• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.107-119
• /
• 1993

This study was conducted to increase to increase the plant species diversity, which was based on the analysis of plant community structure and the survey of human's disturbance degree in Mt. Yongma and Mt. Acha urban nature park, Seoul. The plant community were divided into four groups by TWINSPAN and DCA. These groups were Pinus rigida-P. densiflora community, Quercus mongolica-Q.aliena-Q.accutissima community, Robinia pseudoacaia-Q.accutissima-Poplus${\times}$albaglandulosa community and R.pseudoacacia community. The successional trends of tree species seems to be from P.densiflora, P.rigida, Sorbus alniflora to Q.mongolica, Q.aliena and from P.${\times}$albaglandulosa, R.pseudoacacia, through Q.accutissima, to Q. mongolica, Q.aliena. The species diversity of plant community was high in natual plant community but was low in artificial planting community respectively. Number of species, number of species individuals, indices of species diversity was lowered and soil hardness was increased by the user's trampling, undercutting work and planting P.koraiensis after thinning. In the basis of study results, we proposed the management plan for the urban forest.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.35-47
• /
• 1990

This study was executed to analyze the vegetational landscape structure and administration planning of Heonin Royal Tomb forest by three kinds of ordination techniques (PCA, RA and DCA) and comparison of the couple photographs between 1920s and 1980s. Seventeen sites in the recreation area and fifteen sites in the protective area were sampled with clumped sampling method in June 1988 and five quadrats were examined in each site. Environmental impact grade 3, 4 and 5 area covered 56.4% of the surveyed area and these area should be restored by the input of human energy. Pinus densifora community of actual vegetation covered 8.4%, Alnus japonica 24.2% and Quercus community 40.9% of the total area. And the afforested vegetation of Pinus koraiensis and Pinus rigida covered 23.1 % The recreation area was divided by P. densiflora, P. densiflora-Quercus aliena, A. japonica-Q.aliena, A. japonica and the protective area by Q. acutissima, Q. aliena, A. japonica-Q. aliena.. DCA ordination showed that successional trends of tree species seem to be from P. densiflora, Sorbus alnifolia, Styrax obassia to Q. variabilis Q. serrata in P. densiflora community and from A. japonica through A. ginnala to Q. aliena in A. japonica community of the upper layer. By the comparison of the couple photographs between 1920s and 1980s, we can recognize the change of historical landscape composed of P. densiflora community and those community is succeeded to Q. aliena.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.37 no.5
• /
• pp.347-366
• /
• 2023

In the present study, the vegetation was classified using the phytosociological method and canonical-correlation analysis (CCA) was implemented to analyze correlation between community structure and environmental factors in the natural habitats of forest byproducts, especially medicinal plants, such as Cudrania tricuspidata, Sorbus commixta, and Hovenia dulcis, in 2021-2022 to provide primary ecological data to establish environmental conditions for wild vegetable cultivation. A total of 11 plots in five regions, 8 plots in three regions, and 17 plots in 5 regions were selected for the natural habitats of C. tricuspidata in southern Korea, S. commixta in high mountains, and H. dulcis in valleys of central Korea, respectively. The importance value in each community was respectively analyzed as follows, in C. tricuspidata community, the importance value of C. tricuspidata (61.10) was the highest, followed by Celtis sinensis, Pinus thunbergii, Neolitsea aciculata, Styrax japonica, Carpinus coreana, Quercus serrata, and Q. acutissima. In Sorbus commixta community, Q. mongolica (57.21) was the highest, followed by, S. commixta (42.58), Betula ermani, Tilia amurensis, A. pseudosieboldianum, A. tschonoskii var. rubripes, Cornus controversa, Magnolia sieboldii, and Taxus cuspidata. In H. dulcis community, H. dulcis (64.58) was the highest, followed by Zelkova serrata, Cornus controversa, A. mono, Q. serrata, C. cordata, and Juglans mandshurica. As the result of the analysis on DBH of the major species having the high importance value, in C. tricuspidata community, C. tricuspidata, C. sinensis, Neolitsea aciculata, and C. coreana show the density of normal distribution, so the dominant status of these species is likely to continue. In S. commixta community, S. commixta show the density of reverse J-shaped curve, so the dominant status of these species is likely to be stable, and Q. mongolica, B. ermani and T. amurensis, show the density of normal distribution, so the dominant status of these species is likely to continue. In H. dulcis community, C. cordata, and J. mandshurica show the density of reverse J-shaped curve, so the dominant status of these species is likely to be stable, and H. dulcis, Z. serrata, C. controversa and A. mono had a formality distribution, suggesting a continuous domination of these species over the other species for the time being. The results of CCA ordination analysis using 11 environmental factors and 30 communities of three taxa classified by TWINSPAN analysis revealed that the altitude showed the strongest correlation with the vegetation. C. tricuspidata community was distributed on the moderate and gentle northeastern slope at low altitude with the highest pH, C.E.C, Ca²⁺, and Mg² and various P₂O₅, whereas S. commixta community was distributed on the steep slope at high altitude with the highest O.M and T-N and lower P₂O₅, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, C.E.C and pH, which is the opposite tendency of the environment of C. tricuspidata community. H. dulcis community was distributed on the gentle northern slope at lower altitude with an average pH, O.M, T-N, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and C.E.C, except higher P₂O₅.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
• /
• v.25 no.5
• /
• pp.867-879
• /
• 2015

To confirm basic nutrient contents of Korean honey as a food material, we assessed New Zealand Manuka honey by measuring proximate components, vitamin C and minerals of 16 kinds of honey harvested in South Korea. The proximate composition of each honey sample was as follows: moisture content 18.45~29.84%, crude protein 0.10~0.95% (vs Manuka honey 0.23%), crude fat 0.02~0.60% (vs Manuka honey 0.34%), crude ash 0.01~.52% (vs Manuka honey 0.24%) and carbohydrate 67.90~80.94% (vs Manuka honey 79.39%), respectively. In the case of free sugars analyze by HPLC, fructose showed a content of 26.12~49.84% which was highest in acacia honey and lowest in sorbus honey. Content of glucose was 19.38~36.12% and lowest in chestnut honey, whereas sucrose, lactose, maltose were absent. Total sugar contents were 64.16% which was less than Manuka honey (70.23%) and vitamin C was not detected in all samples. Minerals were detected 15~25 kinds, including K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, Cu, Mo and so on. Ca was high in order of linden > canola > codonopsis > hedysarum honey, and K was higher than in Manuka honey in order of chestnut > hedysarum > codonopsis > jujube honey. Especially, these results suggest that Korean honey have a better nutrient content profile than Manuka honey.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.46 no.3
• /
• pp.314-319
• /
• 2017

Chlorogenic acid, a well-known polyphenol, and its derivatives, ester of caffeic acid on quinic acid moiety, are abundant in coffee, tea, fruits, and various vegetables. This study examined the effects of cryptochlorogenic acid (CCA) on osteoblast differentiation. CCA-induced mRNA expression levels of osteogenic genes in MC3T3E1 and C3H10T1/2 cells were determined by RT-PCR and qPCR. CCA regulated expression of key osteogenic genes in the early stage of differentiation, including distal-less homeobox 5 (Dlx5), DNA-binding protein inhibitor (Id1), and runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2). These results suggest that CCA may enhance osteoblast differentiation through expression of osteogenic genes such as Id1, Dlx5, and Runx2, especially in the early stage.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.36 no.4
• /
• pp.223-233
• /
• 2013

Acid deposition is one of the most serious environmental problems in ecosystems. The present study surveyed the effects of simulated acid rain on leaf litter mass loss and microbial community in the decomposing leaf litter of Sorbus anifolia in a microcosm at $23^{\circ}C$ and 40% humidity. Microbial biomass was measured by substrate-induced respiration (SIR) and phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs), and the microbial community structures were determined by composition of PLFAs at each interval of decomposition in litter sample and at each pH treatment. The microbial biomass showed peaks at mid-stage of decomposition, decreasing at the late stage. The leaf litter mass loss of S. anifolia decreased with decreasing pH during early and mid-decomposition stages; however the mass loss becomes similar between pH treatments at late-decomposition stage. The acidification remarkably lowers the microbial biomass of bacteria and fungi; however, microbial diversity was unchanged between pH treatments at each stage of litter decomposition. With changes of decomposition stage and pH treatment there were considerable differences in replacement and compensation of microbial species. Fungi/bacteria ratio was considerably changed by pH treatment. The PLFA profile showed significantly larger fungi/bacteria ratio at pH 5 than pH 3 at the early stage of decomposition, and the difference becomes smaller at the later decomposition stage. At low pH, pH 3 and pH 4, the fungi/bacteria ratios were stable according to the litter decomposition stages. Simulated acid rain caused decreases of 10Me17:0, 16:1${\omega}$7c, 18:1${\omega}$7, 15:0, but increase of 24:0. In addition, litter mass loss showed significant positive correlation with microbial biomass measured by SIR and PLFA on the decomposing leaf litter.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.16 no.9
• /
• pp.1027-1037
• /
• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the flora of Mt. Bongrae in Busan from February 2004 to May 2005. The flora in the surveyed area were identified 291 taxa that belonged to 82 families, 201 genera, 251 species, 35 varieties, and 5 forms. Among them, evergreen broad trees were identified 21 taxa, naturalized plants 30 taxa, especial plants decided by Ministry of Environment 24 taxa. By the vegetation of each slope, in northeast slope, it was dominated such as Pinus thunbergii community, Chamaecyparis obtusa community, Amorhpa fruticosa community, Trachelospermum asiaticum var. intermedium-Hedera rhombea community, north-northeast slope, it was distributed both Pinus thunbergii community and board-leaved tree community. In the southwest slope of coast site, it was presented plantation plants, according to altitude distributed such as natural vegetation, evergreen broad trees, warm-temperate plants. In southeast slope, it was to represent secondary vegetation such as Alnus firma community as a forest fire. Underside was mainly to search herbs such as naturalized plants and cruciferous family as a vegetable garden. In northwest slope, it was searched trees such as Pinus thunbergii community, Lindera obtusiloba, Styrax japonca, Prunus sargentii, Aralia elata, Zanthoxylum piperitum, Akebia quinata and herb layer such as Osmunda japonica, Allium thunbergii, Liriope platyphylla, Corydalis ochotensis, Scilla scilloides, Viola orientalis. Around the top, it was distributed such as Rhododendron mucronulatum-Rhododendron schlippenbachii community, Carpinus coreana, Viburnum erosum, Sorbus alnifolia.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.2 no.1
• /
• pp.58-65
• /
• 1999

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of rehabilitation measures on the fired woodland of Chesuk-bong in Mt. Chiri through the vegetation structure and comparison of growth pattern between natural seedlings and transplanted Abies koreana seedlings. It was also discussed the rate of standing and fallen trees of dead conifers in the management strategy for vegetation regeneration and protection of sub-alpine area. In this fired woodland, shrub layers consisting of Weigela subsessilis, Sambucus williamsii var. coreana, Rhododendron schlippenbachii, R. mucronulatum, Tripterygium regelii, and etc. were gradually expanded, and tree species such as Betula ermani, Sorbus commixta, Acer pseudosieboldianum, and Malus baccata var. mandshurica were also regenerated. The growth of height and crown width of Abies koreana seedlings transplanted for vegetation regeneration were a little lower than those of natural seedlings. The seedlings of A. koreana transplanted in this fired woodland grew about 50.6% normally, but the others had multi-branched or growth stopped by death of terminal shoot. Because the number of dead conifers by fire tend to be gradually increased as time passed, it can occurs to the soil erosion and landslide by weakness of the cohesion and resistance of soil. Therefore, it is consider that rehabilitation measures projects of the fired woodland in subalpine area may be more prevention a natural disaster like soil erosion, flood and landslide.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.57-65
• /
• 2011

The composition of species for each community of Quercus by vegetation and soil survey, the community classification by TWINSPAN, the structural characteristics of communities were used and analyzed during the period of 2000~2004 for Quercus mongolica forest. And the resulting suggestions for a subsequent planting model for forest are as follows. The Quercus mongolica community had the highest importance value for Quercus mongolica followed sequentially by Acer pseudosieboldianum, Acer mono, Rhododendron schlippenbachii, Tilia amurensis, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, and Fraxinus sieboldiana. As a result of suggesting a planting modeling for the Quercus mongolica communities in the areas with the warmth index of both $60.90{\sim}79.79^{\circ}C$ and $53.96{\sim}64.82^{\circ}C$, Quercus mongolica was absolutely dominant in case of the subtree layer for the accompaniment species of distribution in the planting modeling by tree layer in the two areas depending on the warmth index, while there were distinct differences shown in case of the lower tree layer. While Acer pseudosieboldianum, Tilia amurensis, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Sorbus alnifolia, Acer mono, etc. were appeared in the subtree layer for the areas with the warmth index of $60.90{\sim}79.79^{\circ}C$. Cornus controversa, Quercus mongolica, Fraxinus sieboldiana, etc. were many appeared in the subtree layer for the areas with the warmth index of $53.96{\sim}64.82^{\circ}C$. And, when we made ecological Quercus mongolica community, subtree layer planting is different by warmth index.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
• /
• v.38 no.2 s.149
• /
• pp.157-163
• /
• 2007

Trillium tschonoskii Maxim. is a kind of 64 endangered plant species designated by the Ministry of Environment in Korea. It is very a rare native plant throughout the country. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the native T. tschonoskii in Ulleung Island for their distribution and ecological characteristics. They were mostly distributed valley, mid-slope of the mountain from 186 to 458 m altitude. They had a little low light conditions as they faced west, north west, south west, south-south west, north-north east and east-east north. They were provided with slightly humid condition. Aerial humidities of these quadrates were variable as 21.5-71%. They were located on the variable slopes of 5 to 43 degrees. Soil humidity was slightly dry. Native sites were semi-shaded because tree layer such as Tilia insularis, Zelkova serrata, okamotoanum etc.and sub-tall tree layer such as Ligustrum foliosum, Comellia japonica, Tilia insularis, Callicarpa japonica and so on were grown near by. Woody plants such as A. Okamotoanum, Sorbus commixta, Fagus japonica var. multinervis etc. were frequently observed. These environmental conditions were suitable that T. tschonoskii grows up naturally because of high Percentage as 52.78% of blooming individuals in this study. These native sites were classified with three communities, T. tschonoskii-Majanthemum dilatatum community, T. tschonoskii-Anthriscus sylvestris community and T. tschonoskii-Hepatica maxima community in accordance with altitude and aerial humidity. The best way ffr the preservation of T. tschonoskii habitats and maintainance of its recent population is maintained in recent environmental condition and ecological condition without any management by human-being.