• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.133-142
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• 2008

This paper studies the early-aged chloride binding capacity of various blended concretes including OPC(ordinary Portland cement), PFA(pulversied fly ash), GGBFS(ground granulated blast furnace slag) and SF(silica fume) cement paste. Cement pastes with 0.4 of a free water/binder ratio were cast with chloride admixed in mixing water, which ranged from 0.1 to 3.0% by weight of cement and different replacement ratios for the PFA, GGBFS and SF were used. The content of chloride in each paste was measured using water extraction method after 7 days curing. It was found that the chloride binding capacity strongly depends on binder type, replacement ratio and total chloride content. An increase in total chloride results in a decrease in the chloride binding, because of the restriction of the binding capacity of cement matrix. For the pastes containing maximum level of PFA(30%) and GGBFS(60%) replacement in this study, the chloride binding capacity was lower than those of OPC paste, and an increase in SF resulted in decreased chloride binding, which are ascribed to a latent hydration of pozzolanic materials and a fall in the pH of the pore solution, respectively. The chloride binding capacity at 7 days shows that the order of the resistance to chloride-induced corrosion is 30%PFA > 10%SF > 60%GGBFS > OPC, when chlorides are internally intruded in concrete. In addition, it is found that the binding behaviour of all binders are well described by both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.165-175
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• 2024

As living standards improve, the demand for quiet and comfortable environments is increases. However, noise sources are rising due to population growth, urbanization, and industrialization. One solution to this problem is low-noise asphalt pavement, which has fewer installation regulations and can reduce noise at the source. Despite its advantages, there are few evaluation cases and no domestic guidelines for low-noise asphalt pavement. This study aims to evaluate the overall performance of low-noise asphalt pavement on roads in Seoul, focusing on average noise levels, skid resistance, and permeability. Noise measurements were conducted using a digital noise analyzer according to the Ministry of Environment's standards. Results indicated that noise reduction was maintained for 1 to 2 years but decreased over time. Skid resistance, assessed with the British Pendulum Tester, showed excellent performance with values above the standard of 57 in the initial stages after paving. Permeability, evaluated using the KS F 2394 method, was initially effective across all sections but declined over time.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.258-266
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• 2005

Licorice Extract and Erythritol, food additives used in korea, are widely used in foods as sweetener. Its application for use in food is regulated by the standard and specification for food additives but official analytical method far determination of these sweetener in food has not been established. Accordingly, we has been carried out to set up analytical method of the glycyrrhizic acid in several foods by the way of thin layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography glycyrrhizic acid is qualitative anaylsis technique consists of clean-up with a sep-pak $C_{18}$ cartridge, separation of the sweeteners by Silica gel 60 F254 TLC plate using 1-butanol:4Nammonia solution:ethanol (50:20:10) as mobile solvent. Also, the quantitative analysis for glycyrrhizic acid, was performed using Capcell prk $C_{18}$ column at wavelength 254nm and DW:Acetonitrile (62:38 (pH2.5)) as mobile phase. and we has been carried out to set up analytical method of the erythritol in several foods by the way of high performance liquid chromatography. erythritol is qualitative anaylsis technique consists of clean-up with a DW and hexane. The quantitative analysis for erythritol, was performed using Asahipak NH2P-50 column, Rl and DW:Acetonitrile (25:75) as mobile phase. The glycyrrhizic acid results determined as glycyrrhizic acid in 105 items were as follows; N.D$\∼$48.7ppm for 18 items in soy sauce, N.D$\∼$5.3ppm for 12 items in sauce, N.D$\∼$988.93ppm for 15 items in health food, N.D$\∼$180.7ppm for 26 items in beverages, N.D$\∼$2.6ppm for 8 items in alcoholic beverages repectively and ND for 63 items in the ethers. The erythritol results determined as erythritol in 52 items were as follows; N.D$\∼$155.6ppm for 13 items in gm, N.D$\∼$398.1ppm for 12 items in health foods repectively and ND for 45 items in the others.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.373-379
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• 2007

Purpose : There is difference between PET and PET/CT method on their transmission image for attenuation correction. The CT image is used for attenuation correction on PET/CT and the parameters of CT may be affected on PET image. We performed the phantom study to evaluate whether the change of CT parameters(kilovolts peak and milliampere) affect standardized uptake value(SUV) on PET image. Material and Method: The data spectrum lung phantom containing diluted [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) solution(1.909 mCi for phantom 1, $913\;{\mu}Ci$ for phantom 2) was used. The CT images of phantom were acquired with varying parameters (80, 100, 120, 140 for kVp, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 for mA). The PET images were reconstructed with the each CT images and SUVs were compared. Result : The SUVs of phantom 1 reconstructed with each 80, 100, 120 and 140 kVp showed $12.26{\pm}0.009$, $12.27{\pm}0.005$, $12.27{\pm}0.006$ and $12.27{\pm}0.009$, respectively. The SUVs of phantom 2 revealed $4.52{\pm}0.043$, $4.53{\pm}0.004$, $4.52{\pm}0.007$ and $4.52{\pm}0.005$ with elevation of voltage. There was no statistically significant difference of SUVs between groups based on various kVp. Also SUVs of phantom 1 and 2 showed no significant change with elevation of milliampere in CT parameter. Conclusion : The parameters of CT did not significantly affect SUV on PET image in our study. Therefore we can apply various parameters of CT appropriated for clinical conditions without significant change of SUV on PET CT image.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.143-155
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• 2018

The Natural Landscape Rating System was introduced in the amendment of the NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CONSERVATION ACT in 2006. For landscape preservation, the system aims to consider the effects of development projects or plans implemented in a natural landscape on skylines, scenic resources, and view corridors. Currently, a lack of consistency in standards for determining Landscape Control Points (LCP) to assess landscape impact lowers the accuracy and reliability of the assessment results. As the perception of and the impact on a landscape varies, depending on the location of the LCP, it is necessary to establish a reasonable set of criteria to select viewpoints and avoid unreliability in the assessment due to unclear criteria. The intent of this study is to propose an objective and reasonable set of criteria for LCP selection to effectively measure the impact on the landscape from development projects that anticipate a change in the landscape and, ultimately, to suggest basic analysis methods to assess the landscape impact of development projects and to monitor the landscape in the future. Among the development projects affecting natural landscapes, as reported in the statement of the environmental impact assessment, cases of construction of a single building or other small-scale development projects were studied. Four spot development projects were analyzed in depth for their landscape impacts, in order to make recommendations for the LCP selection procedure, which aims to widen the scope of selection according to the direction of viewpoints from the target site. The existing results of analysis based on LCP have limitations because they failed to cover the viewshed of the target buildings when there are topographical changes in the surroundings. As a solution to this problem, a new viewshed analysis method has been proposed, with a focus on the development site and target buildings, rather than viewpoints, as used in past analysis.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.11-26
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• 1984

The aim of this study is to establish a synthetical optimal method that simultaneously analyze and design reinforced concrete flat slab-column structures involving multi-constraints and multi-design variables. The variables adopted in this mathematical models consist of design variables including sectional sizes and steel areas of frames, and analysis variable of the ratio of bending moment redistribution. The cost function is taken as the objective function in the formulation of optimal problems. A number of constraint equations, involving the ultimate limit state and the serviceability limit state, is derived in accordance with BSI CP110 requirements on the basis of limit state design theory. Both objective function and constraint equations derived from design variables and an analysis variable generally become high degree nonlinear problems. Using SLP as an analytical method of nonlinear optimal problems, an optimal algorithm is developed so as to analyze and design the structures considered in this study. The developed algorithm is directly applied to a few reinforced concrete flat slab-column structures to assure the validity of it and the possibility of optimization From the research it is found that the algorithm developed in this study is applicable to the optimization of reinforced concrete flat slab column structures and it converges to a optimal solution with 4 to 6 iterations regardless of initial variables. The result shows that an economical design can be possible when compared with conventional designs. It is also found that considering the ratio of bending moment redistribution as a variable is reasonable. It has a great effect on the composition of optimal sections and the economy of structures.

• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.137-154
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• 2008

The increase of the supply of medical service and the increase of hospitals have intensified the competition of hospitals, and the advancement towards internationalization in the opening of medical industry has triggered the infinite competition of medical profession. In addition, the high expectation of customers and quality improvement in the medical care in accordance with the improvement of overall income, and the change of active role of medical consumers according to the popularization and the improvement of rights awareness reflect the customer needs and choice in the medical service. Customers wanted to receive the kind and pleasant service under the up-to-date medical service. Therefore, as a solution, hospital coordinators were emerged for the purpose of smooth treatment and customer satisfaction by generalizing all service of hospital. Accordingly, this thesis attempted to investigate the effect of hospital coordinator education curriculum on the education satisfaction and the quality of medical service. In order to solve the purpose of this study, I, author reviewed the existing literatures, established hypothesis, and verified hypothesis by using the variety of statistics techniques such as reliability, validity, frequency analysis, and regression analysis. The verification of hypothesis is as followings: First, among education training factors of hospital coordinators, the quality of instructor significantly affects the satisfaction of hospital coordinator education training. Second, among training factors of hospital coordinator, the attitude of trainee significantly affects the training satisfaction of hospital coordinator. Third, among education training factors of hospital coordinator, education course significantly affects the training satisfaction of hospital coordinator education. As the qualities of instructor are better equipped, the satisfaction of education becomes higher. It indicates that the education method of instructors is important as an index to represent the qualities of instructor such as the appropriateness of education method, preparation, passion, visual materials, the adequacy of education procession, and specialized knowledge, and it has important effect on the satisfaction of education. In order to enhance the satisfaction of hospital coordinator education, the creation of education environment, making trainee concentrate on the education, is required by appropriately allocating programs, arousing interest in education, based on the attitude of trainee, discussion, and preliminary programs, preparation, ahead of enforcement of education. Fourth, the satisfaction of hospital coordinator education training significantly affects the reliability among the qualities of medical service. Fifth, satisfaction of hospital coordinator education training significantly affects hospitality I kindness among the qualities of medical service. If the education satisfaction of trainee is high, it is effective in the practical application such as dealing with complaints, the duty performance for the patients, and so on in offering the medical service, related to reliability and furthermore, we can find the positive change in the attitude change of medical professions related to the reliability of hospital coordinator. In addition, in the process of offering medical services such as the kind explanation on the duty, rapid response to the customers inquiry, and tidy uniform, practical effect was verified. Sixth, the education training factor of hospital coordinator significantly affects the reliability among the quality of medical service. Seventh, the education training factors of hospital coordinator significantly affect hospitality/kindness. In the education of hospital coordinator, the methods to attract the interest of trainee by emphasizing reliability should be sought and for gaining the practical effect of hospital coordinator education, the sufficient preparation and investigation on the education curriculum should be prerequisite and under this condition, intensified discussion on the instructor and education course is needed. In the design of education course, more education hours and subjects should be allocated in the part of hospitality in order to improve the practical application of hospitality. Therefore, it is meaningful in a sense that this study newly approached the components of hospital coordinator education and the need to modify the quality components of medical service in accordance with the study subjects was raised. This study also finds its meaning in that it provides basic materials for the study of future hospital coordinator education by suggesting the system development model of hospital coordinator education through preliminary study of education training. In addition, this study is meaningful in the aspect that it suggested the direction of education training by showing how the hospital coordinator education training would applied to the hospital coordinator course of the Continuing Education Center at Pusan and Kyungnam National University to some extent. Since all investigation of this study was approached from the side of hospital coordinator, the thoughts of patients who are beneficiaries of medical service, and care givers cannot be identified. Therefore, the satisfaction of patients and care givers through the experience of medical service, which is the essential prerequisite of medical service, should be importantly considered and investigated. Accordingly, The study of comparing and analyzing the views of both patients and care givers should be carried out in the future.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.217-222
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• 2014

This study was performed to evaluate the sporicidal efficacy of a fumigation disinfectant containing 20% ortho-phenylphenol against Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) spores. In this research, efficacy test of fumigant against C. perfringens spores was carried out according to French standard NF T 72-281. C. perfringens spores working culture suspension number (N value), all the spore numbers on the carriers exposed with the fumigant (n1, n2, and n3), the number of bacterial spore suspensions by pour plate method (N1), the number of bacterial spore suspensions by filter membrane method (N2) and the mean number of bacterial spore recovered on the control-carriers (T value) were obtained from the preliminary test. In addition, the reduction number of C. perfringens spores exposed with the fumigant (d value) was calculated using T value, the mean number of bacterial spore in recovery solution (n'1) and the mean number of bacterial spore on carriers plated in agar (n'2). N value was $4.3{\times}10^7spores/mL$, and n1, n2, and n3 were higher than 0.5N1, 0.5N2 and 0.5N1, respectively. Additionally, T value was $4.9{\times}10^5spores/carrier$. In the sporicidal effect of the fumigant, the d value was 4.52log reduction. According to the French standard for the fumigant, the d value for the effective sporicidal fumigant should be over than 3log reduction. The results indicated that Fumagari $OPP^{(R)}$ had an efficient sporicidal activity against spores of C. perfringens, then the fumigant can be applied to disinfect food materials and kitchen appliances contaminated with bacterial spores.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.105-108
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• 1993

A new devised conductivity meter was used in the rapid and convenient determination of salt contents of soysauce and margarine. The equation $(1){\sim}(5)$ was set up between the electric conductivity (x) for 100 times diluted solution of soysauce and the salt contents (y). y=0.083x-1.253 $(at\;15^{\circ}C)$ (1) y=0.077x-2.062 $(at\;20^{\circ}C)$ (2) y=0.071x-2.686 $(at\;25^{\circ}C)$ (3) y=0.066x-3.153 $(at\;30^{\circ}C)$ (4) y=0.062x-3.522 $(at\;35^{\circ}C)$ (5) y=(-0.001139t+0.0999)x+(-0.126t+0.557) $(temperature\;range;\;15{\sim}35^{\circ}C)$ (6) y=salt contents [%], x=conductivity $[{\mu}{\Omega}^{-1}{\cdot}cm^{-1}]$, $t=temp.\;[^{\circ}C]$. The salt contents could be estimated by the equation $(1){\sim}(6)$ and the measured conductivity. The estimated salt contents agreed with that determined by conventional method within 0.27[%] as salt contents. For margarine, the equation (7) was setup between the conductivity (x) and the salt contents (y) y=0.00266x+0.057 $(at\;20^{\circ}C)$ (7) y=salt contents [%], x=conductivity $[{\mu}{\Omega}^{-1}{\cdot}cm^{-1}]$ The salt contents estimated with the equation (7) and the measured condutivity agreed with that determined by conventional method within 0.028[%] as salt contents. The electric conductivity obtained with conductivity meter could be a valuable criteria salt contents test of Korean soysauce and margarine determining in a few second or minute by handy compact portable meter.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.12-16
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• 2012

Purpose : In conventional PET image reconstruction, iterative reconstruction methods such as OSEM (Ordered Subsets Expectation Maximization) have now generally replaced traditional analytic methods such as filtered back-projection. This includes improvements in components of the system model geometry, fully 3D scatter and low noise randoms estimates. SharpIR algorithm is to improve PET image contrast to noise by incorporating information about the PET detector response into the 3D iterative reconstruction algorithm. The aim of this study is evaluation of SharpIR reconstruction method in PET/CT. Materials and Methods: For the measurement of detector response for the spatial resolution, a capillary tube was filled with FDG and scanned at varying distances from the iso-center (5, 10, 15, 20 cm). To measure image quality for contrast recovery, the NEMA IEC body phantom (Data Spectrum Corporation, Hillsborough, NC) with diameters of 1, 13, 17 and 22 for simulating hot and 28 and 37 mm for simulating cold lesions. A solution of 5.4 kBq/mL of $^{18}F$-FDG in water was used as a radioactive background obtaining a lesion of background ratio of 4.0. Images were reconstructed with VUE point HD and VUE point HD using SharpIR reconstruction algorithm. For the clinical evaluation, a whole body FDG scan acquired and to demonstrate contrast recovery, ROIs were drawn on a metabolic hot spot and also on a uniform region of the liver. Images were reconstructed with function of varying iteration number (1~10). Results: The result of increases axial distance from iso-center, full width at half maximum (FWHM) is also increasing in VUE point HD reconstruction image. Even showed an increasing distances constant FWHM. VUE point HD with SharpIR than VUE point HD showed improves contrast recovery in phantom and clinical study. Conclusion: By incorporating more information about the detector system response, the SharpIR algorithm improves the accuracy of underlying model used in VUE point HD. SharpIR algorithm improve spatial resolution for a line source in air, and improves contrast recovery at equivalent noise levels in phantoms and clinical studies. Therefore, SharpIR algorithm can be applied as through a longitudinal study will be useful in clinical.