• Toxicological Research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.365-374
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• 2004

Inhalation toxicity, mutagenicity, and immunotoxicity tests were performed using a smoke generation system to investigate the safety of Herbrette, a tobacco substitute made with the leaves of Perilla frutescens. ICR mice were exposed to nicotine-free Herbrette smoke with concentrations of 0 (control), 4.08 $\pm$ 1.32 mg/$m^3$ (low dose), 7.72 $\pm$ 2.14 mg/$m^3$ (medium dose) and 12.83 $\pm$ 1.69 mg/$m^3$ (high dose) total particulate matters (TPM) for 4 weeks. When compared to the control group, the body weights, organ weights in the exposed groups did not show any significant differences. However, certain change of several serum chemical data and biochemical parameters were observed, however, the changes were within normal physiological ranges. Moreover, no changes in organ weight, and no gross/microscopic changes were observed between the exposed and control groups. Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation, in vivo chromosomal aberration and micronucleus assays revealed that Herbrette did not induce mutagenicity. Upon evaluation of peripheral cellular immunity of mice through in vitro lymphocyte proliferation assay, no significant difference was observed in mean stimulation index between the exposed and control groups. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that Herbrette may not cause toxicity on mice under current condition.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.14-21
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• 2002

The several floor finishing materials that widely used in entertainment service industry buildings were evaluated according to the method of NES 713. Also, toxic gases of floor finishing materials in combustion without air flow rate were checked as concentration of fire gases variation according to time using gas analyzer. We had estimated the smoke hazard of floor finishing materials in fire. As results of gas analyses using the method of NES 713, toxic index of samples was estimated range of 2～9.7. Therefore, a large amount of toxic gases will release from a floor finishing materials fire and connoted great smoke hazard in fire.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.155-163
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• 2022

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) can give rise to a vast array of differentiated derivatives, which have gained great attention in the field of in vitro toxicity evaluation. We have previously demonstrated that hPSC-derived alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) are phenotypically and functionally similar to primary AECs and could be more biologically relevant alternatives for assessing the potential toxic materials including in fine dust and cigarette smoking. Therefore, in this study, we employed hPSC-AECs to evaluate their responses to exposure of various concentrations of diesel particulate matter (dPM), cigarette smoke extract (CSE) and nicotine for 48 hrs in terms of cell death, inflammation, and oxidative stress. We found that all of these toxic materials significantly upregulated the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1α, IL-β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Furthermore, the exposure of dPM (100 ㎍/mL) strongly induced upregulation of genes related with cell death, inflammation, and oxidative stress compared with other concentrations of CSE and nicotine. These results suggest that hPSC-AECs could be a robust in vitro platform to evaluate pulmotoxicity of various air pollutants and harmful chemicals.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.18-28
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• 2009

This study describes the manufacturing method of antioxidant filter and evaluate the reduction of free radical and biological activity from mainstream smoke. When we used spray-brush for the application of antioxidant solution to the filter, cv(coefficient of variation) levels of antioxidant added to filter ranged within 3 %, which means stable and constant feeding process. 0.3~0.5mg per cigarette of antioxidant were sprayed to acetate and active carbon part in the filter plug, respectively. It was considered that the use of antioxidant added filter resulted in the reduction of the gaseous compounds of free radicals from 17 % to 19 % in the mainstream smoke. Variation for removal efficiency of free radical in antioxidant filter added to acetate part was more pronounced than that of filter added to active carbon part. Smoking deliveries of tar, nicotine for the antioxidant added filters were similar when comparing to the non-antioxidant added filter, but the delivering amounts of isoprene were significantly reduced. The estimation of consumed GSH(glutathion) showed that the gaseous toxicity of the antioxidant added filter was 14 % ~ 23 % lower than that of non-antioxidant added filter. No significant differences were observed for the total taste quality in sensory evaluation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.30-40
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• 2007

The objective of this study was to investigate the contribution of various smoke constituents to the toxicological activity of total particulate matter(TPM) or the gas/vapor phase(GVP). These components included phenol compounds, aromatic amines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heterocyclic amines, and carbonyl compounds. The mutagenic and cytotoxic potencies were assessed using the Salmonella mutagenicity assay with S. typimurium TA98 strain and the neutral red uptake cytotoxicity assay(NRU) with BALB/c 3T3 fibroblast cells, respectively. The Salmonella mutagenicity test showed that heterocyclic amines exhibited significantly higher levels of toxicity compared to other smoke constituents. Among them, 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline(MeIQ) was shown the most mutagenic compound with a specific mutagenicity of $7.9{\times}10^5\;revertants/{\mu}g$. An analysis of the possible contribution revealed that MeIQ account for only 0.85% of the 2R4F-TPM mutagenicity in TA98. NRU data demonstrated that high cytotoxic activity was obtained for hydroquinone, formaldehyde, and acrolein. Based on the results of the present study, the contribution of acrolein to the cytotoxicity of the GVP fraction was calculated as 61%. Thus, a large proportion of the cytotoxic activity of this complex mixture, cigarette smoke gas phase, can be attributed to the acrolein.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.256-260
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• 2014

Interior of the building is used as a MDF plywood if there is a fire in order to delay the ignition, flame retardant paint, flame retardant solution and flame retardant film are being handled by the flame retardant. Combustion characteristics anf flame retardant performance results can be summarized as follows: General film with a sample showed that short of the criteria in terms of carbonation area, and the results of flame retardant paint, flame retardant solution and flame retardant film products satisfied the criteria. Toxic gases generated in the combustion process results in a film samples using a high incidence of carbon monoxide and the creation of a smoke could be seen. This confirm that is estimated that result from incomplete combustion of PVC film that attach, and displays high toxicity index and hazard class relatively.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.244-251
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• 2011

The combustion characteristics were evaluated for Japanese Red Pine (Pinus Densiflora) and Korean Pine (Pinus Koraensis). These two species are widely used as building member of Korea-style house and volume density of Japanese Red Pine is relatively higher than that of Korean Pine. The combustion characteristics are closely connected with volume density. The differences of two species in both total heat release (THR) and average heat release rate (HRR) seemed to be resulted from the volume density. Toxicity of smoke from the specimens was increased because of fire-retardant treatment.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2010.06a
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• pp.1768-1773
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• 2010

CEN/TS 45545 is Europe consolidation standard for fire safety on railway behicles. This is based on the International Union of Railways(UIC) and different European countries. It is intended to protect passengers and staff in railway in the event of a fire on board. It will be prepared in 2012. Based on this consolidate standard, they are going to make single market, for raising technical competitiveness, technical innovation and globalization of that standard. For this reason, European academies, manufacturers, and sub-manufacturers confer and stady animated about CEN/TS 45545. In Korea, get out the safety assessment for ues incombustible interior material, the needs of quantitative analysis on fire protection, demand on recognition of fire protection scenario, and define about fire load analysis are becomin more and more important. Therefore, this paper will estimate and compare Flammability, Smoke Density, Toxicity Index( this is the key point for appraised fire safety performance of material) between CEN/TS45545 and fire standards on railway vehicle. Then suggest criteria for fire safety on railway vehicles.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 2007.04a
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• pp.325-331
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• 2007

• Proceedings of the Safety Management and Science Conference
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• 2013.11a
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• pp.275-290
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• 2013

The main cause of building fire fatalities occur in the combustible material heat, smoke and toxic gases are. Building interior decoration, etc., especially as much of the harmful substances generated during combustion, and, used in domestic architecture wallpaper, ceiling, and other plastics, built-in foam insulation also analyzed recognition of fire hazards approach to test the conkalrorimiteo test, choedaeyeolbangchulryul through, chongbal heat, mass loss rate, generates carbon monoxide gas hazard ratio tests, analysis and evaluation rigid foam index testing the toxicity of hazardous material generated by performing a gas clean up and assess the material test results, the minimum order to provide data to quantify the risk of fire. Ensure fire safety of building materials, composite materials in order to test the various risk factors could be considered organic to the introduction of testing and evaluation is needed urgently.