• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.24.1-24.16
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• 2021

Background: Bovine tuberculosis (TB) is caused by Mycobacterium bovis, a well-known cause of zoonotic tuberculosis in cattle and deer, and has been investigated in many physiological and molecular studies. However, detailed genome-level studies of M. bovis have not been performed in Korea. Objectives: To survey whole genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variants in Korean M. bovis field isolates and to define M. bovis groups in Korea by comparing SNP typing with spoligotyping and variable number tandem repeat typing. Methods: A total of 46 M. bovis field isolates, isolated from laryngopharyngeal lymph nodes and lungs of Korean cattle, wild boar, and Korean water deer, were used to identify SNPs by performing whole-genome sequencing. SNP sites were confirmed via polymerase chain reaction using 87 primer pairs. Results: We identified 34 SNP sites with different frequencies across M. bovis isolates, and performed SNP typing and epidemiological analysis, which divided the 46 field isolates into 16 subtypes. Conclusions: Through SNP analysis, detailed differences in samples with identical spoligotypes could be detected. SNP analysis is, therefore, a useful epidemiological tracing tool that could enable better management of bovine TB, thus preventing further outbreaks and reducing the impact of this disease.

• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.119-136
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• 2021

Since the global spread of COVID-19, social distancing and untact service implementation have spread rapidly. With the transition to a non-face-to-face environment such as telework and remote classes, cyber security threats have increased, and a lot of cyber compromises have also occurred. In this study, cyber-attacks and response cases related to COVID-19 are summarized in four aspects: cyber fraud, cyber-attacks on companies related to COVID-19 and healthcare sector, cyber-attacks on untact services such as telework, and preparation of untact services security for post-covid 19. After the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, related events such as vaccination information and payment of national disaster aid continued to be used as bait for smishing and phishing. In the aspect of cyber-attacks on companies related to COVID-19 and healthcare sector, we can see that the damage was rapidly increasing as state-supported hackers attack those companies to obtain research results related to the COVID-19, and hackers chose medical institutions as targets with an efficient ransomware attack approach by changing 'spray and pray' strategy to 'big-game hunting'. Companies using untact services such as telework are experiencing cyber breaches due to insufficient security settings, non-installation of security patches, and vulnerabilities in systems constituting untact services such as VPN. In response to these cyber incidents, as a case of cyber fraud countermeasures, security notices to preventing cyber fraud damage to the public was announced, and security guidelines and ransomware countermeasures were provided to organizations related to COVID-19 and medical institutions. In addition, for companies that use and provide untact services, security vulnerability finding and system development environment security inspection service were provided by Government funding programs. We also looked at the differences in the role of the government and the target of security notices between domestic and overseas response cases. Lastly, considering the development of untact services by industry in preparation for post-COVID-19, supply chain security, cloud security, development security, and IoT security were suggested as common security reinforcement measures.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.243-258
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• 2021

By using the trade in value-added(TiVA) database and employing social network analysis, this paper analyzes changes in global trade to be triggered by the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and the US-China trade war. The main results are summarized as follows. First, the BRI will help maintain China's core position as the world's manufacturing hub, and will strengthen Europe's service industry capabilities within the global value chain(GVC) network. Second, the US R&D industry, US wholesale and retail industries, and Germany's automobile industry were considered the most influential industries in the GVC network during the 1995-2011 period, and will retain their status until 2049, when the US-China trade war and the BRI are reflected. Third, the increase of the number of communities shows that the BRI might spur fragmentation of the production process. Finally, community structures of inter-industry trade relations, including China's electronics industry, Germany's automobile industry, and US R&D, show important features that are related to the competiveness of each country's service industries.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.103-111
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• 2021

Actinobacillus (A.) pleuropneumoniae is the etiological agent of a porcine pleuropneumonia and have great economic importance to the global swine industry. For recent 5 years, a total of 50 pleuropneumonia cases of 24 pig farms were selected from pig lungs submitted to the College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Collected lungs were fixed in 10% neutral phosphate-buffered formalin and processed for histological examination. Serotypes of A. pleuropneumoniae in pneumonic lesions were analyzed by PCR methods. And the antimicrobial susceptibility of A. pleuropneumoniae isolates was determined by a disc diffusion test. Grossly, unilateral distribution of hemorrhagic or necrotic pneumonic lesions was more common than bilateral distribution in lungs. In peracute or acute cases, histopathologic changes were characterized by necrosis, hemorrhage, neutrophils infiltration, vascular thrombosis, widespread edema and fibrinous exudates. Following the acute response, macrophage infiltration, marked fibrosis around zonal necrotic areas, and marked fibrous pleuritis were characteristic in chronic cases. A total of 50 pleuropneumonia were associated with A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 5 in 46 cases (92%), serotype 2 in 3 cases (6%), and both 2 and 5 in 1 case (2%). More than 90% of collected isolates showed high sensitivity to ceftiofur, amoxicillin, and colistin. However, ampicillin, penicillin, and tylosin showed low susceptibility. The results of this study demonstrated that A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 5 was predominant at porcine pleuropneumonia cases in Jeju.

• Smart Media Journal
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.91-96
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• 2020

A blockchain is a technology in which all nodes participating in a distributed network manage each transaction's contents without a central server managing the transaction, which is a record of the transaction. The block containing the transaction record of a specific period is connected to the blockchain by referring to the hash value for the previous block, and the chain with the new block added is shared with all nodes again. Transactions using existing certificates will pass through FinTech, and in the near future, applications using blockchains are expected to emerge. In this study, we analyze the problems of the existing model, and propose a transaction model that applies the blockchain to come. Among various applications, this study develops a trading model targeting the energy sales market among the topics that will lead the fourth industrial revolution. As a result of analyzing the proposed model, it was possible to be sure of the possibility of a safer energy sales transaction than the existing method.

• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.177-189
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• 2020

The OECD has assessed Korea as the third highest in trade facilitation worldwide. The paperless trade of Korea is world class based on uTradeHub : national e-trade service's infrastructure for trade community. Over 800 trade-related document standards provide interoperability of message exchange and trade process automation among exporters, importers, banks, customs, airlines, shippers, forwarders and trade authorities. Most one-to-one unit processes are perfectly paperless & online; however, from the perspective of process flow, there is a lack of streamlining end-to-end trade processes spread over many different parties. This situation causes the trade community to endure repetitive-redundant load for handling trade documents. The trade community has a strong demand for seamless trade flow. For streamlining the trade process, processes with data should flow seamlessly to multilateral parties. Flowing data with an optimized process is the critical success factor to accomplish seamless trade. This study proposes four critical digital trade infrastructures as a platform service : (1) data-centric Intelligent Document Recognition(IDR), (2) data-driven Digital Document Flow (DDF), (3) platform based Digital Collaboration & Communication(DCC), and (4) new digital Trade Facilitation Index (dTFI) for precise assessment of K-Trade Digital Trade Framework. The results of new dTFI analyses showed that redundant reentry load was reduced significantly over the whole trade and logistics process. This study leads to the belief that if put into real-world application can provide huge economic gains by building a new global value chain of the K-trade eco network. A new digital trade framework will be invaluable in promoting national soft power for enhancing global competitiveness of the trade community. It could become the advanced reference model of next trade facilitation infrastructure for developing countries.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.320-326
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• 2022

Most of the emerging diseases that threaten humans are caused by RNA viruses which are extremely mutable during evolution. The fish RNA virus, viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) can infect a broad range of aquatic animal hosts, but the transmissibility of VHSV to mammals has not been thoroughly investigated. Therefore, our study aimed to investigate the potential adverse effects of VHSV in mammals. Briefly, the survival of VHSV was determined using only minimum essential media (MEM-2) and mammalian SNU-1411 and hepa-1c1c7s cells at 15℃ and 37℃. Mice (Mus musculus, 27.3 ± 1.9 g) were intravenously injected with VHSV (2.37E+05 TCID₅₀·mice^-1) in triplicate. Clinical signs and survival rates were examined at 14 days post-challenge, and infection was confirmed in the surviving mice. The 50% tissue culture infective dose (TCID₅₀) and polymerase chain reaction analysis were used to determine viral titers and the infection rate, respectively. The titer of VHSV suspended in MEM-2 at 15℃ was reduced by only one log after 8 days, whereas the virus maintained at 37℃ was inactivated 8 days post-inoculation (dpi). There were no recognizable cytopathic effects in either SNU-1411 or hepa-1c1c7s cells inoculated with VHSV at 15℃ and 37℃. VHSV in those cell lines at 37℃ was rapidly decreased and eventually inactivated at 12 dpi, whereas virus at 15℃ remained at low concentrations without replication. In vivo experiment showed that there were no signs of disease, mortality, or infection in VHSV-infected mice. The results of this study indicate that it is highly unlikely that VHSV can infect mammals including humans.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.449-461
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• 2022

Purpose - The purpose of this study to explore factors consumers prioritize when purchasing seafood online. The originality of the study lies on adopting AHP-based approach in analyzing prioritized purchasing factors of seafood online. Design/methodology/approach - A survey was conducted targeting Korean consumers who have purchased seafood online. AHP method was applied to rank factors consumers prioritize before making decision. Findings - First, product's factor ranked first among other high level factors including delivery service, seller, online platform. Second, sanitation, taste, country of origin ranked first, second, third respectively, within product's factors. Third, safe delivery, timeliness, information accuracy ranked first, second, third respectively, within delivery factors. Fourth, consumer reviews, consumer response ability, promotion ranked first, second, third within seller factors. Fifth, Personal information management system, credibility, user-friendliness ranked first, second, third, within online platform factors. Research implications or Originality - To activate seafood online market, it is crucial to assure consumers that the seafood is well managed in a sanitary way from the production site to table. Existing government programs such as seafood traceability system, HACCP, and cold-chain infrastructure needs improvement. Due to highly perishable characteristic of seafood, delivery factors matter when purchasing online. Online platforms needs to continue to improve delivery service. Seafood products are mostly not branded and without objective information about their properties. Creating quality classification and seafood brands are likely to help consumers chose seafood online.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.145-153
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• 2022

Pathogens such as feline herpesvirus, feline calicivirus, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Chlamydia felis, Mycoplasma felis and Pasteurella multocida usually cause feline upper respiratory tract disease (URTD). Real-time PCR was used to analyze the detection and prevalence of the most common respiratory pathogens in cats with (n=69) and without respiratory signs (n=31). Pathogens were detected in 53 cats, divided into 37 (69.8%) with a single pathogen, 15 (28.3%) with two pathogens, and 1 (1.9%) with three pathogens. M. felis had the highest detection rate in 29 (42.0%) cats, P. multocida was detected in 18 (26.1%), FHV in 10 (14.5%), FCV in 7 (10.1%), B. bronchiseptica in 3 (4.3%), and C. felis in 2 (2.9%). M. felis was the most frequently detected pathogen in cats living outdoors without vaccination. Of the 37 cats infected with single pathogen, nasal discharge was observed in 13 (35.1%), ocular signs in 6 (16.2%), drooling in 5 (13.5%), dyspnea in 3 (8.1%), and asymptomatic in 10 (27.0%). In 51 outdoor and 49 indoor cats, pathogens were detected in 35 (68.6%) and 18 (36.7%) cats, respectively. Of the 29 cats infected with M. felis, 22 (75.9%) showed respiratory signs, and 7 (24.1%) were healthy. In the age of the 53 positive cats, 10 (18.9%) were under the age of 1 year, 26 (49.1%) were aged 1~3 years, and 17 (32.1%) were aged 3 years or older. Although the number of cats in the study was small, the results can provide valuable data on the prevalence of URTD in Korean cats.

• Journal of Appropriate Technology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.26-32
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• 2021

In the process of vaccine delivery and vaccination, temperature is mostly controlled by an insulated containers containing ice. Moreover, amount of wasted vaccine is significant because the temperature of the vaccine is not properly controlled. A core challenge of vaccination is temperature data monitoring, since it is critical for managing and operating strategical vaccination by health organizations. In this research, a real-time monitoring vaccine carrier system was developed. Temperature, location, and power consumption data of the vaccine carrier were monitored and working performances of the vaccine carrier were tested in both Korea and Tanzania (Arusha and Kilimanjaro regions). For both places, Short Message Service (SMS) communication method was used to send information of the carrier's status. As a result, the monitoring system was able to transmit and receive real-time data of the vaccine carrier status while the vaccine carrier was tested. The vaccine status data can be accessed from any location through the cloud server and web-based user interface.