• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.71-90
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• 1996

There is considerable current interest in the effect of regular vigorous exercise and in particular endurance-running as a possible measure in improving myocardial function. Some data indicate that the aging heart may actually suffer from vigorous endurance exercise. On the contrary appropriate exercise in aged animals improves myocardial function and aerobic energy metabolism. So far there is relatively little data to indicate that endurance exercise is in fact beneficial in improving myocardial function or damaging to heart of aged animals. The present investigation aimed to study the possible effect of a long range treadmill training program on the heart in aging rats. Male rats aged 3, 10, and 20 months were divided at random into a control (sedentary) and an exercise group. The training group was exercised for 5 days a week on an automated treadmill for 20minutes at 18m/min over a period of 5 months. The exercise regimen of our experiments did not cause any significant changes in the tissues and ultrastructural as com-pared with sedentary age-matched control. Tissues and ultrastructures of myocardial cells in trained group aged 8 months are intact and well organized as well as sedentary control group. Age associated tissue and ultrastructural changes of trained group aged 15 months included : an increase in transformed mitochondria, vacuoles, lysosomes, lipid droplets and early lipofuscin. But the trained heart did not show significant difference in tissue and ultrastructural properties from those of sedentary controls. Endurance-trained group aged 25 months showed significant qualitative tissue and ultrastructural difference as compared with age-matched controls. In addition to those found in 25 months control group, focal necrosis, myofibril fraying, hypercontraction band, seperation of intercalated discs, degenerating nucleus and infiltration of collagenous fiber into myocyte were noted in trained 25 months group. The stereological examination of the mi-crographs disclosed no significant difference in the myoflbril, mitochondrion, sarcotubule and in-terstitium volume density and surface density of mitochondrial cristae and numerical density of mitochondria between trained and control group aged 8 and 15 months. In the trained 25 months group, significant increase in volume density of interstitium, lipofucsin granule were shown as compared to untrained age-matched control. On the other hand, significant decrease in mitochondrion volume density was shown. The myofibril volume density did not differ between trained and control group although trained group showed slight increase. From the data obtained a reduced mitochondria/myofibrils ratio was found in trained rat heart aged 25 months and there was no difference between trained and control rat aged 15 months. But a slight but not significant increase was found in the trained group aged 8 months as compared with same age control group. Such increase in the ratio in young animals is considered to be of great importance to cardiac pumping and adaptability. Whereas such adaptations don't seem to occur in aged heart muscle. This study proposed that repeated endurance exercise do not cause any significant qualitative and quantitative ultrastructural change of heart muscle in young(3months) and adult (10months) suggesting that the heart is able to adapt to the exercise. On the contrary, the repeated endurance exercise stress may actually induce degenerative changes in the aged heart muscle(20months).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.9
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• pp.1320-1325
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• 2012

This study investigated the bulk properties of red pepper powders according to drying method and variety. Bulk density, compressive characteristics, irrecoverable work, dynamic angle, and stress relaxation were investigated. Loose bulk density ranged between 0.420 $g/cm^3$ for Cheongyang cultivar and 0.427 $g/cm^3$ for Hanbando cultivar by hot-air drying. The highest tapped bulk density was 0.586 $g/cm^3$ for Hanbando cultivar by far-infrared drying and the lowest value was 0.523 $g/cm^3$ for Hanbando cultivar by sun drying. Hausner ratio reached a maximum value of 1.370 for Hanbando cultivar by far-infrared drying. Compressibility ranged between 0.0016 for Cheongyang cultivar by sun drying and 0.0023 for Hanbando cultivar by far-infrared drying. Compression ratio reached a maximum value of 1.032 for Hanbando cultivar by hot-air drying. Dynamic angle of repose ranged between 37.47 and $42.97^{\circ}$. Irrecoverable work ranged between 76.0 and 81.7%. Relaxation reached a maximum value of 24.31% for Cheongyang cultivar by far-infrared drying.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.187-196
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• 2007

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary single or mixed supplementation of plant extract, fermented medicinal plants and Lactobacillus on performance, nutrient availability, blood characteristics, cecal microflora and intestinal digestive enzymes activity in broiler chickens and to prove the possibility of plant derived compounds and Lactobacillus as an antibiotic growth promoter alternative. A total of eight hundred forty, 1-d-old male broiler chicks (Ross strain) were randomly divided into 7 groups with 4 replicates of 30 birds each. The treatments were NC (antibiotic-free diet), PC (basal diet with 0.05% antibiotics and 0.03% anticoccidials), PE (basal diet with 0.1% plant extract), FMP (basal diet with 0.1% fermented medicinal plants), LB (basal diet with 0.1% probiotics), PE+LB (basal diet with 0.1% plant extract and 0.1% probiotics) and FMP+LB (basal diet with 0.1% fermented medicinal plants and 0.1% probiotics). The final body weight, body weight gain and feed conversion rate in all treated groups tended to be improved or significantly improved as compared to those of NC (P<0.05). PE was significantly high in the final body weight, body weight gain of all treated groups (P<0.05). But the growth performance was significantly lower in all treated groups except PE than PC (P<0.05). No synergic effect in growth performance was found when plant extracts and Lactobacillus were mixed and fed to broilers. The ratio of albumin to globulin was significantly lower in all groups than NC (P<0.05). And the stress indicator (lymphocyte/heterophil ratio) of NC was significantly reduced than other treatments (P<0.05). No significant differences were observed on the numbers of cecal microbes and Lactobacillus. The number of cecal E. coli and Salmonella in FMP and LB were significantly reduced (P<0.05). The activity of intestinal digestive enzymes except to sucrase of treated groups significantly decreased compare to those of controls (P<0.05). These results suggest the possibility that plant extracts and Lactobacillus could be used as the alternative of antibiotic growth promoters by improving the performance of broiler chicks.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.163-175
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• 1974

Effects on yields, yield components and nutrient content of potassium depression for two or three weeks at various growth stages were investigated in rice (var. Jinheung) under sand culture system.(K 40 ppm 1973) 1. Analysis of variance showed significant difference among treatments of both two-week (at p=0.01) and three-week depression (at p=0.05) in yield. 2. Most sensitive stage to potassium depression on yield appeared two weeks until heading (42% yield decrease) and sensitivity decreased the growth stage is apart from heading either before or after. During 30 days after transplanting two-week potassium depression increased yield, but three-week depression decreased yield. Until about 30 days after heading depression caused poor yield. 3. Root potassium involves in harvest index, filled grain ratio and grain weight with significant correlation and considerably in spikelet per panicle while potassium in leaf sheath+culm involves considerably in spikelet per panicle and panicle per hill. Relative total dry matter weight was significantly correlated with panicle per hill, spikelet per panicle and K or K/Ca+Mg only in leaf sheath+culm. The indications are that root potassium contributes for building sink and efficiency of structure while potassium in leaf sheat+culm primarily for building source, productive structure. 4. Relative yield was significantly correlated with potassium content in root and leaf sheath+culm and with K/Ca+Mg and its ratio before and after depression in root indicating that potassium depression occurs greatly in root and that K/Ca+Mg might have more important role than K content alone under depression. 5. Optimum level of $K_2O$ appears around 3% in leaf blade. 4% in leaf sheath+culm and 1% in root under the assumption that below these level the same content has the same role in relation to yield during growth. The K/Ca+Mg appeares to be 2.5 in root and should not decrease throughout the growth stages. 6. The increase of sodium content in plant by K depression was highest, especially in leaf sheath during the most insensitive period to K depression suggesting that insensitivity may be attributed to partial replacement of Na for K. Partial replacement seems very little in sensitive stage (later stage) and sensitive organ (root).

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.145-150
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• 1986

The experiments were conducted to study the influence of growth location and cutting microelements macro-and on managements in temperate grasses in Korea and West Germany from 1975 to 1979. The field trials were designed as split plot with three grass species of Dactylis glomerata L., Lolium perenne L. and Festuca pratensis Huds under three cutting regimes at grazing stage, silage stage and hay stage. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Concentrations of macro-and microelements in temperate grasses showed a different response to growth location and growing season. P concentration in the plants was decreased under hot stress in summer, whereas Mg and Na tended to be increased. The seasonal changes in K and Zn were not significant. 2. Morphological growth stage was to be found as an important factors influenced to mineral components. P and K contents in temperate grasses tended to be decreased as morphological development especially under high temperature in Suweon and Cheju. Ca and Mg were less affected by morphological stage and cutting managements. 3. Mean value of Ca/P ratio in the plants were 1.58, 1.33 and 1.21 for meadow fescue, perennial ryegrass and orchardgrass, respectively. Ca/P ratio in grasses tended to be increased as morphological development. 4. Zn deficiency in the plants occured in all grass species and experimental sites. Mean Zn concentration of the plant were 34.2%, 31.2% and 37.8% for Suweon, Cheju and Taekwalyong, respectivelly. Na deficiency occured in orchardgrass and meadow fescue, especially in taekwalyong. Cool temperature resulted in a decrease of Na absorption and accumulation.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.72-79
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• 2008

This study investigated the changes in textural characteristics that occurred by adding maltose syrup, dextrin, and sucrose to whole egg gels, by assessing coagulation after cooling. It also examined the optimal NaCl and sucrose concentrations for whole egg gels sensory evaluations, and then studied how the addition of sucrose effected gel formation and textural characteristics under optimal NaCl concentration. The additions of maltose syrup, dextrin, and sucrose, presented some color changes. The greater the addition of maltose syrup or dextrin, the lower the L, a, and b values of the whole egg gel and whole egg liquid, and ultimately the color turned dark bluish green. With increasing additions of sucrose, maltose syrup, and dextrin, the viscosity of the whole egg liquid increased slightly. In terms of the mechanical texture characteristic of the gel, the texture was most elastic with the 0.8% addition of sucrose, and hardness decreased by increasing the ratio of added sucrose. Increasing amounts of maltose syrup resulted in less hardness and SF. And for dextrin, the SF increased up to 2.5 and then decreased, and hardness decreased with increasing amounts of dextrin. Based on sensory evaluations, the 0.8% addition of NaCl was significantly preferred(p<0.05), in terms of salty taste. The overall preference scores indicated that the whole egg gel made with 0.3% sucrose and the optimal NaCl concentration(0.8%) was most preferred, and each sample was significant(p<0.05). Under the optimal 0.8% NaCl concentration increasing the sucrose concentration resulted in a darker egg gel color, in terms the L value. SF, NF, and hardness, which are mechanical texture parameters, were when 0.8% sucrose and the optimal NaCl concentration of 0.8% were added to whole egg liquid, in preparing the whole egg gel.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.245-251
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• 2007

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of modification of a herbal recipe(Herb $Mix^{(R)}$) on the growth of pullet and laying performance of hens. The formula of Herb $Mix^{(R)}$, a mixture of Rehmannia glutinosa, Angelica gigas, Discorea japonica, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Schisandra chinensis and Ligusticum jeholense, was modified in mixing ratio. A total of 1,120 pullets(Hy-Line Brown) of 14 wks old were assigned to seven treatments; control, Herb $Mix^{(R)}$(HM), R. glutinosa fortified HM, A. gigas fortified HM, D. japonica fortified HM, G. uralensis fortified HM, S. chinensis fortified HM, L. jeholense fortified HM and Flavomycin supplemented diet. Each treatment had 8 replicates of 20 birds each housed in 2 birds cages. Body weight at 10% egg production was significantly(P<0.05) influenced by treatments. Birds fed A. gigas fortified HM diet were heaviest followed by L. jeholense fortified HM, HM-original and D. japonica fortified HM, Flavomycin supplemented diet and R. glutinosa while those fed control diet were lightest. Also, age reaching 50% egg production and peak production was earliest in A. gigas fortified HM and latest in the control. Egg production, feed intake, feed conversion and egg weight were significantly influenced by treatments. Significant improvement in egg production and feed intake was shown in A. gigas fortified HM treatment. Feed conversion ratio was lowest in antibiotic(Flavomycin) treatment and egg weight was heaviest in L. jeholense fortified HM treatment. There were no significant differences among treatments in intestinal microflora but cfu of Cl. perfringnes and E. coli tended to be lower in HM treatments than the control. Among the leucocytes of blood, the HM treatments were lower than the control in counts of white blood cell and heterophils. It was concluded that modification of Herb $Mix^{(R)}$ fortifying with A. gigas, D. japonica and L. jeholense significantly influence growth and laying performance of birds.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.119-131
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• 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the diabetic management indicators between agriculture, forestry, and fishery workers (AFF) and other occupational adults (non-AFF) in community-dwelling diabetes. Methods: The study population consisted of 22,127 diabetic population ${\geq}19years$ who participated in the 2015 Community Health Survey. Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis was used to compare the diabetic management indicators between AFF and non-AFF. Socioeconomic characteristics such as age, gender, education level, monthly household income, National Basic Livelihood Security status, and marital status was sequentially adjusted. Results: Among total diabetic population, 3,712 people (16.8%) was AFF and 18,415 people (83.2%) was non-AFF. The fully-adjusted odds ratio [OR] (95% confidence interval [CI]) of current non-medical treatment (0.72, 0.66-0.79), measurement of hemoglobin A1c (0.61, 0.55-0.67), screening for diabetic retinopathy (0.76, 0.70-0.83), screening for diabetic nephropathy (0.75, 0.70-0.81), non-alcoholic or moderate drinking (0.70, 0.64-0.78), nutrition label reading (0.83, 0.71-0.98), low salt preference (0.85, 0.78-0.93), dental examination (0.60, 0.54-0.66), scaling experience (0.84, 0.77-0.93), regular toothbrushing (0.66, 0.58-0.76), and diabetes management education (0.84, 0.77-0.92) was significantly lower in AFF compared to non-AFF. In contrast, the fully-adjusted OR (95% CI) of AFF's low stress level (1.39, 1.26-1.52) and adequate sleep duration (1.22, 1.13-1.32) was significantly higher than non-AFF, which are better indicators of diabetic management in AFF. Conclusions: Overall, the level of diabetes management of AFF was not as good as that of non-AFF. In order to improve the level of diabetes management of AFF, a delicate diabetes intervention strategy considering the occupational characteristics of AFF will be needed.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.125-141
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• 1998

The purpose of this research is to analyze the effects of aerobic exercise on body composition, cardiopulmonary function, serum lipid level and antioxidants of obese and normal college female students. The subject group was made up of 13 normal students (below 30% body fat ratio) and 12 obese students (above 30% body fat ratio). After a pretest, the subjects were given an 8-week aerobic program. Then the subjects were given a posttest and analyzed of body composition, serum lipid level, antioxidants and cardiopulmonary function after the 6th and the 8th week of the program. The program schedule was made up of 4 days per week, 60 minutes per day. Test includes B.W., subscapular and triceps subcutaneous fat thickness, change of respiratory gas, and two blood sampling before treadmill exercise and post all out state, which analyzed serum lipid and antioxidants. The subjects performed treadmill exercise starting with 4km/hr of walking and then gradually increase the speed of 1km/hr per minute until all out state. The obtained data were analyzed using SAS program. The statistical methods employed here were one-way ANOVA with repeated measure, Duncan Multiple range test, paired-t test and t-test. The test results and conclusion of this research were as follows. 1. The effects of aerobic exercise on body composition were as follows ; Percent body fat was significantly reduced 6 weeks after the program and lean body mass was significantly increased 8 weeks after the program in both groups(obese group: F=3.44 P=.044, normal group: F=3.30 P=.048). subscapular skinfold of the obese group showed a remarkable decrease after the 6th week(F=4.33 P=.021) triceps skinfold of the normal group showed a remarkable decrease after the 6th and the 8th week(F=4.55 P=.017) compared with readings before the aerobic program, the aerobic program made a bigger difference concerning body fat, lean body mass, subscapular skinfold in the obese group than in the normal group(t=2.41 P=.024, t=2.40 p=.025, t=2.43 p=.028). 2. The effects of aerobic exercise on cardiopulmonary function were as follows ; Maximal $O_2$ uptake/kg was significantly increased 6 weeks after the program in the obese group(F=3.20 P=.054), but not much difference was observed in the normal group. Maximal pulse rate was significantly reduced in both groups after 6 weeks of the program(obese group: F=2.77 P=.087, normal group: F=7.17 P=.001). 3. The effects of aerobic exercise on serum lipid level were as follows ; In a resting period, total cholesterol, Triglyceride, and LDL-cholesterol were slightly higher in the obese group than in the normal group, but HDL-cholesterol was higher in the normal group. But, with the aerobic program, total-cholesterol, Triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol were reduced gradually and HDL-choleterol got increased in both groups, but not much change was noticed in the normal group. However, in the obese group, serum HDL-cholesterol level got increased significantly(F=5.12 P=.012). 4. The effects of aerobic exercise in serum antioxidants were as follows ; In a resting period, the obese group's serum Free Radical and GSSG content were higher than the normal group's and the normal group's serum GSH content was higher than the obese group's. After 6 weeks of the aerobic program, Free Radical was reduced significantly in both groups(obese group: F=13.87 P=.000, normal group: F=18.60 P=.000) In the obese group, 8 weeks after the program, GSH was increased significantly(F=13.78, P=.000). In the normal group, 6 weeks after the program, GSH was reduced but increased again after 8 weeks(F=6.07 P=.005). Plasma GSSG was significantly increased after 8 weeks of exercise in both groups(obese group: F=19.75 P=.000, normal group: F=22.42 P=.000,) Compared with readings before the aerobic program, the aerobic program made a bigger difference serum GSH in the normal group than in the obese group(t=3.37 p=.003). As this result shows, it is known that the regular aerobic exercise improves cardiopulmonary function, body composition, serum lipid effectively and through the serum Free Radical reduction and antioxidant system activation, oxidant stress was suppressed. This effect was higher in the obese group than in the normal one. At least 6weeks exercise period need for improvement of body composition, cardiopulmonary function and activation of antioxidant system. This result suggest that improvement of serum lipid profile was needed longer than 8weeks exercise period.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.43-71
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• 1999

This research is an experimental work of developing a construction material using municipal wastewater sludge as liner and cover materials for waste disposal landfill. Weathered granite soil and flyash, produced as a by-product in the power plant, were used as the primary additives to improve geotechnical engineering properties of sludge. For secondary additives, bentonite and cement were mixed with sludge to decrease the permeability and to increase the shear strength, respectively. Various laboratory test required to evaluate the design criteria for liner and cover materials, were carried out by changing the mixing ratio of sludge with the additives. Basic soil properties such as specific gravity, grain size distribution, liquid and plastic limits were measured to analyze their effects on permeability, compaction, compressibility and shear strength properties of mixtures. Laboratory compaction tests were conducted to find the maximum dry densities and the optimum moisture contents of mixtures, and their effectiveness of compaction in field was consequently evaluated. Permeability tests of variable heads with compacted samples, and the stress-controlled consolidation tests with measuring permeabilities of samples during consolidation process were performed to obtain permeability, and to find the compressibility as well as consolidational coefficients of mixtures, respectively. To evaluate the long term stability of sludges, creep tests were also conducted in parallel with permeability tests of variable heads. On the other hand, for the compacted sludge decomposed for a month, permeability tests were carried out to investigate the effect of decomposition of organic matters in sludges on its permeability. Direct shear tests were performed to evaluate the shear strength parameters of mixed sludge with weathered granite, flyash and bentonite. For the mixture of sludge with cement, unconfined compression tests were carried out to find their strength with varying mixing ratio and curing time. On the other hand, CBR tests for compacted specimen were also conducted to evaluate the trafficability of mixtures. Various test results with mixtures were assessed to evaluate whether their properties meet the requirements as liner and cover materials in waste disposal landfill.