• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.99 no.1
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• pp.62-67
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• 2010

This study was carried out to develop local allometric biomass regression equations and to estimate aboveground biomass of red pine (Pinus densiflora S. et Z.) stands among three regions (Hadong, Hamyang, Sancheong) from the western regions of Gyeongnam province. We selected three natural red pine stands with similar stand ages (about 40-year-old) from each region. The allometric regression equations were significant in all tree components (P<0.05) and the determination of coefficient ($R^2$) ranged 0.87 from 0.99. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) in the biomass of tree components among three regions. The biomass was 173.3 Mg/ha in Hadong, 131.0 Mg/ha in Sancheong, and 66.5 Mg/ha in Hamyang. The proportion of biomass was 70.4-77.1% in stemwood, 10.9-15.2% in branch, 8.9-10.4% in stembark, and 3.1-4.4% in needle. The results indicated that red pine stands in the western Gyeongnam regions showed the significant difference of aboveground biomass which was attributed to site quality and stand density.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.241-250
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• 2013

Developmental process of vegetation over years after afforestation was analyzed in the Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi) plantations with different stand ages. The height and diameter of Japanese larch increased rapidly until 24 years after afforestation and tended to be blunted thereafter. The density of Japanese larch was similar with each other in the 8 and 17 years old stands but was reduced greatly in the 24 years old plantation and changing little thereafter. The floristic composition of the Japanese larch plantation did not show any clear trend depending on stand ages. The differences of species composition among plantation themselves with different ages were bigger than those between plantations and the reference stands, Mongolian oak (Quercus mongolica) stands. Japanese larch plantations showed a trend of succession to native vegetation dominated by Mongolian oak based on the results of analysis of frequency distribution by diameter class of major tree species. Species richness and diversity of all plantations were higher than those of the reference vegetation. As were shown in the above mentioned results, it can be evaluated that Japanese larch plantations practiced in the level of the functional restoration achieved successful restoration based on the floristic composition similar to the reference vegetation, the successional trend toward native vegetation, and higher species diversity compared with the reference vegetation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.6
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• pp.657-662
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• 2006

This study was carried out to investigate the changes in soil chemical properties after thinning for a Quercus acuta stand in Wan-do Arboretum, Jeollanam-do. The stem density after thinning was determined referring to that of Quercus acutissima with 10 cm diameter at breast height and soil samples were collected 7 years after thinning. There was no considerable difference in soil pH values after thinning. However, the concentrations of soil organic matter, total nitrogen and available phosphorus significantly increased after thinning. In addition, thinning significantly increased cation exchange capacity (C.E.C) and the concentrations of exchangeable cations ($K^+$, $Na^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, and $Mg^{2+}$). From this study, it was revealed that the nutrient concentrations of this study site were generally lower than those of other forest soils. Therefore, it is need to improve the warm temperate forests through thinning and to develop forest treatment for regeneration.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.71 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 1985

This study was performed to investigate the damage to the primary production of Pinus thunbergii forest from air pollution around the Yeochon Industrial Estate. The data were observed at 6 sites in the vicinity of the above area. The vitality of pine trees and the accumulation of the soluable sulfur and the fluorine were analyzed. Their value was generally increased near the source of air pollutants. The biomass density and annual net production were $1.01kg/m^3$, 5.90 t/ha/yr in the stand 4 respectively and $0.66kg/m^3$, 0.32t/hr/hr in the stand 3 respectively. The net assimilation rate was 0.4 - 1.6 kg/kg/yr and the efficiency of leaf to produce stem was 0.3 - 1.3 kg/kg/yr. The annual growth percentage of volume was 16.0% at the slightly damaged area and 4.0% at the severly damaged area. The maximum mean annual increment per tree was $0.0040m^3$ and $0.0008m^3$ in same order.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.7-14
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• 2009

Some results of the 5th Korean National Forest Inventory Program measured in 2007 were used to analyze annual diameter growth characteristics for major tree species distributed in Chungnam province. A total of 717 sample trees from 49 plots distributed in Chungnam province were measured and analyzed for annual diameter growth characteristics. As stand age and stand density increased, annual diameter growth rates for major species tended to decrease. The species of Prunus sargentii(2.14mm/yr) showed the best annual diameter growth rates and the others are Quercus serrata(2.10mm/yr), Pinus thunbergii(2.03mm/yr), Pinus densiflora(1.91mm/yr), and Castanea crenata(1.90mm/yr) in order. This information could be very useful to understand annual diameter growth characteristics for major species distributed in Chungnam province.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.100 no.3
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• pp.455-465
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• 2011

In order to assess and mitigate climate change, the role of forest biomass as carbon sink has to be understood spatially and quantitatively. Since existing forest statistics can not provide spatial information about forest resources, it is needed to predict spatial distribution of forest biomass under an alternative scheme. This study focuses on developing an upscaling method that expands forest variables from plot to landscape scale to estimate spatially explicit aboveground biomass(AGB). For this, forest stand variables were extracted from National Forest Inventory(NFI) data and used to develop AGB regression models by tree species. Dominant/codominant height and crown density were used as explanatory variables of AGB regression models. Spatial distribution of AGB could be estimated using AGB models, forest type map and the stand height map that was developed by forest type map and height regression models. Finally, it was estimated that total amount of forest AGB in Danyang was 6,606,324 ton. This estimate was within standard error of AGB statistics calculated by sample-based estimator, which was 6,518,178 ton. This AGB upscaling method can provide the means that can easily estimate biomass in large area. But because forest type map used as base map was produced using categorical data, this method has limits to improve a precision of AGB map.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.61-80
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• 1997

This study tried to propose the guidelines for the ecological preservation zoning in Korea. So some related laws and regulations were inspected, which were Natural Environment Preservation Act, Nature Park Act, Cultural Asset Conservation Act, Forest Act and Urban Planning Act. In these acts, I could find several concepts related to the ecosystem that are described as the protection area. But there aren't detailed and practical characteristics in those concepts. So for making the practical concept of ecosystem preservation, I considered Multiple Use Module, Wildlife habitat model, and Environmental evaluation model. Thorough this step, the process and methodology was established for evaluating and analysing. The potentiality of the GIS system was inspected. So the TM5 scene of the site was acquired and processed by ER-Mapper, Idrisi, Arc/Info and Arcview. And several digitized data were input by scanning and vecterizing. The Erdas format was mostly exchangeable to any program. The site is the Byonsan Peninsula National Park. The forest stand information and topographic data were digitized, types of which are forest year, DBH, density, slope, aspect etc. And also the watershed boundary, roads and paths, natural and cultural resources were mapped and analysed. Modelling of preservation suitability found the dispersed patterns for the best suitable zone through all the site. And the development potential areas were checked on downwatershed. This patterns are thought to result from the forest location for the wildlife habitat and the low altitude and no-steep slopes for developing. And Early warning system concept was introduced by overlapping these two patterns on the both potential area. As the conclusions, I proposed that the preservation zone be assigned according to the watershed unit as the main ecosystem zone. This main area should be linked by the eco-corridor through the point type eco-system. Finally, I thought the comprehensive information system should be established for making the rational and efficient decision making in natural area.

• Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.17-24
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• 2012

As the resources and power on Ad-hoc networks are limited, new data aggregation techniques are required for energy efficiency. The current research on data aggregation techniques is actively in progress, but existing studies don't consider the density of nodes. If nodes are densely placed in a particular area, the information which the sensor nodes placed on those areas detect can be judged as very strong association. But, the energy spent transmitting this information is a waste of energy. In this paper the densely-concentrated node area is designated as Hotspot_Zone in the multi-hop clustering environment using the AMC and a key node is selected in the area. If the request message of data aggregation is transmitted, the key node among the neighboring nodes sends its environmental information to a manager to avoid duplicate sensing information. Therefore, the life of networks can be prolonged due to this.

• Proceedings of the Korean Printing Society Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.13-28
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• 2007

Producing printing plate is essential progress to do offset printing. In this Film-less period, the more PS plate becomes extinct, the more the age of the Plate-Making of Exposure declines the place to stand. To do offset printing, the CTP (Computer to Plate) is taking a place of PS plate that covers speed, quality and economical problems. The biggest advantage of using CTP is that laser directly goes to the plate, thus there are no dust from the Plate-Making of Exposure. It is also theoretically able to print 200lpi${\sim}$300lpi as well as print 1751pi, because it has over 2400dpi resolution. The high quality printing could be available inside of the country, if printing machine keeps the optimum condition in offset printing. The CTP has many advantages, however there is a difficulty for the operators to preserve the equipment. The actual circumstance is that they cannot make a decision about how many dots need to be generated, and also it is necessary to know how to establish the setup at RIP on CTP to make the optimum condition output. If offset printing machine keeps the optimum condition, it would be able to print up to high quality printing however it is hard to comment what is the optimum condition for the printing machine. Anyone could say easy subjectively that machine is in the optimum condition, however it is objectively hard to estimate by number. In this research GATF / Plate Test target used to analyze the image and to make numerical value of the optimum condition of the CTP. It also used GATF / The sheep fed test printing 5.0 to know the density of the color representation, dot gain and gray balance for the optimum condition of the print machine. The purpose of this research is to represent the ISO 12647-2 which is the international standard with domestic printing equipments.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.793-803
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• 1993

This study was designed to measure viscosity, osmolality and in vitro flow rates via nasogastric tubes for 6 types of commercially available and 9 hospital-blenderized enteral solutions and to examine the effect of viscosity and osmolaility of enteral formula on the flow rates in gravity drip administration. Each solution was infused through 18, 16, 14, 12 French sizes of silicone rubber tube. Flow rates were measured six times at $25^{\circ}C$ using formula bags and drip sets hung at a uniform height on a intravenous drip stand with tube uniformly positioned in collecting container. Viscosity ranged widely from 16.0 to 195.5 cps with mean, 64.61$\pm$64.42 for hospital-blenderized formula while mean viscosity of commercial formula was 7.60$\pm$4.84 cps. Mean osmolality of commercial formula and hospital-blenderized formula were 370$\pm$100.80, 540.33$\pm$89.37 mOsm/kg respectively. There was negative relationship between viscosity of formula and flow rates through tubes but no significant relationship between flow rates and osmolalty. Some of hospital-blenderized formula was too viscous to be infused througth tube with gravity drip administration and the recipe of formula requires to be modiifed. On the other hand, commercial formula with the low viscosity flows too rapidly with large bore size tubes. Smaller size of tube must be selected for hyperosmolar solution to decrease possible side effects associated with tube feeding. Two kinds of regression equations for flow rates obtained according to viscosity and tube sizes were also presented for the purpose of practical uses. In conclusion, this study emphasizes that viscosity of fomula, osmolality, patient's tolerance and comfort, caloric density should be considered in the selection of tubes for gravify drip administration.