• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.142-149
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose was to test the effects of self-hand massage with aroma oil on daily cigarette use, smoking craving, and depression of female high school student smokers who are attempting to quit smoking. Method: A convenience sampling of a non-equivalent control group time series was used. Female high school student smokers were assigned either to smoking cessation lecture only or to an intervention that involved a smoking cessation lecture and self -hand massage with aroma oil for 4 weeks. Lavender, Peppermint, and Bergamotte essence oils were used for massage. Result: There was a significant change in daily cigarette use and depression between the groups at three different times. Conclusion: It is promising that self-hand massage with aroma oil can be an effective adjunctive to decrease daily cigarette use and depression of female high school student smokers who are attempting to quit smoking.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.202-209
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of hand massage on depression, self-esteem and vitality in elderly patients in convalescent hospitals. Methods: This study employed a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. The subjects were 24 elderly patients in the experimental group and 25 in a control group in a convalescent hospital located in G city. Data were collected using a questionnaire that relied on the geriatric depression scale (short form) by Sheikh and Yesavage; the self-esteem scale by Rosenberg; and the vitality scale used by Johnson and revised by Oh. The experimental group were treated with a general hand massage using only carrier oil on both hands for 10 minutes a day for seven days. The control group was given no treatment. The collected data were analyzed using t-test, $x^2$-test, and Fisher's exact test with SPSS Win Version 18.0. Results: The results are as follows: The experimental group showed a significant improvement in depression, self-esteem and vitality than the control group. Conclusion: The results showed that hand massage was an effective intervention program for depression, self-esteem and vitality of elderly patients in convalescent hospitals.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.169-175
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• 2016

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the effects of hand massage with nail art on depression, self-esteem and vital signs of elderly women. Methods: The research design was one group pre and post test experimental design. Data were collected from December 7 to December 14, 2015. All participants had hand massage with nail art for 10 minutes. Depression, self-esteem and vital signs were measured before, immediately after the hand massage with nail art and one week later. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and repeated measures ANOVA with SPSS/Win 12.0 Program. Results: Depression (F=30.80, p<.001), self-esteem (F=60.02, p<.000), diastolic pressure (F=29.56, p<.001) and body temperature (F=13.87, p<.001) were significantly different compared to pre-study values. Systolic pressure (F=3.85, p=.059) and pulse rate (F=0.32, p=.576) had no significant difference compared to pre-study values. Conclusion: The findings of this research show that hand massage with nail art has positive effects on decreasing depression and improving self-esteem for senior women who chose nail polish colour by themselves.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1389-1399
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• 2000

Massage therapy is a traditional, alternative and nonphamacological means of promoting rest and relaxation. However, nursing intervention by massage for middle-aged women is rarely practiced by nurses. The purpose of this research was to examine the effects of the hand and arm massage as an independent nursing intervention tool for middle- aged women. The data used in this research were collected from forty-nine subjects using a nonequivalent control group non- synchronized design. Twenty-four persons for the experimental group and Twenty-five persons for the control group were selected from D city and C city from July 1997 to September 2000. Subjects' ages were between forty and fifty-six years old with mean the age of 45.6. Hand and arm massage developed by Cayce and Reilly was applied to the experimental group for a session of 15 minutes two or three times a week for four weeks. The instruments used for the measurement of the subjects' stress, anxiety, depression and the middle-life crisis were Langners's 22-item Self-rating Depression Scale, and Kim's Middle Life Crisis Scale(1988). These psychological factors were measured before and after the implementation of hand and arm massage. The data were analyzed with mean$\pm$s.d, percent, t-test, and a paired t-test. The results were summarized as follows; 1. Before the treatment, there were no significant differences between the two groups. 2. After the treatment, there were significant differences in the stress and the occurrence of mid life crisis between the two groups. The findings suggest that the use of the life crisis. Therefore, it is recommended that hand and arm massage be used as an independent nursing intervention tool for middle-aged women. For further research, is needed replication of this concept of research with different subjects in a larger population. Also, it is recommended to investigate the effects of massage with aroma therapy for the berefit of decreasing womens' stress level further.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.155-165
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• 2017

Purpose: The aim of this study was to understand the hand-on breast massage techniques used by well-known experts in breastfeeding clinics. Methods: A qualitative multiple-case design was applied that involved a feasibility test. Four experts sampling qualitative data collected by observing participants and in individual interviews were analyzed by content analysis, linking data to the propositions, and cross-case pattern matching. This study explored differences within and between cases, and the possibilities of replicating findings across cases. Thirty-nine postpartum women participated voluntarily in the feasibility test, which investigated the usability of four massage techniques. Results: The four techniques showed considerable similarities in terms of the application of stimulation to the breast base and increased flexibility of the wired flexible body, which was the core mechanism underlying the techniques. The breast management strategies were consistent with existing practice guidelines with the exception of using cold cabbage to control engorgement pain. There was insufficient scientific evidence for supporting the massage techniques used by the experts. All of the techniques showed 100% education completeness, but application rates were higher for self-control-oriented techniques. Conclusion: The massage techniques applied by experts in breastfeeding were based on hypotheses and self-control techniques are feasible to apply in practice.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.476-487
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of hand massage as a nursing intervention on the anxiety of the hysterectomy patients in immediately prior to surgery. The method of this study was Nonequivalent Control Group Non-Synchronized Design. The data were selected from at K university hospital in Pusan, and they consisted of Experimental group-25 patients, Control group -24 patients. The data were collected from Jan. 4 to Jan. 30 in 1999. The subjects′ self-reports of anxiety (measured by the Spielberger Trait-State anxiety Inventory and Visual Analogue Scale developed by Cline et al.) were recorded before and immediately after the intervention. The objective physiologic measures of blood pressure and pulse rate. The collected data were analysed by means of frequency, percentage, standard deviation, chi- square test, t-test, ANCOVA with SPSS program. The results of this study were as following; 1. Hypothesis 1: The 1st hypothesis that "There will be significant difference of the state anxiety level just before surgery in the experimental group and control group" was supported(P= .000). 2. Hypothesis 2: The 2nd hypothesis that "There will be significant difference of the visual analogue scale score just before surgery in the experimental group and control group"was supported(P= .000). 3. Hypothesis 3: The 3rd hypothesis that "There will be significant difference of the systolic and diastolic blood pressure level just before surgery in the experimental group and control group"was supported (P= .003, P= .041). 4. Hypothesis 4: The 4th hypothesis that "There will be significant difference of the pulse rate just before surgery in the experimental group and control group"was supported(P= .004). In conclusion, hand massage is a benefical nursing intervention that alleviates the psychological, physiological anxiety of the hysterectomy patients in immediately prior to surgery. therefore it is recomended to use the hand massage as a nursing intervention for patients undergoing anxiety. The results of this study appear promising, additional research is recomended to further the appropriate uses of hand massage in nursing practice for this and other patient population.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.608-616
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• 2003

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of smoking cessation program applying aromatherapy massage on female college students' quitting of smoking. Methods: Forty-eight female college students were assigned to a smoking cessation program applying aromatherapy massage or a control group. The treatment group was taught to conduct a self hand massage with aroma essence oil. Lavender extra, Camomile roman and Bergamotte aroma essence oil were used for massage. The results of this study showed that the smoking cessation program applying aromatherapy massage resulted in significant effects on the number of cigarettes smoked per day, anxiety, smoking cravings and withdrawal symptoms. Conclusions: The findings presented above suggest that the smoking cessation program applying aromatherapy massage may be an effective intervention for female college students attempting to quit smoking to alleviate smoking-related anxiety and to reduce the number of cigarettes smoked, smoking cravings and withdrawal symptoms.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.220-228
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• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate estheticians' self-reported pain symptoms and pain levels according to the parts of the hand. Methods: Data were collected through a questionnaire survey among 116 estheticians from 31 skin care centers and spas. Information about general characteristics, job characteristics and work characteristics were based on data from the self-administered questionnaire. To determine the self-reported pain symptoms and pain levels according to the parts of the hand, a Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaire was used. Results: The subjects had the greatest self-reported pain symptoms in the thumb(Right: 53.4%, Left: 46.6%) and felt the highest level of pain in the wrist(Right: 4.87 points, Left: 4.71 points). Physical burdens and age had statistically significant effects on the pain level in the right hand, while physical burdens and the manager rather than the director had statistically significant effects on the pain level in the left hand. Conclusions: Since the thumb and wrist have the greatest subjective pain symptoms in the hand, the use of proper tools is recommended in order to reduce the usage of the thumbs during massage, as is regular stretching to protect the wrists.

• Journal of Engineering Education Research
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.43-48
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• 2020

This paper deals with a Capstone Design project which is a wearable haptic wrist massage device design carried out within the 'Designeer' education program. Following design thinking process is recommended throughout a year in order to ensure a desirable, feasible and viable product. Dealing with a real problem of the field requires open-minded and flexible attitudes both from students and professors. Integrating design in an engineering project does not mean always making better looking product. User experience design allows wider opportunity to engineers to deal with design. A case study of developing a wearable wrist massage device shown in this paper demonstrate haptic design and how haptic properties can be optimized to offer best user experience of hand massaging. This study identified that starting lateral pressure movements from the center in larger area using air tubes gives better feeling as self-massage using wrist wearing devices.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.213-225
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to identify the Effect of Hand Reflexology on Saeng-chi of physiologic, emotional & motivational responses and Immunity in ESRD patients who received hemodialysis in two general hospital from June to September. 2001 A two group quasi-experimental research with pre and post test design was used. The number of participants in the experimental group was 23, and in the control group, 20 The Hand Reflexology Intervention was developed by the researcher based on hand reflexology by Carter & Weber and Chi-massage by Chia. The Hand Reflexology was applied to both hands for 10 minutes per day. and 5 days by 5 times. To evaluate the effects of the program, Pre and Post evaluations were done. In the physiologic response, the PR was decreased at the 1st times post treatment and at the 5th. In addition BP was decreased at the 1st time, but not the 5th. After 5 treatments, there were significant increase in Hb and significant decreases in the BUN and Cr. levels in the experimental group. In the emotional and motivational responses, there were significant increases in vigor, mood, uplifts and self care agency scores in the experimental group, but there was no significant difference in the Rosenberg's self esteem score. In the experimental group, significantly increased CD4, and h/s ratios were found, also NK cells were significantly decreased, and there was a decrease in the CD8. However, no significant differences between groups were observed. There were significant increases in CD32, CD33, CD34 in the experimental group. The self care agency score correlated negatively with the CD8. From the above results, Hand Reflexology is shown to be an effective mind-body nursing intervention for enhancing Saeng-chi responses and affecting some of the immune responses. However, Immune cell activation and differentiation with hand reflexology will be achieved with future study.