• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.817-827
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• 2006

Purpose : This study was designed 1) to compare the perception of dental professionals and lay people with respect to minor variations in maxillary anterior tooth size and alignment and their relation to the surrounding soft tissues, and 2) to evaluate the normal tooth-gingiva topographical relationships in periodontally healthy young subjects, Materials and methods : Maxillary anterior teeth were intentionally diagrammed in varying degree of deviation with respect to one of three common anterior esthetic discrepancies including variations in crown length, shape of gingival margin, and length of interproximal contact, 17 images were generated to be preferentially selected by 2 groups consisting of dental professionals and lay people (total of 740). Smiling photographs of 120 dental students who had healthy periodontium were taken and the photographic images were analyzed to be classified as 17 kinds of altered image groups. Results : The results demonstrated noticeable difference between the varying levels of discrepancy. Both group preferred gingival margin of lateral incisor to be 0.5mm lower than that of central incisor. Lay people preferred the gingival margin shape that has 2/9 horizontal component of the crown width, while dental professionals preferred the gingival margin shape that has 1/9 horizontal component of the crown width. Lay people preferred longer length of the interproximal contact (two thirds of the crown length), whereas dental professionals preferred shorter length of the interproximal contact (half of the crown length). Photographic analysis of normal esthetic gingival topography revealed 2/9 horizontal component and short length of the interproximal contact which was of the hybrid nature of the preferences shared by lay people and dental professionals. Conclusion: The results of this study show that dental professionals and lay people demonstrated significant difference in their preference of dental esthetic components, which may then influence the decision making process by dental professionals with respect to designing the anterior esthetic gingival line.

• Journal of Korean Association for Spatial Structures
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• v.7 no.2 s.24
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• pp.115-124
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• 2007

The initial shape is arrived at by a self-formation process, which accomplishes a form in the natural world, or is determined analytically by considering the equilibrium of initial stress only. Therefore, the self-formation process, which accomplishes a form in the natural world is grasped and the types of modeling techniques available to find the shapes of soft structures are well investigated and classified. To establish a form-finding modeling techniques, the models of string, soap film, fabric, rubber, plaster, and etc. are used. These modeling techniques can be used as a method of understanding the characteristics of structures when the material of model shows similar characteristics. Generally, the model test confirms the structure based on numerical analysis, at the same time it is important preceding process to develop such a program. With the above process, the relationship between model test and numerical analysis becomes a feedback process. Therefore, in this study, two examples which have been accomplished from such a technique are investigated and considered according to modeling process.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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• v.43 no.12 s.354
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• pp.1-8
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• 2006

In this paper, we propose carrier phase synchronization algorithm which are base on turbo coded system for DVB-RCS. There have been two categories of phase estimator, single estimator outside turbo code decoder and multiple estimators inside turbo code decoder. In single estimator, we use the estimation algorithm that ML(Maximum Likelihood) and LMS(Least Mean Square), also three different soft decision methods are proposed. Multiple estimator apply PSP(Per Survivor Processing) algorithm additionally. We compared performance between single estimator and Multiple estimator in AWGN channel. We presented the two methods of PSP algorithm for performance elevation. First is the Bi-directional channel estimation and second is binding method.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.142-148
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• 2015

Due to advancements in technology and manufacturing capability, it is not uncommon that life tests yield no or few failures at low stress levels. In these situations it is difficult to analyse lifetime data and make meaningful inferences about product or system reliability. For some products or systems whose performance characteristics degrade over time, a failure is said to have occurred when a performance characteristic crosses a critical threshold. The measurements of the degradation characteristic contain much useful and credible information about product or system reliability. Degradation measurements of the performance characteristics of an unfailed unit at different times can directly relate reliability measures to physical characteristics. Reliability prediction based on physical performance measures can be an efficient and alternative method to estimate for some highly reliable parts or systems. If the degradation process and the distance between the last measurement and a specified threshold can be established, the remaining useful life is predicted in advance. In turn, this prediction leads to just in time maintenance decision to protect systems. In this paper, we describe techniques for mapping product or system which has degrading performance parameter to the associated classical reliability measures in the performance domain. This paper described a general modeling and analysis procedure for reliability prediction based on one dominant degradation performance characteristic considering pseudo degradation performance life trend model. This pseudo degradation trend model is based on probability modeling of a failure mechanism degradation trend and comparison of a projected distribution to pre-defined critical soft failure point in time or cycle.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.501-506
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• 2023

This article portrays the authors' experience with a complex lower limb bone and soft tissue defect, following chronic osteomyelitis and pathological fracture, which was managed by the multidisciplinary orthoplastic team. The decision for functional amputation versus limb salvage was deemed necessary, enhanced by the principles of "spare parts" in reconstructive microsurgery. This case describes the successful use of the osteocutaneous distal tibia turn-up fillet flap that allowed "lowering the level of the amputation" from a through knee to a below-knee amputation (BKA) to preserve the knee joint function. We comprehensibly review reports of turn-up flaps which effectively lower the level of amputation, also applying "spare-parts" surgery principles and explore how these concepts refine complex orthoplastic approaches when limb salvage is not possible to enhance function. The osteocutaneous distal tibia turn-up fillet flap is a robust technique for modified BKA reconstructions that provides sufficient bone length to achieve a tough, sensate stump and functional knee joint.

• Strategy21
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• s.33
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• pp.5-36
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• 2014

This article aims to analyze the diplomatic challenges currently facing China as well as the foreign policy the Xi Jinping administration is adopting to address them. With these purposes in mind, it will look into three areas: first, diplomatic tasks confronting the Xi leadership; second, foreign policy that the Xi administration has implemented since the 18th Party Congress in 2012; and third, the prospects for China's foreign policy under the Xi leadership. As the Xi Jinping administration entered into office, it has encountered two major diplomatic challenges. One is the searching for a new foreign policy, and the other the restructuring of the existing foreign affairs and national security systems. The Xi administration, during its first year in office, has responded actively to tackle these issues. To begin with, it has attempted to make some adjustments on foreign policy while maintaining the Deng Xiaoping line of foreign policy. One of these modifications is placing emphasis on national "core interest," as illustrated by changes in guideline for maritime conflicts, pushing for building maritime power, and proclamation of Air Defense Identification Zone in the East China Sea. Second is the decision on the new guideline for peripheral diplomacy. That is, the administration regarded creating peaceful and stable environments to realize "Chinese Dream" as an important goal of foreign policy, and proposed such new guiding ideology as "familiarity, integrity, benefit, and accommodation." In additoin, the Xi administration restructured the existing foreign affairs and national security systems. Establishing the Central State Security Committee and the Internet Leading Small Group (LSG) are cases in point. As comprehensive organizations for policy coordination that encompass party, government, and military, the two LSGs are in charge of enacting related policies and fine-tuning policy implementation, based upon leadership consisting of chiefs of each relevant organs. Moreover, since Xi himself became the chief of these two newly-found organs, the conditions under which these LSGs could demonstrate unified leadership and adjusting role in its implementation of military, diplomatic, and security policies were developed. The future Chinese diplomacy will be characterized with three main trends. First, peripheral diplomacy will be reinforced. The peripheral diplomacy has become far more important since the Work Conference on Peripheral Diplomacy in October 2013. Second, economic diplomacy will be strengthened with an eye on reducing the "China Threat Theory," which still exists in Asia. Third, the policies to isolate the Philippines and Japan will continue in regard to maritime disputes. All in all, Chinese diplomacy in the Xi Jinping era is likely to feature practical diplomacy which combines both hard and soft approaches to best realize Chinese national interest.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.383-396
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• 2014

The condition, characteristics, and stability of slopes, as well as the consequences of slope failure, need to be understood for the proper stabilization of slopes and preclusion of potential disasters arising from slope failure. Here, a slope code system (SCS) that succinctly and accurately reflects the various conditions of a slope is proposed. The SCS represents the condition, characteristics, and geotechnical stability of slopes, as well as the consequences of slope failure, and the method is quickly and easily applied to a given slope. The SCS comprises five elements: 1) the slope material; 2) the genetic origin (rock type) and geological structure of the slope; 3) the geotechnical stability of the slope; 4) the probability of failure and remedial works made upon the slope; and 5) the consequences of failure. A letter code is selected from each element, and the result of the evaluation and classification of the slope is given as a five-letter code. Because the condition, characteristics, and geotechnical stability of a slope, as well as the consequences of slope failure, are provided by the SCS, this system will provide an effective mechanism for the maintenance and management of slopes, and will also allow more informed decision-making for determining which slopes should be prioritized for remedial measures.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.133-163
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• 2007

Growth in the outsourcing market signals that firms of all sizes believe outsourcing will ultimately deliver many benefits and conveniences. But there are not many firms satisfied with the results of outsourcing. What is more, previous researches were fragmentary analyses focused on specific variables of outsourcing such as sourcing decisions, partnership rather than comprehensive analysis. Thus, they could not propose general systematic methodologies applicable to the real situation. To solve these problems, we developed an integrated theoretical framework that considered both contract with the hard side and trust with the soft side from a contingency viewpoint and tested this model using 143 data of Korean companies executing outsourcing. In addition, we examined how situational factors(outsourcing task complexity and outsourcing management competence) affects each path in the research model. The results of this study are as follows. First, it was proved the theory that trust is not a substitute for contract but its complement. Previous empirical studies on outsourcing success factors were focused on the establishment of successful partnership on the assumption that trust can replace contract in many situations. According to the results of our empirical analysis, however, contract and trust were in a mutually complementary relation with each other and their emphasis was different. Furthermore, different from previous researches, it was found effective to use trust as a supplementary tool and contract as a main means in outsourcing management strategy. Second, this study provided an integrated view that sees both contract and trust from a contingency viewpoint in theoretically reestablishing the relationship between contract and trust. Previous researches leaned to specific variables or theory-centered fragmentary analysis, but this study proposed a more practical and integrated research model and tested its effectiveness. Based on the results, with the model, decision makers are expected to scrutinize outsourcing situation more closely and to have a practical insight to the situation. Third, it was found that contract mechanism and trust building do not have a direct effect on outsourcing performance but relationship management intensity mediates the effect of contract mechanism and trust building. This is considered significantly meaningful to outsourcing partners who have believed that outsourcing would be successful if a contract is made properly or trust is built. Lastly, the path from trust building to relationship management intensity was moderated by informed buying, as the path coefficients from trust building to relationship management intensity varied by the degree of informed buying competence.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.203-319
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• 2020

The regulation of satellite remote sensing is generally included with the scope of statutes governing outer space activities. But not all states opted for dedicated satellite remote sensing regulation. The decision whether to do so depends in part on the specific capabilities of national satellite remote sensing programs. Five states that have dedicated statutes governing operations with remote sensing data are the United States, with its developed Landsat regime (the Land Remote Sensing Policy Act of 1992, LRSPA), Canada, with its Remote Sensing Systems Act, Germany, with its Satellite Data Securities Protection Act (SatDSiG), France, with its Law on Space Operations (LOS), Japan, with its Act on Ensuring Appropriate Handling of Satellite Remote Sensing Data. The major purpose of this article is to shed light on some legal issues surrounding remote sensing activities by comparative review. The paper analyzes international conventions or soft law and national law and policies relating to satellite remote sensing. It also offers some implications and suggestions for regulations of satellite remote sensing operations and satellite data.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.41 no.7
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• pp.97-103
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• 2004

In this paper, we propose a high speed block turbo code decoding algorithm and an efficient hardware architecture. The multimedia wireless data communication systems need channel codes which have the high-performance error correcting capabilities. Block turbo codes support variable code rates and packet sizes, and show a high performance due to a soft decision iteration decoding of turbo codes. However, block turbo codes have a long decoding time because of the iteration decoding and a complicated extrinsic information operation. The proposed algorithm using the threshold that represents a channel information reduces the long decoding time. After the threshold is decided by a simulation result, the proposed algorithm eliminates the calculation for the bits which have a good channel information and assigns a high reliability value to the bits. The threshold is decided by the absolute mean and the standard deviation of a LLR(Log Likelihood Ratio) in consideration that the LLR distribution is a gaussian one. Also, the proposed algorithm assigns '1', the highest reliable value, to those bits. The hardware design result using verilog HDL reduces a decoding time about 30% in comparison with conventional algorithm, and includes about 20K logic gate and 32Kbit memory sizes.