• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.643-661
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• 2015

Korea Teachers Pension (private school pension) is a mandatory pension and a social security system for private school teachers to ensure the stability of subscribers by a supplying pension when they (and their dependents) face future economic risk due to retirement or death. Therefore, the Teachers Pension must provide stability and sustainability in regards to adequacy of income and to function as a pension. However, the Government Employees Pension System (GEPS) of Korea (the most representative special occupation pension) recorded a fiscal deficit in 2001 and with an accumulated deficit that is expected to grow; subsequently, various plans for the reform of GEPS have been actively discussed. The Korea Teachers Pension system is based on the GEPS scheme and is not free from the GEPS discussions on reforms of national pension. The current system for the Teachers Pension needs to be improved because it is expected to be depleted within the next 30 years due to low fertility and an aging population in Korea. This study discusses existing Teachers Pension schemes problems and suggests a projection method and revised plans to improve it. We use long-term financial projections of the Teachers Pension to estimate the fund exhaustion point and the minus balance of the financial scale as well as analyze the supply-demand burden structure that reflects the future population structure to propose Teachers Pension reforms that will improve stability and adequacy.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.2-8
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• 2019

Objectives: This study aimed to compare the quality of life reported by patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to the patients' quality of life as reported by their caregivers. In addition, it aimed to examine how emotional problems, including depression and anxiety, and the severity of the symptoms affect the quality of life reported by the patients and their caregivers. Methods: The patients' quality of life and their degree of depression and anxiety were measured using the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) 4.0 Child Self-Report, the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), and the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale, respectively. The caregivers' perception of the patients' quality of life and severity of the ADHD symptoms were measured using the PedsQL 4.0 Parent Proxy Report and the Conners' Parent Rating Scale (CPRS), respectively. A total of 66 participants completed the survey. The independent-samples t-test, Pearson's correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis were conducted. Results: The mean score of the PedsQL 4.0 Child Self-Report was significantly higher than the mean score of the PedsQL 4.0 Parent Proxy Report. However, for school function, the PedsQL 4.0 Child Self-Report score was significantly lower than that of Parent Proxy Report. The correlation between the PedsQL 4.0 Child Self-Report and PedsQL 4.0 Parent Proxy Report scores was significant only for emotional function and social function. The multiple regression analysis showed that the PedsQL 4.0 Child Self-Report and PedsQL 4.0 Parent Proxy Report scores were significantly predicted by the CDI and CPRS scores, respectively. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that there are clear differences between the quality of life reported by the patient themselves and that reported by their caregivers. In addition, the findings suggest that it is critical to treat the patients' accompanying depressive symptoms.

• Korean Journal of School Psychology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.175-195
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• 2021

Intimate friendships and a sense of belonging have positive effects on adolescent's psychological adaptation. Belongingness orientation is the motivation to belong. It is divided into growth orientation and deficit-reduction orientation, both of which have different effects on psychological adaptation and interpersonal characteristics. This study was conducted to determine how adolescents' belongingness orientation affected their psychological adaptation and friend networks. Students in their second year of middle school were surveyed both at the beginning and end of the spring semester. Friend networks were measured through network centrality analysis. Multilevel regression analysis produced three major results. The first major result was that the correlations between growth orientation and loneliness and between growth orientation and stress at the beginning of the spring semester was statistically significant even when friend network centrality was included in the analysis model, but the correlation between deficit-reduction orientation and loneliness and between deficit-reduction orientation and stress were not statistically significant. The second major result was that growth orientation significantly predicted friend network centrality at the end of the spring semester. This effect was significant even when friend network centrality at the beginning of the semester and psychological adaptation level at the end of the spring semester were added to the analysis model. The third major result was that the correlation between friend network centrality at the end of the semester and psychological adaptation level was statistically significant even when psychological adaptation levels at the beginning and the end of the semester were included in the analysis model. This study is meaningful in that it had a short-term longitudinal design and empirically demonstrated the relationship between belongingness orientation and psychological adaptation level of adolescents and between belongingness orientation and the development of friend networks. Lastly, we discussed limitations of this study and provided suggestions for future research.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.232-237
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• 2022

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) having core characteristics of social interaction problems and repetitive behaviors and interests affects individuals at varying degrees and comorbidities, making it difficult to determine the precise etiology underlying the symptoms. Given its heterogeneity, ASD is difficult to treat and the development of therapeutics is slow due to the scarcity of animal models that are easy to produce and screen with. Based on the theory of excitation/inhibition imbalance in the brain with ASD which involves glutamatergic and/or GABAergic neurotransmission, a pharmacologic agent to modulate these receptors might be a good starting point for modeling. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) is an amino acid derivative acting as a specific agonist at the NMDA receptor and therefore imitates the action of the neurotransmitter glutamate on that receptor. In contrast to glutamate, NMDA selectively binds to and regulates the NMDA receptor, but not other glutamate receptors such as AMPA and kainite receptors. Given this role, we aimed to determine whether NMDA administration could result in autistic-like behavior in adolescent mice. Both male and female mice were treated with saline or NMDA (50 and 75 mg/kg) and were tested on various behavior experiments. Interestingly, acute NMDA-treated mice showed social deficits and repetitive behavior similar to ASD phenotypes. These results support the excitation/inhibition imbalance theory of ASD and that NMDA injection can be used as a pharmacologic model of ASD-like behaviors.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.68 no.2
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• pp.161-184
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions in treatments and experiences of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders (ADHD) for mothers parenting a child with ADHD. Using Giorgi's 4 stages, this study investigated the meaning of ADHD treatments for mothers. Data were collected from December 2014 to February 2015 for 3 months with a sample of 13 mothers of children with ADHD via in-depth interviews. Collected data was analyzed using an interpretative phenomenological approach. Dominant issues identified were: I (mother) need to be changed for my child; Through mothers' experiences of lack of self-determination about a child with ADHD, they realized ignorance, chaos, and anxiety. While they experience multiple negative feeling, there is a positive change with unresolved issues. The findings highlight the correct awareness of ADHD and incorporated therapies for mothers and children with ADHD to improve treatment retention. Also, specialized services would be developed for mothers to promote their positive attitude to life, which is vital to cultivating the correct self-awareness.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.8
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• pp.207-219
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• 2014

Recognizing the lack of empirical study that evaluates the influence of social care services on care sufficiency of individuals with disability, we have focused our study on the following research questions: What is the level of care sufficiency for individuals with disability?, What is the profile of care for individuals with disability from both formal and informal providers?, What are the service use conditions and determinants of social care service use?. This study analyzed data of 1204 individuals with disability who needed daily assistance from 5th wave of Korea Welfare Panel Study. Results showed that 50% of the respondents experienced care deficit. 77% of the respondents received no care from informal care providers and 90% from formal care providers. Despite social care services brought by the expansion of socialization of care, the average number of social service use on care was less than 1, which suggests that socialization of care did not significantly contribute to care sufficiency. In addition, for people who are 64 or younger, social care services was substituted by care from informal care providers and for those who are 65 or older, social care services supplemented care from informal care providers.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.114-123
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• 2006

Objectives : The special class has been made, bringing rapid increase quantitatively. The authors carried out the child psychiatric interview and evaluation for 9 special-classed children in Asan city to find out clinical diagnosis and emotional/behavioral characteristics. Methods : The child psychiatrists evaluated special class children by DSM-IV and K-SADS-PL. Tools for the evaluation were Child Behavior Checklist- Korean version, Korean Personality Inventory for Children, Children's Depression Inventory, Abbreviated Conners Parent-Teacher Rating Scale-Revised, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children, Vineland Social Maturity Scale, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III, and Childhood Autism Rating Scale. Results : Ultimately 53 children, consisting of 35 boys(67.9%) and 18 girls(32.1%), participated, and the average age was $10.5{\pm}1.3$ years old. Their measure of Vineland Social Maturity Scale was $78.7{\pm}20.0$, Childhood Autism Rating Scales was $25.4{\pm}9.0$, Child Depression Inventory was $22.2{\pm}5.2$, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children was $35.2{\pm}8.2/36.5{\pm}6.2$, and Abbreviated Conners Parent-Teacher Rating Scale was $11.0{\pm}4.6$. In the clinical diagnosis evaluation, the prevalence rate of learning disorder was decreased compared to early research, ADHD had been newly appeared and depression disorder and anxiety disorder had been increased. Conclusion : This result suggests that a lot of children in a special class have complex emotional and behavioral problems in addition to educational problems.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.10 no.10
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• pp.107-118
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• 2012

This study examined the analysis of the present condition, structure of fundraising activities, the effect of resource development and strategy for nonprofit social service organizations. This study investigated the fundraising and resource development activities of 356 non-profit organizations and community welfare centers nationwide. The results showed that a period of foundation of non-profit organization and community welfare center in Korea, was 10~14 years and organized with 13~19 workers. The community welfare centers were well prepared for the internal environment for resource development system such as workers, department, management for sponsors and computer program, while others were not prepared. Their recognition for the importance of fundraising activities was higher than the satisfaction of actual condition. The non-profit organization needs management sponsors, planning, public relations, fundraising skills and preparation proposal as the theme of education for fundraising activities. Their plans of the fundraising activity were events, proposal application, fundraising focus on companies, cause-related marketing. The non-profit organization complained of the difficulty about insufficiency manpower and skills of fundraising, external resource development and a budgetary deficit.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.35-42
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• 2015

The Brazilian Federal Housing Program "Minha Casa Minha Vida" -PMCMV (My House My Life) is part of a large housing policy to eradicate the housing deficit, estimated at around five million homes in the country. The Ministry for Cities created a network of independent research organizations to evaluate the program, and the PMCMV has attracted many studies. Despite the inherent worth of these individual studies, there is a need for a holistic evaluation. A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) is seen as an important contribution to focus research efforts on the problems identified, to avoid the repetition of studies and to provide novel insights. This article carried out a SLR to map and quantify the types of research and represent a graphic panorama of published studies. Gap spotting was part of the study. In the five-year period from 2010-2014, the SLR identified 1489 bibliographic items. The panorama is categorised according to types of publications, and the analysis of items shows that most studies are concentrated on housing policies, financial questions, urban impacts and Brazilian social development. The results of this SLR raise some new research questions and show opportunities to reduce errors in the housing projects themselves.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.82-89
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• 2012

Objectives : Demands for comprehensive and intensive treatment programs for treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) who suffer from serious impairment in various psychosocial areas are increasing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possibility of developing new types of camp programs focused on improving social adjustment of children and helping parents effectively manage their children's problem behaviors. Methods : Fifteen children diagnosed as ADHD according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (mean age 9.5 years) and their parents participated in this program. Eight consecutive camps were held at two-week intervals, from Jun 2007 to Oct 2007 in an adolescent training center located at Chungtaesan, in Korea. Each camp program included social skills training in the classroom and outdoor activities in the forest for children, as well as parent training for mothers. In addition, after the sixth camp, we conducted one parental session for fathers and a three-day booster family camp three months later. Finally, eleven families adhered to the program. Results : All children, parents, and therapists rated questionnaires or checklists at baseline, intra-, and post-treatment. Parenting burden rated using the Parenting Stress Index showed a significant decrease, from 57.89 to 46.22 (p=.019). And, overprotection rated using the Parenting Bonding Instrument showed a significant decrease, from 16.56 to 12.44 (p=.046). However, no significant improvement in children's behavioral and emotional problems was observed. Conclusion : In this study, the consecutive ADHD family camp program was effective for empowerment of parental competency, but not for general improvement of children's behavioral and emotional symptoms.