• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.357-370
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• 2010

This study presents the basic resources for the enhancement of the competitiveness of the Korean fashion brands in the Chinese fashion market. They are composed of the differences and common points of clothing styles in Seoul, Beijing, and Shanghai, by analyzing the style comparatively. The research was performed by taking pictures of the Summer 2009 street fashions, from July $1^{st}$ to July $15^{th}$ 1999 (10 am to 5 pm). Among the data about the three cities, 200 photos were selected of women in their twenties and thirties, respectively. The disparity of regional preferences were noted in the fields of easy casual, romantic casual, sports casual, character casual, classic style, and feminine style. There were no specific differences in style among the three cities in the easy casual and classic style. The romantic casual after the easy casual were more prevalent in Seoul, as compared to the two cities in China. The neat style was more prevalent in Seoul. In Beijing the feminine style after the easy casual were preferred. The conservative style was more preferred in Seoul, while the body exposed style was preferred in Beijing and Shanghai. In Shanghai, the character casual was preferred and shows the similarity to the fashion style of Seoul, rather than Beijing. The high exposure of the body in romantic casual and feminine styles was more remarkable in Beijing and Shanghai. The frequency of the character casual that emphasized individuality with a unique style was relatively high in Shanghai. Seoul, Shanghai, and Beijing showed a similarity in the acceptance of fashion trends and preferences in clothing style. However, the fashion coordination in Shanghai and Beijing was different from Seoul.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.66-73
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• 2006

This study focuses on the economies of launching regular air services between capital cities of South Korea and North Korea. The demand for traveling between these two cities is too small to justify scheduled air service. However, it may be possible to provide regular air service by utilizing via flight of incumbent Seoul-Beijing flights. There are numerous flight services between Seoul and Beijing and we may allow some of the Seoul-Beijing flights to stop by Pyung Yang for commercial traffic handling. This study tries to find the optimal discount rate which passengers traveling between Seoul and Beijing via Pyung Yang, the idea is reasonable considering the inconvenience of stopping at Pyung Yang. The Stated Preference Techniques are applied for the study. The required data were collected through interviews of passengers traveling from Seoul to Beijing. The major variables that are considered in flight choice are air fare, flying time, and flight frequency. The relative importance of these major variables is estimated by the logit models calibrated with stated preference data.

• Atmosphere
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.45-60
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• 2021

The synoptic structures and precipitation impact of extratropical cyclones (ETCs) influencing on the three adjacent megacities in East Asia, i.e., Beijing (Beijing ETCs), Seoul (Seoul ETCs) and Tokyo (Tokyo ETCs), are analyzed using ERA-interim reanalysis data from 1979 to 2018. Individual ETC tracks are identified with the automated tracking algorithm applied to 850-hPa relative vorticity field. Among four seasons, ETCs are the most frequent in spring. In this season, Beijing ETCs are mainly generated at the leeside of Altai-Sayan Mountains and primarily develop through interaction between the upper-level trough and lower-level cyclonic circulation. For Seoul ETCs, the leesides of Altai-Sayan Mountains (Seoul-N ETCs) and Tibetan Plateau (Seoul-S ETCs) are main genesis regions and the features of ETCs are different according to the genesis regions. While Seoul-N ETCs mainly develope by the same mechanism of Beijing ETCs, strong diabatic heating due to vapor transport is responsible for the genesis of Seoul-S ETCs. Tokyo ETCs are originated from the leesides of Tibetan Plateau and Kuroshio-Oyashio Extension regions, and strong diabatic heating as well as interaction between upper and lower levels determines the genesis of these ETCs. The precipitation impact resulting from ETCs become strong in the order of Beijing ETCs, Seoul-N ETCs, Seoul-S ETCs, and Tokyo ETCs and accounts for up to 40%, 27%, 52%, and 70% of regional precipitation, respectively.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.42-50
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• 2015

Beijing and Seoul are the capital of China and Korea, and political, economic, cultural, and tourist centers as well. Beijing is most likely to follow the footsteps of Seoul in the process of urbanization. The purpose of this study is to find out differences and improvements by comparing the solid waste management system between Beijing and Seoul. China classifies waste into urban waste, industrial waste and hazardous waste, which is the same as Korea did in 1980s. Beijing's policy directions in the waste management is similar to Seoul's in the early 1990s when Seoul strived to construct incinerators and landfill. Beijing's waste management achievements are also similar to Seoul's in that the ratio of recycling and incineration is high and that of landfill is low. Hence, it is expected for the waste management policies and achievement of two cities to resemble more and more. Financial burdens of government, indifference of citizens, and decentralized organizations of waste management might be the issues for Beijing to solve. In particular, to implement the user fee system and to encourage citizens to participate in waste separation discharge appear to be key issues in Beijing. Seoul should take a look at which the Beijing government itself collects waste in station and central area.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.111-131
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to compare the difference between Beijing and Seoul in women's winter street fashion, and suggest strategic methods to improve new competitiveness of the Korean fashion industry. The research was conducted by literature review and empirical research and photographs of winter street style were directly taken by a digital camera from December 28, 2008 to January 8, 2009. The survey was made at 9~11 A.M., 12~1 P.M., and 3~5 P.M. during midweek and weekend. Then 530 photographs(265 each city) of women of the 20s and 30s were selected by random sampling and five fashion professional including this researcher classified styles in accord with majority opinion on careful investigation. The results of comparing the 2008 winter street fashion in Beijing and Seoul show the highest frequency of easy casual style. In detail, while high frequency was found in romantic, classic, feminine, and romantic casual style in Seoul, easy casual and character casual style was prevalent in Beijing. The same frequency of sport casual style illustrates no differences between two cities. Unlike the prediction of the fashion industry that the preference of sport casual style would be increased under the influence of the Beijing Olympics 2008, high preference of easy casual reflects that Chinese women were more sensitive to the changes of their consumption trend. In clothing color, the achromatic color was prevalent in street style in Seoul, whereas multi-color were preferred in Beijing, suggesting a great difference. In the case of accessories, both areas preferred a tot bag but Beijing women preferred active shoulder bag and cross bag in sport casual style. Seoul women preferred pumps and sneakers, whereas Beijing women liked boots of different length according to style.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.56 no.2 s.101
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• pp.32-44
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• 2006

Denim has been one of the most favored clothing item among young people regardless of regional difference. This study compared the styling of women's denim fashion in two Asian metro-cities, Seoul and Beijing, in order to understand how differ the fashion taste of both cities. Data was collected by taking photos of young women who wear denim clothing at the main streets of downtowns or famous shopping areas of both cities from the July of 2004 till the April of 2005. A total of 524 photos(Seoul 242, and Beijing 282) were put into content analysis. Results showed that there were several similarities and differences in denim styling between two cities in terms of the most widely worn denim items and the coordinate items, and the favored colors, silhouette, details of denim pants and the coordinate items. In Seoul, women favored denim look with little detail, fitted silhouette, and in more formal image. A few denim styles prevailed in each season which reflect current denim fashion trends. Meanwhile a wide variety of denim styles were found at Beijing without dominant denim trends, which means Beijing women put more emphasis on personal expression of their fashion taste instead of just following fashion trends.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.11 no.11
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• pp.13-18
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• 2013

Purpose - This thesis aims to increase the success of Korean fashion brands in the Chinese consumer market by providing basic items in fashion colors preferred by women in their twenties and thirties, having the highest purchasing power, in Beijing and Seoul, in the summer of 2012. Research Methodology - The street fashion color data were retrieved for the case study by taking pictures and recording videos at the famous fashion streets in Beijing and Seoul. The WINDOWS SPSS 18.0 program was applied, to determine the frequency of street fashion colors. Results - The results might be ascribed to the tendency of Chinese women to favor the symbolism of traditional colors. Conversely, women in Seoul have more attachment to international fashion color trends than to the traditional color symbolism. Conclusions - This study suggests that Korean companies should consider the differences in street fashion color preferences when planning to launch a fashion brand in the Chinese consumer market. To gain the long-term perspective, further research on the local Chinese area might be essential to help Korean fashion companies and brands launch into the Chinese consumer market.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.107-123
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to obtain specific data about the characteristics of color preference on Women's street fashion within China and Korea. Photos of Women's street fashion from the twenties and thirties were taken in person in four cities in China(Beijing, Dalian, Qingdao and Nanjing) and Seoul from July 2nd to August 10th, 2015. Three hundred photos in each city were selected, making a total of 1,500 photos. In the analysis of the colors of the clothing in these five cities, the uses of the multi color was most frequent in Dalian, while those of Black was most prevalent in Beijing, Qingdao, Nanjing and Seoul. The Black proved to be commonly preferred through all the items, regardless of terms of the nationality, areas and seasonal changes. The high incidence of Purple Blue color in Beijing, Dalian and Qingdao might be attributed to their preference of the blue jeans. The Multi color was highly shown in all the cities which might be due to their preference of compound colors rather than the mono ones. The high preference for the chromatic colors such as Red, Yellow Red and Yellow might be ascribed to the Chinese traditional color preferences. The differences lies in the color tones, such as the dark and light grayish tone emphasized in Seoul and Nanjing, and vivid and strong tones in Beijing, Dalian and Qingdao. Seoul shows a liking for the achromatic colors, preferring dark and grayish tones, compared with four cities in China, only Nanjing has a similar trend to Seoul. This study analyzes geographical preferences in China that possibly contribute to the launching of Korean fashion brands in view of the design and marketing as a useful basic resources.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.86-99
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to analyze women apparel's colors in the Seoul, Beijing, and Tokyo collections and examine the color characteristics of three collections through comparison with trend colors suggested by Carlin, a color forecasting group. A literature review and an empirical study were used for methodology. The literature review examined the status and characteristics of the three collections, a fashion color forecast, and F/W 2014-15 trend colors by Carlin based on previous researches and literature data on fashion color. The empirical study extracted and analyzed 2014-15 F/W women's ready-to-wear collections in Seoul, Tokyo, and Beijing and compared the result with trend colors by Carlin. First, the colors of women's apparel were analyzed in the Seoul, Beijing, and Tokyo collections. All three collections commonly used achromatic colors and the percentage of Bk, Gy, Wh, R, and B colors was high. All three collections used achromatic colors frequently for the main color and sub colors. For accent colors, while the application of achromatic colors was high in the Seoul collection, the application of chromatic colors was high in the Tokyo and Beijing collections. Second, women's apparel colors in the Seoul, Beijing, and Tokyo collections were compared with trend colors suggested by Carlin. All three collections highly reflected Bk, Wh, and R (Carlin's forecasting color of 'Splendor') and B (forecasting color of 'Boreal'). However, the reflection of metallic colors suggested as a keyword of 'Brave New World' and Pk color of 'Sensitive' and 'Boreal' were a bit low.

• Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.27-32
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• 2012

Twitter can spread and share all kinds of information such as facts, opinions, and ideas in real time. In this paper, we empirically compare and analyze the topic categories in Twitter with all top 100 users in each of geographic region. We mainly consider the relationships among regions and selected four regions: Global, Seoul, Tokyo, and Beijing. Each of the top 100 users in Twitter is classified into a specific category and then statistical analysis is conducted. Among eight topic categories, the "Arts" category is the largest and the second is "Life". The correlation between global and Seoul groups has the lowest value among the six pairs of relationships between regional groups, and this difference is statistically significant. We find that the Seoul, Tokyo, and Beijing regional Twitter groups, all in East Asia, have high topical similarity. Based on the correlation analysis, Seoul and Tokyo saliently show a sticky trend. The correlation coefficient presents very a strong positive correlation between Seoul and Tokyo. The correlation between the global group and the East Asian groups is relatively lower than that among the East Asian groups.