• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.395-402
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• 2022

The film House of Hummingbird intersects Korean modern history and personal history through the eyes of a teenage girl, and closely explores how patriarchy and Korean capitalism leave traces and internal impressions on the growing up of the female subject. This film is a meaningful text in terms of showing what changes can occur when the subject is transformed from a boy to a girl in the narrative of growth and when a feminist point of view is entered. House of Hummingbird reveals the weakness of the patriarchal symbolic order through the gaze of a teenage girl in the episodic narrative composition, and also discovers the possibility of close relationships and bonds between women in the gaps. In particular, Yeong-ji, the main character girl Eun-hee's Chinese language school lecturer, is a new female character that has never been seen in Korean teenage films. As a result, in House of Hummingbird, we meet a new female subject who negotiates the pain of growth in a 'good enough' condition.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Health Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1543-1552
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• 2022

Purpose: It is intended to investigate the satisfaction of dental hygiene students with non-face-to-face online classes and use them as basic data for successful lecture design and operation. Methods: The data collected in this study were analyzed using the lBM SPSS Statistics 21 program. The general characteristics of the study subjects were frequency analysis, non-face-to-face online class satisfaction, and test satisfaction were frequency analysis and technical statistics. Through the independent sample T test, a t-test was conducted to find out whether there was an average difference in online class and test satisfaction according to grade. Results: The advantages of non-face-to-face online classes were that repetitive learning was possible (57.7%), the disadvantage was that there was a lack of real-time communication (74.9%), and the most efficient teaching method was a mixed form of online and face-to-face classes (64.9%). The satisfaction level of online classes was 2.69 points for 'self-directed learning habits,' which was the highest compared to the overall average of 2.55 points, and 2.09 points for 'difficulty in interaction between instructors and learners in online classes.'Non-face-to-face test satisfaction was 2.68 points for 'short test time gives fairness to test results,' higher than the overall average of 2.45 points, and 2.07 points for 'no difficulty accessing the test.'In terms of satisfaction with the non-face-to-face test according to the grade, it was found that the third grade showed a more negative attitude than the second grade in terms of sexual fairness (p<0.05). Conclusions: Through the above results, non-face-to-face online classes require various content development and some mixed classes considering the level of students, and instructors' efforts to improve the quality of classes for interaction between instructors and learners are needed.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.710-715
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• 2022

Background The latissimus musculocutaneous flap (LD flap) is a useful option for breast reconstruction following mastectomy. It has the advantage of obtaining sufficient tissue padding and natural shape by using autologous tissue. However, with the emergence of the skin-sparing mastectomy technique and artificial dermis matrix, direct-to-implant (DTI) breast reconstruction has become the first choice of surgery. The purpose of this study was to compare the satisfaction levels of patients who underwent DTI and LD flap with implant using patient-reported Breast-Q results. Methods A retrospective study was performed reviewing the records of 49 women who underwent immediate breast reconstruction with DTI or LD flap with implant and responded to the BREAST-Q questionnaire after the operation. The patient-reported breast-Q results were analyzed and correlated to the demographic information and intraoperative information. Results A total of 26 patients who underwent reconstruction with LD flap with implant and 23 patients with DTI were identified and responded to the questionnaire after an average of 32.3 and 10.4 months postoperation, respectively. According to the patient response to the breast-q values, satisfaction with breast was 60.0 and 57.0 points, psychosocial well-being 61.0 and 60.0 points, and sexual well-being 41.0 and 43.0 points in the two groups. Overall, there was no significant difference in the breastQ score between the two groups. Conclusion Patients who underwent DTI breast reconstruction seemed equally satisfied with the appearance and outcome of their breast reconstruction compared with LD flap with implant. Therefore, it appears that DTI is adequately replacing LD with implant.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.122-129
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• 2001

Purpose : After Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is known to be a fatal disease, efforts and studies are made to determine the cause, treatment method and method of preventing infection. However, no treatment method is present and vaccine development has not been made. Therefore, the most effective treatment method is prevention, and almost 100% prevention is possible when correct preventive measures are taken. We suggest effective prevention education by comparing knowledge and attitude of those unmarried men who had sexual encounters with prostitutes (high risk group) and those with no sexual encounters with prostitutes (low risk group). Methods : From January 1, 2000 to June 30, 2000, a survey was done in 516 unmarried soldiers and college students. With the collected data, chi-square test was used to compare and analyze the demographic characteristic, knowledge on AIDS, and attitude on AIDS between the high risk group and low risk group. One-way ANOVA test was used to compare and analyze the scores on knowledge between these two groups. Results : Among 516 unmarried men, 256 men (49.6%) fell into the high risk group and 260 men (50.4%) into the low risk group. Both groups showed that they heard of AIDS during their middle school years. The main route of obtaining knowledge on AIDS was through TV programs with 124 men(48.4%) in the high risk group and 167 men (64.2%) in the low risk group (P=0.002). Among 20 items, the average score on knowledge was $13.9{\pm}1.9$ in the high risk group and $14.1{\pm}1.8$ in the low risk group with no statistical difference between these two groups (P=0.191). Two items showed statistical significance in the low risk group compared with the high risk group; these were the item of AIDS being transmitted through transfusion (P=0.014) and through mosquitoes (P=0.009). As for attitude, statistical significance was present in the item stating that AIDS patients should be isolated in the high risk group compared with the low risk group (P=0.029). Conclusions : The present study showed that both the high risk group and low risk group obtained knowledge on AIDS through TV. No statistical difference was present between the two groups other than the high risk group showed statistically high results in two items on knowledge and one item on attitude. Thus, these results showed that exposure to AIDS can be lowered with better knowledge and the attitude of those with a low risk of infection was more positive.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.46-52
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• 1997

Urinary tract infection (UTI) in children has been known to be a cause of renal damage, leading to scar formation, hypertension and renal failure. And vesico-ureteral reflex (VUR), frequently accompanying UTI in young children, has been incriminated as the main factor causing scar formation. This retrospective study has been undertaken to see the relationship among UTI, VUR and renal scar formation. Study population consisted of 291 children (boy 134, girl 42) with UTI, who have been admitted to the Pediatric Department of Kyungpook University Hospital during 6 1/2 year period from January 1990 to June 1996. VUR was diagnosed by VCUG and renal scar by ultrasonogram, DMSA scan (or DMSA SPECT) and IVP. The following result were obtained. Sexual difference showed male predominance (male to female, 134:42) below 1 year of age, and female predominance (male to female, 11:35) over 5 years of age were rioted. VUR has been found in 64 children (22%) and the degree of reflux, classfied by the method proposed by 'International Reflux Study in Children', were as follows ; Grade I : 4.0%, Grade II : 3.0%, Grade III : 2.7%, Grade IV : 5.8% and Grade V : 6.2%. There was no sexual difference E.coli was the most predominant infecting agent occurring in 167 children (57%), and end-stage renal failure was diagnosed at the time of first admission in 5 children with Grade V VUR. Renal scar has been noted in 49 out of 582 kidneys (8.4%), and the incidence of scar foramation according to the degree of VUR were as follow ; Grade 0 (No reflux) : 1.2%, Grade I : 6.7%, Grade II 27.3%, Grade III 29.4%, Grade IV : 57.1%, and Grade V : 100%. In summary, present study shows that renal scar formation in UTI has close correlation with the severity of VUR occurring more frequently in severe reflux, so that early diagnosis and proper treatment of UTI and VUR is of paramount importance in preventing renal damage in children with UTI.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.200-221
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• 1995

The confusion of the sense of value on sex is increasing because of the rapid change in social-cultural environment. Also due to a rise in the standard of living, the age of adolescence is getting lower, and so the second sexual marks appear to primary schoolers. At this time in the aspect of the education for the whole man, it's very important for primary schoolers to acquire right knowledge and desirable attitude on sex so that can overcome psychological instability caused by physical growth, be responsible for their behaviors and lead happy lives. This study was made to find out the effects of sex education for the primary schoolers' knowledge and attitude about sex. The study was designed as simulated control group pretest-posttest design, which only pretest was practiced to control group and after sex education only posttest was practiced to experimental group. The data was collected for 18 days from March 13, 1995 to March 31, 1995. The subjects of this study were 130 six-graders in a private primary school in seoul. The control group and experimental group were composed of 65 pupils, each. Sex education consisted of lecture and discussion and the materials were this researcher's own made, 'How do I grow? and related OHP film and video. This education was practiced 40 minutes at a time, at intervals of 2-4 days' six times during 3weeks. For sex knowledge tools, 20 item questionaries on the base of related reference books and contents of this study were used. For sex attitude tools, this researcher's own made 13 item questionaries were used which were revised and complemented and laying stress on the reference books. The data was analyzed through pc-SAS program. The homogeneity test in terms of the general characteristics of experimental and control group was analyzed through $x^2$-test and t-test. And the difference in the primary schoolers' score on knowledge and attitude about sex before and after the sex education was analyzed through t-test and ANCOVA. The results of this study are as follows : 1. The result of the homogeneity test in terms of the general characteristics of the experimental and control group showed that there were significant differences in economic standard($x^2$=2.92, P=0.052) and brotherly ties($x^2$=3.78, P=0.052). 2. Hypothesis 'After sex education, the score of primary schoolers' sex knowledge will be higher than before. 'showed statistically significant difference.(t=11.99, P=.0001) Sex education was practiced under control over subjective view of economic standard and brotherly ties which showed significant difference at the homogeneity test in terms of the general characteristics between the two groups. After this education, the results of comparing the score of primary schoolers' sex knowledge also showed significant difference between the two groups. So hypothesis I was supported since primary schoolers to have education showed noticeable results in the sex knowledge score. (F=16.52, P=.0001) 3. Hypothesis 'After sex education, primary schooler's sex attitude score will be higher than before' showed statistically significant(t=5.08, P=.0001) Sex education was practiced, too, under control over subjective view of economic standard and brotherly ties which showed significant difference at the homogeneity test in terms of the general characteristics between the two groups. Bat this time the results of comparing the primary schoolers' sex attitude showed no significant difference between the two groups. So hypothesis II was rejected since for primary schoolers to have sex education showed no noticeable results in sex attitude score. (F=3.52, P=.0628) These results of the study show that sex education gives affirmative change to the primary schooler's sex knowledge, bat short periods' sex education doesn't give any change to the sex attitude. For the establishment of the pupils' desirable sex attitude, systematic and concrete sex education fit for the pupils' developing stage should be practiced over a long period of time.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.23 no.8
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• pp.1447-1453
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• 2014

The differentiation of sex is important for species preservation. However, Fairy Pitta is sexually monomorphic and sex of an individual is indistinguishable with its external characteristics. We determined the sex of Fairy Pitta through DNA analysis and investigated the causes and time of injury and mortality and the size based on sex. We collected 21 samples at Jeju Island, Korean Peninsula from 2004 to 2013 and extracted DNA from them and amplified chromo helicase DNA-binding gene from Z and W chromosomes through Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). We confirmed their sex with the banding pattern through Agarose gel electrophoresis, i.e. male (ZZ): one banded and female (ZW) two banded. We distinguished the sex of 17 of 21 samples resulting in 9 males and 8 females. Most casualties were recorded in adult of both sexes. Causes of injury and mortality proved that female casualties occurred from window strikes, dehydration, car accident, predation by natural enemies, and male occurred from window strikes, car accident and dehydration. The time of injury and mortality in adults differ by sex. There was no difference between sexes in any of the six size parameters. As the time of injury and mortality differ by sex, the survey on the role and ecological nature by sex in breeding season must be carried out in the future. External measurements may not be reliable for sexing of Fairy Pitta and other traits such as vocal or characteristics are required to identify the sex of individuals in the field.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.405-419
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• 1997

This research has been conducted to provide the spinal cord injured patients with comprehensive necessity of and backup data for their rehabilitation in the community and make the aware of importance of overall community support to patients. The data was collected through questionnaire made to 83 patients charged to general hospital in Jeonbuk Province between 1 and 31 March 1997 to analyse the patients ability on activities of daily living through the research on general characteristics and Modified Barthel Index(MBI). As a result the outcome of the research was as follows : 1. Sexual distribution represented that 57 male (68.7%) and 26 female(31.3%) and in the age distribution majority group was 36 thirties (43.4 %) most active in social activities. 2. Analysis on occupation of patients showed majority group was in technicians, 21 people representing 25.4 % and the major cause of injury was traffic accident, 45people representing 54.2%, fall down, 17 people representing 20.5% and industrial accident, 13 people representing 15.7%, respectively. 3. In the multiple choice questionnaire on complications, the rate of appealing pain was highest and spasticity, pressure sore, contracture, depression which restrict the patients from activities of daily living ability were also appeared. 4. The theoretical points in MBI Should lie between 1 and 115 and the average point be 58 but the average point of the MBI among 83 patients was 63. 5. The MBI point by the level of injured represented statistically critical difference(P<0.001) and the MBI points tested by Duncan's Multiple Area Testing in lumbar(80.1) and in thoracic (65.8) represented critically higher than the one in cervical(42.5). 6. In the distribution of the method of Urination after spine injury, the intermittent catheterization represented highest numbar of 34(41.1 %). Testing by Duncan's Multiple Area Testing, as we found the critical difference in the analysis on MBI points(P<0.001), the point in independent self voiding patients ($90.87{\pm}29.34$) was higher than the one in other self voiding patients(P<0.05). 7. In th category of social activities after spine injury, the number of people classified in others, 41 people representing 49.5% was highest and in the MBI points of the spinal cord injured people in religious activity, hobby activity, private club, occupation was critically higher than the people classified in miscellancous(P<0.01) who are the spinal cord injured people and mostly depend on their family's assistance at home in their daily activities.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.63 no.5
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• pp.607-613
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• 2020

Objective : Spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage is a life-threatening disease, and non-lesional spontaneous intraparenchymal hemorrhage (nIPH) and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) are the leading causes of spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage. Only a few studies have assessed the association between prior physical activity or triggering events and the occurrence of nIPH or aSAH. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of specific physical activities and triggering events in the occurrence of nIPH and aSAH. Methods : We retrospectively reviewed 824 consecutive patients with spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage between January 2010 and December 2018. Among the 824 patients, 132 patients were excluded due to insufficient clinical data and other etiologies of spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage. The medical records of 692 patients were reviewed, and the following parameters were assessed : age, sex, history of hypertension, smoking, history of stroke, use of antiplatelet or anticoagulation agents, season and time of onset, physical activities performed according to the metabolic equivalents, and triggering event at onset. Events that suddenly raised the blood pressure such as sudden postural changes, defecation or urination, sexual intercourse, unexpected emotional stress, sauna bath, and medical examination were defined as triggering events. These clinical data were compared between the nIPH and aSAH groups. Results : Both nIPH and aSAH most commonly occurred during non-strenuous physical activity, and there was no significant difference between the two groups (p=0.524). Thirty-two patients (6.6%) in the nIPH group and 39 patients (8.1%) in the aSAH group experienced triggering events at onset, and there was a significant difference between the two groups (p=0.034). The most common triggering events were defecation or urination in both groups. Conclusion : Specific physical activity dose no affect the incidence of nIPH and aSAH. The relationship between the occurrence of intracranial hemorrhage and triggering events is higher in aSAH than nIPH.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.119-130
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to serve as a basis for more effective sex education, by examining the influence of obscene media on elementary school student's sex consciousness. For attaining the purpose, the research questions were posed as follows: 1) What's general characteristics of elementary school students? 2) How much are elementary school students exposed to obscene media? 3) Is their sex consciousness different according to the degree of being exposed to obscene media and the appearance of secondary sex characteristic? The subject of study were the 400 male and female students who were in the sixth grade at elementary school in the city of Paju. The questionnaire survey was conducted to find out their general characteristics, sex consciousness and degree of being exposed to obscene media. The conclusions were as follows; 1) Basic Information 94% of the students investigated were living with their parents. The greatest number of their parents were in their fourties. Concerning the religion of their families, 47.5% belonged to Christianity or Catholicism. 47.3% got in touch with obscene media, which indicated that the harmful influence of that media was great. Their basic knowledge of pregnancy was very poor, as 27.2% weren't sure whether being pregnant could be caused only by shaking hands, hugging or kissing. 34.7% considered it a natural behavior to contact the other sex. Regarding their practice of sexual behavior, they'd have an experience of hugging or kissing. 2) Group Comparison The female students underwent the appearance of secondary sex characteristic faster than the male students. As a result of examining if their degree of being exposed to obscene media was affected by the presence or absence of secondary sex characteristic, no statistically significant difference existed in all the groups: the entire group, male student group and female student group. There appeared, however, statistically significant differences between male and female students, as the number of male student who hadn't yet been exposed to obscene media was less than that of female student who hadn't. And the number of male student who had been much exposed to obscene media was more than that of female student who had. 3) Sex Knowledge, Sex Attitude and Sex Practice The extent of making contact with obscene media didn't make statistically significant difference to the sex knowledge of all the groups. But more extent of getting in touch with obscene media led to more sex attitude and sex practice in the entire group. However, as a result of analyzing these things by the presence or absence of secondary sex characteristic, it's found in general that the group that had secondary sex characteristic possessed statistically better sex knowledge than the other group that hadn't. For the male students, there appeared little disparities in three subareas of sex knowledge, sex attitude and sex practice. For the female students, however, the group that had secondary sex characteristic owned better sex knowledge than the other group that hadn't, and the former group looked upon sex attitude as more natural.