• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.925-932
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• 1997

Two shear-flexible curved axisymmetric shell elements with two nodes, LCCS(linear curvature and constant strain) and CCCS(constant curvature and constant strain) are designed based on the assumed meridional strain fields and shallow shell geometry. At the element level, meridional curvature, membrane strain and shear strain fields are assumed by using polynomials and the displacement fields are obtained by integrating the assumed strain fields along the shallowly curved meridian. The formulated elements have high order displacement fields consistent with the strain field. Several test problems are given to demonstrate the performance of the two elements. Analysis results obtained reveal that the elements are very accurate in the displacement and the stress predictions.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.123-133
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• 2007

The strain fields due to precipitates, especially S-phase $(Al_2CuMg)$ particles in Al-2.5Cu-1.5Mg wt.% alloy were first investigated with Large Angle Convergent Beam Electron Diffraction (LACBED) method. The work involves LACBED pattern simulations to estimate possibly the strength of the strain fields. To do this the morphology of S-particle was optimized as a cylindrical shape with $a_s$ axis, and the displacement vector of strain fields was assumed to be perpendicular to $a_s$ axis. With this simple model the reasonable fittings between the observed patterns of the strain fields and simulations were obtained. And in the early aging stage of the alloy the significant strain fields were not observed. As a result of this study it is expected that the strain fields due to S-phase precipitates in the stage with maximum hardness would make a complex networks to possibly contribute to hardiness of the alloy.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.20 no.8
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• pp.2540-2545
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• 1996

It is well known that in typical displacement-based curved beam elements, the stiffness matrix is overestimated and as a result displacement predictions show gross error for the thin beam case. In this paper, a stain based curved beam element with 2 nodes is formulated based on shallow beam geometry. At the element level, the curvature and membrane strain fields are approximated independently and the displacement fields are obtained by integrating the strain fields. Three test problems are given to demonstrate the numerical performance of the element. Analysis results obtained reveal that the element is free for locking and very effectively applicable to deeply as well as shallowly curved beams.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• v.23 no.1_2
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• pp.461-470
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• 2007

Parameter identification is studied in viscoelastic rods by solving an inverse problem numerically. The material properties of the rod, which appear in the constitutive relations, are recovered by optimizing an objective function constructed from reference strain data. The resulting inverse algorithm consists of an optimization algorithm coupled with a corresponding direct algorithm that computes the strain fields given a set of material properties. Numerical results are presented for two model inverse problems; (i)the effect of noise in the reference strain fields (ii) the effect of minimal reference data in space and/or time data.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 2006

Using a Rheometries Dynamic Analyzer (RDA II), the dynamic viscoelastic properties of a semi-solid ointment base (vaseline) in large amplitude oscillatory shear flow fields were measured over a temperature range of $25{\sim}45^{\circ}C$ and the linear viscoelastic behavior in small amplitude oscillatory shear flow fields was investigated over a wide range of angular frequencies. In this article, the nonlinear viscoelastic behavior was reported from the experimentally obtained data and the effect of temperature on this behavior was discussed in detail. In addition, the angular frequency and temperature dependencies of a linear viscoelastic behavior were explained. Finally, the applicability of a time-temperature superposition principle originally developed for polymeric materials was examined using a shift factor. Main results obtained from this study can be summarized as follows : (1) At very small strain amplitude region, vaseline shows a linear viscoelastic behavior independent of the imposed deformation magnitudes. Above a critical strain amplitude $({\gamma}_{0}=0.1{\sim}0.2%)$, however, vaseline exhibits a nonlinear viscoelastic behavior ; indicating that both the storage modulus and dynamic viscosity are sharply decreased with increasing deformation magnitude. (2) In large amplitude oscillatory shear flow fields, an elastic behavior (storage modulus) has a stronger strain amplitude dependence and begins to show a nonlinear behavior at a smaller strain amplitude region than does a viscous behavior (dynamic viscosity). (3) In small amplitude oscillatory shear flow fields, the storage modulus as well as the loss modulus are continuously increased as an increase in angular frequency and an elastic nature is always superior to a viscous behavior over a wide range of angular frequencies. (4) A time-temperature superposition principle can successfully be applicable to vaseline. This finding allows us to estimate the dynamic viscoelastic behavior of vaseline over an extraordinarily extended range (11 decades) of angular frequencies inaccessible from the experimentally measured range (4 decades).

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.288-296
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• 1997

Curved beam elements with two nodes based on shallow beam geometry and strain interpolations are employed in eigenvalue analysis. In these elements, the displacement interpolation functions and mass matrices are consistent with strain fields. To assess the quality of the element mass matrix in free vibration problems, several numerical experiments are performed. In these analysis, both the inconsistent mass matrices using linear displacement interpolation function and the consistent mass matrices are used to show the difference. The numerical results demonstrate that the accuracy is closely related to the property of the mass matrix as well as that of the stiffness matrix and that the mass matrix consistent with strain fields is very beneficial to eigenvalue analysis. Also, it is proved that the strain based elements are very efficient in a wide range of element aspect ratios and curvature properties.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.379-388
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• 1999

Au upper bound elemental technique(UBET) program has been developed to analyze forging load die-cavity filling and optimum kinematically admissible velocity fields for flashless forging. The simulation for flashless forgings are applied plane-strain and axisymmetric closed-die forging with rib-web type cavity. The kinematically admissible velocity fields for inverse triangular and inverse trapezoidal elements are used to analyze flashless forging,. Experiments have been carried out with pure plasticine billets at room temperature. Theoretical predictions of the forging load in plane-strain and axisymmetric forging are in good agreement with experimental results.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.2871-2882
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• 1994

Two kinds of 4-node plane stress/strain finite elements are presented in this work. They are derived from the modified Hellinger-Reissner variational principle so as to employ the internal incompatible displacement and independent stress fields, or the incompatible displacement and strain fields. The introduced incompatible functions are selected to satisfy the constant strain condition. The elements are evaluated on several problems of bending and material incompressibility with regular and distorted elements. The results show that the new elements perform excellently in the calculation of deformation and stresses.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2006.10a
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• pp.253-259
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• 2006

The effect of DC electric fields on the flame extinction was investigated experimentally in counterflow configurations for the methane/oxygen/nitrogen diffusion flame. The electric fields was applied by connecting the high voltage and ground terminals to the upper and lower burners, respectively. In case of having electric fields, several modes of flame extinction was observed according to the electric field intensity and strain rate defined by the exit velocity. To visualize and characterize the flame structure and intensity, planar LIF technique was adopted for OH radicals. Consequently, several length scales, including the flame width, thickness, and height from the burner tip, were introduced to explain the various flame behaviors and to characterize the flame extinctions. It was found that the variation of flame width and the chemical reaction are strongly related to a critical electric field intensity, thus the various modes of diffusion flame extinction could be observed due to the electric fields.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.185-199
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• 2009

Using a strain-controlled rheometer [Advanced Rheometric Expansion System (ARES)], the steady shear flow properties and the dynamic viscoelastic properties of $Antiphlamine-S^{(R)}$ lotion have been measured at $20^{\circ}C$ (storage temperature) and $37^{\circ}C$ (body temperature). In this article, the temperature dependence of the linear viscoelastic behavior was firstly reported from the experimental data obtained from a temperature-sweep test. The steady shear flow behavior was secondly reported and then the effect of shear rate on this behavior was discussed in detail. In addition, several inelastic-viscoplastic flow models including a yield stress parameter were employed to make a quantitative evaluation of the steady shear flow behavior, and then the applicability of these models was examined by calculating the various material parameters. The angular frequency dependence of the linear viscoelastic behavior was nextly explained and quantitatively predicted using a fractional derivative model. Finally, the strain amplitude dependence of the dynamic viscoelastic behavior was discussed in full to elucidate a nonlinear rheological behavior in large amplitude oscillatory shear flow fields. Main findings obtained from this study can be summarized as follows : (1) The linear viscoelastic behavior is almostly independent of temperature over a temperature range of $15{\sim}40^{circ}C$. (2) The steady shear viscosity is sharply decreased as an increase in shear rate, demonstrating a pronounced Non-Newtonian shear-thinning flow behavior. (3) The shear stress tends to approach a limiting constant value as a decrease in shear rate, exhibiting an existence of a yield stress. (4) The Herschel-Bulkley, Mizrahi-Berk and Heinz-Casson models are all applicable and have an equivalent validity to quantitatively describe the steady shear flow behavior of $Antiphlamine-S^{(R)}$ lotion whereas both the Bingham and Casson models do not give a good applicability. (5) In small amplitude oscillatory shear flow fields, the storage modulus is always greater than the loss modulus over an entire range of angular frequencies tested and both moduli show a slight dependence on angular frequency. This means that the linear viscoelastic behavior of $Antiphlamine-S^{(R)}$ lotion is dominated by an elastic nature rather than a viscous feature and that a gel-like structure is present in this system. (6) In large amplitude oscillatory shear flow fields, the storage modulus shows a nonlinear strain-thinning behavior at strain amplitude range larger than 10 % while the loss modulus exhibits a weak strain-overshoot behavior up to a strain amplitude of 50 % beyond which followed by a decrease in loss modulus with an increase in strain amplitude. (7) At sufficiently large strain amplitude range (${\gamma}_0$>100 %), the loss modulus is found to be greater than the storage modulus, indicating that a viscous property becomes superior to an elastic character in large shear deformations.