis using FDM after re-evaluated the soil properties through back analysis using the results of measurements to simulate abruptly occurred deformation. And applying steel pipe grouting row by row on the wall and the low part of tunnel and also applying the construction method of temporary invert after excavation of the upper part of tunnel, the excavation of soft soil tunnel secured the structural stability of tunnel has been completed.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.11
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• pp.6565-6575
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• 2014

Hamilton's Markov-switching model [5] was extended to the simultaneous equations model. A framework for an instrumental variable interpretation of full information maximum likelihood (FIML) by Hausman [4] can be used to deal with the problem of simultaneous equations based on the Hamilton filter [5]. A comparison of the proposed FIML Markov-switching model with the LIML Markov-switching models [1,2,3] revealed the LIML Markov-switching models to be a special case of the proposed FIML Markov-switching model, where all but the first equation were just identified. Moreover, the proposed Markov-switching model is a general form in simultaneous equations and covers a broad class of models that could not be handled previously. Excess sensitivity of marginal propensity to consume with big shocks, such as housing bubble bursts in 2008, can be determined by applying the proposed model to Campbell and Mankiw's consumption function [6], and allowing for the possibility of structural breaks in the sensitivity of consumption growth to income growth.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.21 no.5 s.77
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• pp.22-27
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• 2006

Even though the interior of urban transit vehicle has been changed as a preventing measure against fire to make it inflammable, there remains a possibility of fire breaking out in case of gasoline etc being brought in the subway. However, there is also the possibility that in case if fire toxic gas is generated and hot air spreads in carriage it will prove very dangerous for people sitting inside. This is a comparative study where we compare simulation results with model examining the time and direction the fire spreads when it breaks out. Also there is vertical distribution of temperature in carriage where the fire spreads out. This study is about demonstrating how to establish smokeless system in urban vehicle, about its necessity, and about vehicle system restructuring. This study also makes an effort to find more advanced method for efficient fire safety in trains. In existing vehicles, in case of fire, the smoke can't go out when doors are closed and hence it spreads in whole train. Even though the method of using ventilation or exhaust established inside the carriage to throw smoke out is much better than the way of opening end doors in each carriage, this study is trying to do research on second way. Through simulation we see that in second case, even though not as good as the first one, smoke can exit through gates. Even though the first method is better, the second can also be uses to let fire out. We can know that in the first case as the smoke can exit out faster, it provides more safety for people. So this system provides better fire safety condition.

• The Journal of Art Theory & Practice
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• no.7
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• pp.89-123
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• 2009

The Philippines was colonized by Spain for about centuries, from 1521 to 1898, and ruled by America for around four decades, from 1899 to 1946. After recovering from the Second World War, the government started to harness human labor as export itself. In the present time the overseas Filipinos keep the economy afloat with their steady transfer of money to relatives and dependents. Through the art works, the issue which Filipinos were exploited and exported by its government has been reflected as the various allegories. As Filipinos traditionally follow and keep Catholic belief, themes of Christ's sacrifice has allegorically been represented as salvation, struggle, suppression, and emancipation of people. Through the allegory, we can interpret both the intrinsic and superficial texts. Also we can identity certain modes of the visuality of allegory in selected works from Philippine art history that in their complex mediations materialize the people and dignity of their predicament and their prevailing. Philippine art can be divided as three different features: passion, vagrancy, and mass formation. The passion stage was depicted as deep structure of Christian thought and devotional feeling, harsh capitalist system. In the pictures of vagrancy, under the regime of Ferdinand Marcos, the themes of drift, deprivation, and homelessness are reckoned through the images of pictures. The stories represented with allegory have been played an important role to bring local issues up as national ones. Those stages take us to the processes of mass formation or the depiction of the people as a moment in the totality of force. The allegorical sign refers to another sign that precedes it, but with which it will never able to coincide reach back to a previous stage and in this constant attempt at return incorporates a structural distance from its origin. The true people's art is one that radically generates transformative technologies and techniques so that it irrevocably breaks the plane of "art". In the painting, the truth is represented by functioning as foundation of a rhetoric of the image. And at this axis, the passional, the vagrant, and the mass formation tend to come together because they render the form of contingency that must be suffered and hopefully surpassed, a Filipino subjectivity that must be stitched in time.

• ALGAE
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.295-306
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• 2023

Human coronavirus diseases, particularly severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, still remain a persistent public health issue, and many recent studies are focusing on the quest for new leads against coronaviruses. To contribute to this growing pool of knowledge and explore the available marine natural products against coronaviruses, this study investigated the antiviral effects of fucoxanthin isolated from Sargassum siliquastrum-a brown alga found on Jeju Island, South Korea. The antiviral effects of fucoxanthin were confirmed in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-infected Vero cells, and its structural characteristics were verified in silico using molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulations and in vitro colorimetric method. Fucoxanthin inhibited the infection in a concentration-dependent manner, without showing cytotoxicity. Molecular docking simulations revealed that fucoxanthin binds to the angiotensinconverting enzyme 2-spike protein (binding energy -318.306 kcal mol^-1) and main protease (binding energy -205.118 kcal mol^-1). Moreover, molecular dynamic simulations showed that fucoxanthin remains docked to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2-spike protein for 20 ns, whereas it breaks away from main protease after 3 ns. Also, the in silico prediction of the fucoxanthin was verified through the in vitro colorimetric method by inhibiting the binding between angiotensinconverting enzyme 2 and spike protein in a concentration-dependent manner. These results indicate that fucoxanthin exhibits antiviral effects against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 by blocking the entry of the virus. Therefore, fucoxanthin from S. siliquastrum can be a potential candidate for treating coronavirus infection.

• Analyses & Alternatives
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.85-114
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• 2023

The purpose of this study is to analyze Russia-Central Asia relations since the launch of the EAEU in 2015 and forecast the future from a structural realism perspective. Bilateral relations have both elements of close cooperation and elements of conflict. Russia and Central Asia, which have the characteristics of an authoritarian alliance, also have a symbiotic relationship in which they have no choice but to cooperate with each other to maintain the regime. Based on this, Russia has made various efforts to reunify Central Asia. Central Asia also has no choice but to cooperate with Russia for its survival, but at the same time, it has expanded its scope of cooperation in the international community to avoid being subjugated to Russia again. However, as China's power expands, Russia's relative weakness, and wariness toward Russia increases after the Ukraine War, the gap in bilateral relations is widening. In particular, as China's influence grows, Russia's nervousness also increases. This is why Putin visits Central Asia and holds active summit talks even during the war in Ukraine. If competition between Russia and China surfaces, there is a high possibility that the international order in Central Asia will become unstable. However, it is still unlikely that the power of Russia and China will reverse in Central Asia. Above all, the security, historical, and cultural connections between Russia and Central Asia are areas that are difficult for China to catch up with. Therefore, a weakening of Russia's influence compared to the past is inevitable, but its superiority is expected to continue. If Russia breaks away from belligerence and transforms into an attractive cooperative partner, there is a possibility that bilateral relations will take an upward turn again. However, it seems unlikely that such changes and innovations will occur under the Putin regime. Therefore, the biggest obstacle to realizing Putin's goal of reunifying Central Asia is Putin himself.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.153-159
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• 2007

In-cryostat helium lines are under installation to transfer a cryogenic helium into cold components in KSTAR device. In KSTAR, three kinds of helium should be supplied into the cold components, which are supercritical helium Into superconduction(SC) magnet system, liquid helium into current lead system, and gas helium into thermal shields. Cryogenic helium lines consist of transfer lines outside the cryostat, in-cryostat helium lines, and electrical breaks. In-cryostat helium lines should be guaranteed of leak tightness for tong time operation at high internal helium pressure of 20 bar. We wrapped the helium line with multi-layer insulator(MLI) to reduce radiation heat and insulated the surface of the high potential part with prepreg tape. The electrical break was fabricated by brazing ceramic tube with stainless steel tube. To ensure the operation reliability at operation temperature, all the electrical break have been examined by the thermal cycle test at liquid nitrogen and by the hydraulic test at 30 bar. And additional surface insulation was prepared with prepreg tape to give structural safety. At present most of the in-cryostat helium lines have been installed and the final inspection test is progressing.