• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 2008.04a
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• pp.290-293
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• 2008

In this study, the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has been used to analyze the smoke movement and the carbon monoxide concentration distribution, both vertically and longitudinally, in a compartment, based on conservation laws. The Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) developed by National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) was used for numerical simulations using Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations (RANS) model to solve for time-averaged properties. Results show, as a function of time, a detailed distribution of temperature and carbon monoxide concentration changing against the height above the floor and those changes alongside the distance away from the fire source. Fire-induced smoke and toxic gases like CO are more dangerous in a confined space. The result of study may contribute in designing the smoke evacuation system based on the precise tenable condition.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2014.11a
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• pp.121-122
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• 2014

This study contemplated the descending air current from the smoke layers related to the smoke logging phenomenon in the sprinkler applied design for effective evacuation safety design. As a result, database on the average particle diameter, particle velocity and distribution of sprinkling was obtained and the relationship between the water amount and particle diameter was obtained. Also, in relation to descending air current, the movement of smoke layer to the bottom at the descending air current velocity of 0.6m/s was observed and stable descending air current was observed in existence of fire source over 100kW in size.

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.463-468
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• 2008

The fact that the major cases of life casualties are from smoke in the fire accidents and the expected steep increase of skyscrapers, huge spaces, multiplexes and huge scaled underground spaces demand establishment of efficient smoke countermeasure. In pressure differential systems for smoke management, the speed of airflow through open door between accommodation and lobby should be maintained over 0.5m/s on the whole area of door to prevent smoke from infiltrate into evacuation root when the door is open for refuge. The numerical analysis on features of airflow through open door are carried out and the results are presented.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.34-41
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• 2011

This research examines problem that can happen in partial smoke control method among contiguity area smoke control system through engineering examination and CFD. And the ultimate purpose of this is to secure safety of a person inhabiting at fire department by presenting improvement plan. Now a days, in large space-area such as department store or mega-mall in which mainly applies "Partial Smoke Control Method", air is suppled from adjacent area and smoke is exhausted in fire room. For various reason, however, it is confirmed through simulation that if air is suppled in one direction, this can cause a fatal result to people of fire area because of the difficulty in securing the evacuation time. As an improvement plan, air is supplied at the same time in surroundings to fire department.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.15 no.5 s.58
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• pp.202-208
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to suggest architectural planning guideline for the improvement of the evacuation environment in a ward. To suggest of guideline, the problem of irrational domestic criteria is searched according to compare National fire code (NFPA101, Life safety code) with Korea building law. This study includes stairs, corridors and exit door etc. but excludes fire facilities. To verify effectiveness of suggested guideline, egress simulation is run that based on databases according to literature survey. The results of this study could be summarized as follow: Suggested guidelines are subdivision(fire partition), evacuation by elevator, secure useful waiting space of elevator hall and smokeproof enclosures, the corridor is divided by fire or smoke barriers corridor from hazardous room, only wheeled items are arranged in corridors of a ward story. The result of computer simulation for suggested guidelines verify that egress time can be decreased 20% or above.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.237-246
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• 2024

In recent years, the frequent occurrence of fire accidents in university libraries has posed significant threats to the safety of students' lives and property, alongside negative social impacts. Accurately analyzing the factors affecting evacuation during library fires and proposing optimized measures for safe evacuation is thus crucial. This paper utilizes a specific university library as a case study, simulating fire evacuation scenarios using the Pathfinder software, to assess and validate evacuation strategies and propose relevant optimizations. Pathfinder, developed by Thunderhead Engineering in the United States, is an intuitive and straightforward personnel emergency evacuation assessment system, offering advanced visualization interfaces and 3D animation effects. This study aims to construct evacuation models and perform simulation analysis for the selected university library using Pathfinder. The library's structural layout, people flow characteristics, and the nature of fire and smoke spread are considered in the analysis. Additionally, evacuation scenarios involving different fire outbreak locations and the status of emergency exits are examined. The findings underscore the importance of effective evacuation in fire situations, highlighting how environmental conditions, individual characteristics, and behavioral patterns significantly influence evacuation efficiency. Through these investigations, the study enhances understanding and optimization of evacuation strategies in fire scenarios, thereby improving safety and efficiency. The research not only provides concrete and practical guidelines for building design, management, and emergency response planning in libraries but also offers valuable insights for the design and management of effective evacuation systems in buildings, crucial for ensuring occupant safety and minimizing loss of life in potential hazard situations

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.317-323
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• 2024

According to the section A-VI/3 of the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW), Water-based firefighting training center is mandatory to obtain onboard certificates. This space, being similar to fire situations on ships requires that safety measures be quantified to ensure occupant safety and establish operational standards. For fire safety evaluation, cases were designed based on the presence or absence of smoke control equipment using Pyrosim based on Fire Dynamics Simulation (FDS). Vector analysis was performed to evaluate flow of smoke and heat. Available safe escape time / required safe escpae time (ASET/RSET) analysis was conducted to evaluate safety by comparing the interpreted numerical results through Pathfinder. During safety evaluation of the current operational condition, the appropriateness of the function of each smoke control equipment was numerically and visually indicated. The emergency situation with dust collector stopped was expressed by each evacuation time and safety margin of 111.2 seconds, suggesting that be used as a standard of evacuation time.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.227-236
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• 2024

Chinese high-rise hotels are large in size, densely populated, and have a lot of combustibles. Once a fire occurs, the fire and smoke spread rapidly, and once a fire accident occurs, it is easy to cause a large number of deaths. Fires have a greater impact on special populations such as elderly and children who move slowly. At present, research mainly focuses on the impact of high-rise building structures on evacuation consequences, but there is very little research on the safety evacuation consequences of elderly people and children in high-rise hotels. This paper focuses on the elderly and children living in high-rise hotels in China. We studied three scenarios in which the elderly and children were placed on high floors, middle floors, and low floors. For the above three scenarios, use pathfinder software for simulation, According to the simulation results, when the elderly and children are mainly concentrated in the lower floors (2nd and 3rd floors), the evacuation time is the shortest, 147 seconds. The evacuation time for the elderly and children on the middle floor (6th and 7th floors) is the longest, at 191.5 seconds. Compared to being placed on high floors, safely staying on low floors for all ages reduces evacuation time by 44.5 seconds and improves evacuation efficiency by 23.24%. The final safety evacuation plan is that in daily safety management, hotels should arrange elderly and children occupants on lower floors as much as possible to reduce the total evacuation time and improve personnel evacuation efficiency. This has great guiding significance in the safety management of high-rise hotels.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.24-28
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• 2017

This study compared the performance of a smoke control system in the case of a fire with that in the case of non-fire. Single-pressurization in the vestibule, single-pressurization in the stairwell, simultaneous smoke control of the stairwell and vestibule, which was the pressurization of smoke control, were assessed. The result showed that simultaneous smoke control of the stairwell and vestibule can maintain the differential pressure and is least influenced for the evacuation of evacuees. In addition, for the status of smoke control in Korea and the proper pressurization method, these results highlight the necessity of improving the current pressurization method through the survey.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.511-519
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• 2007

This study provides comprehensive design improvements covering technical issues concerning life safety matter In case of fire train stoppage in the middle of a tunnel. Recently Government announced that most of subway platforms will have screen doors in 3 years. Therefore, many fire safety engineers considered that they may contribute on life safety on train stoppage in tunnel. Especially The screen door can protect platform from smoke along tunnel ceiling when fire train stopped in tunnel. The study showed that platform ventilation ducts and the a tunnel ventilation chimney in the middle of tunnel in exiting subway tunnel could not guarantee life safety ability in terms of RSET vs. ASET comparison. Furthermore during evacuation process many peoples may be threatened from the smoke spread from the origin of fire. Although only additional vertical route can be installed in tunnels In order to decrease RSET, it will costs high or no spaces remains in outside on the road. The study suggested that increase of ASET can be best solution without additional escape route, therefore alternative design methods suggested on the base of simulation results. Finally the study shows alternative methods can give good result in terms of evacuation performance evaluation. The evacuation performance evaluation helps the decision-maker to determine the preferred alternatives or upgrades to existing tunnel infrastructure and other measure to meet safety objectives. Finally, the study details the effectiveness of measures the can be taken to reduce the risk of incidents in subway tunnels.