• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.41-51
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• 2014

Cauliflower mushroom widely known high concent of ${\beta}$-glucan for farm cultivation invigoration verified characteristics of mycelia growth, genetic diversity, resistance to Trichoderma by replacement culture with Trichoderma and growth characteristics of new variety crossbleeding strain. The result of replacement culture with Trichoderma for verification resistance about Trichoderma, 6951 (T. viride) strain did not show special change after formation of confrontation line and 6952 (T. spp.) strain was showed more formation of spore after formation of confrontation line. But 6426 (T. harzianum) strain found to encroach part of growth area of cauliflower mushroom mycelia. Among 10 kinds cauliflower mushroom strain, JF02-06 strain collected by Gurye, found did not spore of Trichoderma and thought to be resistant to Trichoderma. The result of crossbleeding after selected that mother strain good growth and formation of fruit body, verified good mycelia growth at JF02-47, 49 and 50 strain in Korean pine of wood-chip media. The result of gene sequence about ITS1, 5.8S and ITS4 for analysis of genetic diversity at crossbleeding strain, found high significance to other cauliflower mushroom in registered Genebank. The result of growth characteristic of spore and mycelia of cauliflower mushroom by observation microscope, size of spore showed water drop shape to major axis $6{\mu}m$ and minor axis $5{\mu}m$ and clamp showed 3 types in mycelia. The wide of mycelia was $3{\mu}m$. The characteristic of mycelia of cauliflower mushroom found to grow mycelia in clamp at approximately 50%. The growth speed of mycelia was $0.507{\mu}m/min$ and 2nd mycelia grown similar speed to mother mycelia at parallel with mother mycelia after growth speed at $0.082{\mu}m/min$. The formation of clamp made small clamp for 5 hours after shown transfer of electrolyte in mycelia inside. The septum formation started after 3 hours and then finally completed after 2 hours. In this study, strain of cauliflower mushroom verified resistance of Trichoderma, genetic diversity and characteristic of mycelia growth. Therefore, basic knowledge of cauliflower mushroom will improve and further contribute to development of mushroom industry.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.241-248
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• 2009

Kaolinite was synthesized from amorphous $SiO_2$ and $Al(OH)_3{\cdot}xH_{2}O$ as starting materials by hydrothermal reaction conducted at $250^{\circ}C$ and $30\;kg/cm^2$. The acidity of the solution was adjusted at pH 2. The synthesized kaolinite was characterized by XRD, IR, NMR, FE-SEM, TEM and EDS to clarify the formational process according to the reaction time from 2 to 36 hours. X-ray diffraction patterns showed after 2 h of reaction time, the starting material amorphous $Al(OH)_3{\cdot}xH_{2}O$ transformed to boehmite (AlOOH) and after the reaction time 5 h, the peaks of boehmite were observed to be absent thereby indicating the crystal structure is partially destructed. Kaolinite formation was identified in the product obtained after 10 h of reaction and the peak intensity of kaolinite increased further with reaction time. The results of TGA and DTA revealed that the principal feature of kaolinite trace are well resolved. TGA results showed 13 wt% amount of weight loss and DTA analysis showed that exothermic peak of boehmite observed at $258^{\circ}C$ was decreased gradually and after 10 h of reaction time, it was disappeared. After 5 h of the reaction time, the exothermicpeak of transformation to spinel phase was observed and the peak intensiy increased with reaction time. The results of FT-IR suggested a highly ordered kaolinite was obtained after 36 hours of reaction. It was identified by the characteristic hydroxide group bands positioned at 3,696, 3670, 3653 and $3620\;cm^{-1}$. The development of the hydroxyl stretching between 3696 and $3620\;cm^{-1}$, depends on the degree of order and crystalline perfection. TEM results showed that after 15 h reaction time, curved platy kaolinite was observed as growing of (001) plane and after 36 h, the morphology of synthetic kaolinite exhibited platy crystal with partial polygonal outlines.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.347-362
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• 2020

Iron (hydro)oxides in aqueous environments are primarily formed due to mining activities, and they are known to be typical colloidal particles disturbing surrounding environments. Among them, hematites are widespread in surface environments, and their behavior is controlled by diverse factors in aqueous environments. This study was conducted to elucidate the effect of environmental factors, such as ionic composition and strength, pH, and natural organic matter (NOM) on the behavior of colloidal hematite particles. In particular, two analytical methods, such as dynamic light scattering (DLS) and single-particle ICP-MS (spICP-MS), were compared to quantify and characterize the behavior of colloidal hematites. According to the variation of ionic composition and strength, the aggregation/dispersion characteristics of the hematite particles were affected as a result of the change in the thickness of the diffuse double layer as well as the total force of electrostatic repulsion and van der Walls attraction. Besides, the more dispersed the particles were, the farther away the aqueous pH was from their point of zero charge (PZC). The results indicate that the electrostatic and steric (structural) stabilization of the particles was enhanced by the functional groups of the natural organic matter, such as carboxyl and phenolic, as the NOM coated the surface of colloidal hematite particles in aqueous environments. Furthermore, such coating effects seemed to increase with decreasing molar mass of NOM. On the contrary, these stabilization (dispersion) effects of NOM were much more diminished by divalent cations such as Ca²⁺ than monovalent ones (Na⁺), and it could be attributed to the fact that the former acted as bridges much more strongly between the NOM-coated hematite particles than the latter because of the relatively larger ionic potential of the former. Consequently, it was quantitatively confirmed that the behavior of colloidal hematites in aqueous environments was significantly affected by diverse factors, such as ionic composition and strength, pH, and NOM. Among them, the NOM seemed to be the primary and dominant one controlling the behavior of hematite colloids. Meanwhile, the results of the comparative study on DLS and spICPMS suggest that the analyses combining both methods are likely to improve the effectiveness on the quantitative characterization of colloidal behavior in aqueous environments because they showed different strengths: the main advantage of the DLS method is the speed and ease of the operation, while the outstanding merit of the spICP-MS are to consider the shape of particles and the type of aggregation.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.170-178
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• 2020

There are few landscape ecological analyses of Khingan fir (Abies nephrolepis) and other habitats of the sub-alpine zone in South Korea. In this study, we tried to quantitatively interpret and assess the habitat characteristics by analyzing 15 landscape indices according to the differences in tree layer coverage, in the Khingan fir habitat growing naturally in the sub-alpine zone of Seoraksan National Park. It was difficult to identify the tendency of landscape ecology to increase and decrease the tree layer coverage in the study site, which was the entire Khingan fir habitat in Seoraksan National Park. However, the Khingan fir habitat was found to be generally low in coverage, and population density as the tree layer coverage of less than 50 percent accounts for 85 percent of the total habitat. Moreover, the Khingan fir habitat in the 10 to 50 percent range was fragmented into a total of 286 patches, making it relatively less connected to the habitat. The total edge length and edge density, which could determine the edge effect of the main part according to the physical form, were the highest in the habitat of 26 to 50 percent coverage, indicating a relatively high impact from outside than habitats of other coverages. The shape with the tree layer coverage of between 10 and 50 percent was more complex even with patches of the same size, and it is believed that these characteristics make it more susceptible to habitat fragmentation and external confounding. We expect that the results of this study can be useful for time series analysis of spatial expansion or reduction of the Khingan fir habitat in Seoraksan National Park and provide the reference data for the morphological change and movement of patches and the connectivity and break-off between forests.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.297-309
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• 2017

Jurassic granite from Geochang was analysed with respect to the characteristics of the rock cleavage. The comprehensive evaluation for rock cleavages was performed through the combination of the 16 parameters derived from the enlarged photomicrographs of the thin section and the spacing-cumulative frequency diagrams. The results of analysis for the representative values of these spacing parameters with respect to the rock cleavage are summarized as follows. First, the above parameters can be classified into group I (spacing frequency (N), total spacing ($1m{\geq}$), constant (a), exponent (${\lambda}$), slope of exponential straight line (${\theta}$), length of line (oa') and trigonometric ratios ($sin{\theta}$, $tan{\theta}$) and group II (mean spacing (Sm), difference value between mean spacing and median spacing (Sm-Sme), density (${\rho}$), lengths of lines (oa and aa'), area of a right-angled triangle (${\Delta}oaa^{\prime}$) and trigonometric ratio($cos{\theta}$). The values of the 8 parameters belonging to group I show an order of H(hardway, H1+H2)

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.1-14
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• 1999

In the course of modernization and globalization, each region in Korea has experienced deep subordination to the center of Seoul and the increase of colonization possibility by world capital. In order to overcome the current situation, above all, the strategies should be developed focusing on daily life and life space. The basis for the development of strategies is the establishment of regional identity on life space. It is because of the reason that life space, or small-scale region has drawn wide attention in the research of geography in recent years. Especially, humanistic geography and new regional geography have developed the concerning theory and methodology, and kept going on the research of small-scale regions. Generally speaking, there have been quite large amount of theoretical discussions on small-scale region in recent years in the field of geography. Empirical researches focusing on a particular small-scale region, however, have been rarely made. It seems related to the deficiency of data materials and the obscurity of research framework of small-scale regional geography. A community paper must be very helpful for the geographic research on small-scale region. As community paper is published based on county('gun'), small or mid-size city('si'), or district of large city('gu'), it deals with small news and daily life information closely attached to the region. Accordingly, it functions as a medium of the formation of regional identity. It is also a valuable source material for the validation of regional identity and for the analysis of identity-shaping mechanism. The geographic interests in community paper, first of all, should be taken shape by the work on the geographical distribution and the periodic change of publication situation of community papers in Korea. Another research subject on community paper is the examination of characteristics of the region by analyzing the news and the advertisements. The news in community paper must be a valuable data source of regional studies in geography. Also, the regional identification process of community people through the community paper could be and should be explored, and how the regional centrality, or self-generation based on the identity is achieved will be an important subject.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.361-367
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• 1984

In previous paper(Lee et al., 1984), preparation formula and processing conditions of the fish meat (mackerel) paste using dielectric heating were described, that included the proper shape and size of product and the conditions of dielectric heating, hot air dehydration, and heating with electric heater to yield the minimum expansion and case hardening during heating and to controll the final rater activity of 0.86 to 0.83 accompanying with a complete reduction of viable cells and good texture. In present study, changes in VBN, pH, total plate count, water activity, texture, the loss of available lysine, color indexes, TBA value, and the content of TI were determined to assess the quality stability and shelf-life of the product during the storage for 35 days at $5^{\circ}C\;and\;25^{\circ}C$, respectively. And the effect of vacuum sealing and hot water treatment before storage on the storage stability of product was also mentioned. As the product was vacuum packed in K-flex film bag, heat treated in boiling water for 6 minutes, and stored, water activity was maintained 0.86 to 0.84 for 35 days regardless of storage temperature, and the increase of total plate count was negligible in case of $5^{\circ}C$ storage while tended to gain slightly after 25 days at $25^{\circ}C$ storage. Changes in VBN was also minimum with an increase of 1.5 mg/100g at $5^{\circ}C$ and 7.0mg/100g at $25^{\circ}C$, but in case of unpacked sample, it was 24.5mg/100g at $5^{\circ}C$ and 42.4 mg/100g at $25^{\circ}C$ even after 7 days. In textural property hardness tended to increase after 28 days and folding test score was down to A or B from AA grade. The loss of available lysine was $7.5\%\;at\;5^{\circ}C$ and $17.0\%\;at\;25^{\circ}C$ but brown color was not deeply developed as the color index score indicated. TBA value was not increased at $5^{\circ}C$ while it tended to increase rapidly after 30 days at $25^{\circ}C$. Changes in TI content was not obvious except that it showed a tendency of increase at the end of storage as well as in the change of lysine and TBA value. It is concluded from the results that the quality of the product, pasteurized and water activity controlled by dielectric heating, and vacuum packed in K-flex film would be stable for more than 35 days at $5^{\circ}C$ and at least 25 days even at room temperature.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.844-861
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• 2008

The papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering during the year of 2007 have been reviewed. Focus has been put on current status of research in the aspect of heating, cooling, ventilation, sanitation and building environments. The conclusions are as follows. (1) The research trends of fluid engineering have been surveyed as groups of general fluid flow, fluid machinery and piping, etc. New research topics include micro nano fluid, micropump and fuel cell. Traditional CFD was still popular and widely used in research and development. Studies about fans and pumps were performed in the field of fluid machinery. Characteristics of flow and fin shape optimization are studied in the field of piping system. (2) The research works on heat transfer have been reviewed in the field of heat transfer characteristics, heat exchangers, and desiccant cooling systems. The research on heat transfer characteristics includes thermal transport in pulse tubes, high temperature superconductors, ground heat exchangers, fuel cell stacks and ice slurry systems. For the heat 'exchangers, the research on pin-tube heat exchanger, plate heat exchanger, condensers and gas coolers has been cordially implemented. The research works on heat transfer augmenting tubes have been also reported. For the desiccant cooling systems, the studies on the design and operating conditions for desiccant rotors as well as performance index are noticeable. (3) In the field of refrigeration, many papers were presented on the air conditioning system using CO2 as a refrigerant. The issues on the two-stage compression, the oil selection, and the appropriate oil charge were treated. The subjects of alternative refrigerants were also studied steadily. Hydrocarbons, DME and their mixtures were considered and various heat transfer correlations were proposed. (4) Research papers have been reviewed in the field of building facilities by grouping into the researches on heat and cold sources, air conditioning and air cleaning, ventilation and fire research including tunnel ventilation, flow control of piping system, and sound research with drain system. Main focuses have been addressed to the promotion of efficient or effective use of energy, which helps to save energy and results in reduced environmental pollution and operating cost. (5) Studies were mostly focused on analyzing the indoor environment in various spaces like cars, old tombs, machine rooms, and etc. in an architectural environmental field. Moreover, subjects of various fields such as the evaluation of noise, thermal environment, indoor air quality and development of energy analysis program were researched by various methods of survey, simulation, and field experiment.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.143-152
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• 2000

1. Background and Purpose The faces of human being change as they grow older. We could know the characters of the each ages, through the facial comparison between the 30's, 40's and the 50's, 60's. As a conclusion, I carried out this Study because I thought that the errors of diagnosis would be reduced a lot through the standardization researches about the morphology of faces. 2. Objectives The object of this study is selected from the patients who were already diagnosed Sasang Constitutions at the department of Sasang Constitutional Medicine in Kyunghee Oriental Medical Center. The number of the patients were 69 men in 30's and 40's, and 74 men in 50's and 60's. 3. Method I took the photographs of front view and lateral view of the objectives by digital camera and obtained the 200 measure through the facial measurement program. I compared the measure of 50's and 60's with 30's and 40's by independant t-test. 4. Results 28 measures are different 30's and 40's with 50's and 60's in Soyangin, 31 measures in Soeumin, 40 measures in Taeumin. 5. Conclusion (1) Soyangin showed wider interpupillary distance in 30's and 40's than 50's and 60's. They also showed the large brow and cheek and their lips were thick and prominent and their ophyrion were prominent and their noses were wide and large and they showed wide bigonial breadth in 30's and 40's than 50's and 60's. (2) Soeumin showed the position of ears were higher and the brows were longer and larger in 30's and 40's than 50's and 60's. The width of both eyebrow were wider in 50's and 60's than 30's and 40's. The lower 2/3 portion of the face was longer and the shape of head was longer in vertical in 50's and 60's than 30's and 40's. (3) Taeumin showed the wider brow in 30's and 40's than 50's and 60's. The width of each eyes was wider and the width of cheek and face was larger, too. The ophyrion was prominent and the mouth was bigger and the face showed longer in 50's and 60's than 30's and 40's. (4) The upper 1/3 portion of the face was large in 30's and 40's and the lower 2/3 portion of the face showed large and long in 50's and 60's regardless Constitution.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.40-48
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• 2005

In this study, the muscle strength and endurance of the lumbar at flexion and extension were determined using an isokinetic muscle strength meter (Biodex) in patients with chronic lumbar go (10 male and 10 females), and the changes in muscle strength and endurance of the lumbar at flexion and extension after application of Y-shaped sacrospinalis muscle taping, typically used for patient with lumbar go, were studied. In addition, the sacrospinalis muscle taping of a different shape (I-shaped taping) was applied bilaterally centering on the spine, and the muscle strength and endurance of the lumbar at flexion and extension were determined and compared with those before taping. In addition, the results after application of Y-shaped taping and I-shaped taping were also compared. 1. The extensor muscle strength of the lumbar at loading of $60^{\circ}$/sec before application of kinesio Taping and after application of Y-shaped taping showed the level of significance (p<.05). The flexor muscle strength of the lumbar at loading of $60^{\circ}$/sec before application of kinesio taping and after application of Y-shaped taping did not show the level of significance. 2. The flexor muscle endurance of the lumbar at loading of $90^{\circ}$/sec before application of kinesio Taping and application of Y-shaped taping did not show the level of significance. The extensor muscle endurance of the lumbar at loading of $90^{\circ}$/sec before application of kinesio Taping and after application of Y-shaped taping did not show the level of significance. 3. The extensor muscle strength of the lumbar at loading of $60^{\circ}$/sec before application of kinesio Taping and after application of I-shaped taping showed the level of significance (p<.05). The flexor muscle strength of the lumbar at loading of $60^{\circ}$/sec before application of kinesio Taping and after application of I-shaped taping showed the level of significance (p<.05). 4. The flexor muscle endurance of the lumbar at loading of $90^{\circ}$/sec before application of kinesio taping and after application of I-shaped taping showed the level of significance. The extensor muscle strength of the lumbar at loading of $90^{\circ}$/sec before application of kinesio Taping and after application of I-shaped taping showed the level of significance (p<.05). 5. In comparison between after application of Y-shaped taping and after application of I-shaped taping, the flexor muscle strength of the lumbar at loading of $60^{\circ}$/sec did not show the level of significance. In comparison between after application of Y-shaped taping and after application of I-shaped taping, the extensor muscle strength of the lumbar at loading of $60^{\circ}$/ sec showed the level of significance (p<.05). 6. In comparison between after application of Y-shaped taping and after application of I-shaped taping, the flexor muscle strength of the lumbar at loading of $90^{\circ}$/sec did not show the level of significance. In comparison between after application of Y-shaped taping and after application of I-shaped taping, the extensor muscle strength of the lumbar at loading of $90^{\circ}$/sec did not showed the level of significance (p<.05).