• Atmosphere
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.415-426
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• 2010

A Land cover map over East Asian region (Kongju national university Land Cover map: KLC) is classified by using support vector machine (SVM) and evaluated with ground truth data. The basic input data are the recent three years (2006-2008) of MODIS (MODerate Imaging Spectriradiometer) NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) data. The spatial resolution and temporal frequency of MODIS NDVI are 1km and 16 days, respectively. To minimize the number of cloud contaminated pixels in the MODIS NDVI data, the maximum value composite is applied to the 16 days data. And correction of cloud contaminated pixels based on the spatiotemporal continuity assumption are applied to the monthly NDVI data. To reduce the dataset and improve the classification quality, 9 phenological data, such as, NDVI maximum, amplitude, average, and others, derived from the corrected monthly NDVI data. The 3 types of land cover maps (International Geosphere Biosphere Programme: IGBP, University of Maryland: UMd, and MODIS) were used to build up a "quasi" ground truth data set, which were composed of pixels where the three land cover maps classified as the same land cover type. The classification results show that the fractions of broadleaf trees and grasslands are greater, but those of the croplands and needleleaf trees are smaller compared to those of the IGBP or UMd. The validation results using in-situ observation database show that the percentages of pixels in agreement with the observations are 80%, 77%, 63%, 57% in MODIS, KLC, IGBP, UMd land cover data, respectively. The significant differences in land cover types among the MODIS, IGBP, UMd and KLC are mainly occurred at the southern China and Manchuria, where most of pixels are contaminated by cloud and snow during summer and winter, respectively. It shows that the quality of raw data is one of the most important factors in land cover classification.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.132-138
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• 2013

The food choices in childhood have high a probability of being carried through into their adulthood life, which then contributes to the risk of many non-communicable diseases. Therefore, there is a need to gather some information about children's views on foods which may influence their food choices for planning a related dietary intervention or programme. This paper aimed to explore the views of children on foods and the types of foods which are usually consumed by children under four food groups (snacks, fast foods, cereals and cereal products; and milk and dairy products) by using focus group discussions. A total of 33 school children aged 7-9 years old from Selangor and Kuala Lumpur participated in the focus groups. Focus groups were audio-taped, transcribed and analyzed according to the listed themes. The outcomes show that the children usually consumed snacks such as white bread with spread or as a sandwich, local cakes, fruits such as papaya, mango and watermelon, biscuits or cookies, tea, chocolate drink and instant noodles. Their choices of fast foods included pizza, burgers, French fries and fried chicken. For cereal products, they usually consumed rice, bread and ready-to-eat cereals. Finally, their choices of dairy products included milk, cheese and yogurt. The reasons for the food liking were taste, nutritional value and the characteristics of food. The outcome of this study may provide additional information on the food choices among Malaysian children, especially in urban areas with regard to the food groups which have shown to have a relationship with the risk of childhood obesity.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2021

The realities of Climate change and its untold implications on the livelihood of man are no longer new worldwide. In attempts to subdue the negative implications of Climate change scenario globally, several measures have being suggested and being put in place. One of such measures is urban reforestation especially in the developing nations where forest resources have extremely and uncontrollably exploited. Most of cities in developing nations are almost devoid of regularly maintained trees for whatever purpose. Thus, the enormous roles which urban tree performs are lacked in most cities. In order to subdue excessive heat in cities arising from exposure of urban land areas urban reforestation exercise needs to be embarked upon. The investigation was carried out through desk studies and review of relevant publications to examine what it entails to have a sustainable reforestation programme in cities. The study revealed that several factors need to be taken into consideration if sustainable urban reforestation will be achieved, especially in developing countries. These factors include urban soil nutrients status investigation, appropriate tree type study, public perception about the tree types, relevant legal instrument to achieve successful reforestation exercise in cities among others were found to be salient to this exercise. Urban reforestation has enormous potentials to subdue Climate change consequences, including urban renewal if adequate provision is made for its sustainability, especially in developing countries. To ensure this is realized it is recommended that relevant ministry/agency could be put in charge for the maintaining, cutting and replanting of urban tree and all that are involved in urban tree sustainability.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.35 no.5_1
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• pp.649-663
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• 2019

The 2018 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) report announced that deforestation in North Korea is the most extreme situation and in terms of climate change, this deforestation is a global scale issue. To respond deforestation, various study and projects are conducted based on remote sensing, but access to public data in North Korea is limited, and objectivity is difficult to be guaranteed. In this study, the forest detection based on density estimation in statistic using Landsat imagery was conducted in Gangwon province which is the only administrative district divided into South and North. The forest spatial data of South Korea was used as data for the labeling of forest and Non-forest in the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and a threshold (0.6658) for forest detection was set by Gaussian Probability Density Function (PDF) estimation by category. The results show that the forest area decreased until the 2000s in both Korea, but the area increased in 2010s. It is also confirmed that the reduction of forest area on the local scale is the same as the policy direction of urbanization and industrialization at that time. The Kappa value for validation was strong agreement (0.8) and moderate agreement (0.6), respectively. The detection based on the Gaussian PDF estimation is considered a method for complementing the statistical limitations of the existing detection method using satellite imagery. This study can be used as basic data for deforestation in North Korea and Based on the detection results, it is necessary to protect and restore forest resources.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.82-89
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• 1982

The author of this paper has participated for research on soil conservation and watershed management for two years as an associate Personnel at the Inter-American Institute for Co-operation on Agriculture (IICA-OAS), in Jamaica. This paper is fundamentally based on the author's experience of researches as well as the results of studies with the references cited. The island of Jamaica having $11,440km^2$ was divided into 33 groups of watersheds and eighteen watersheds were identified as severely disturbed areas of mostly upstream. There are approximately 164,000 ha of land in urgent need of rehabilitation and protection including a 36,900 ha of five watersheds first priority needed. A national programme of watershed management to conserve all the watersheds, particularly those inhabited by small farmers is urgently necessary.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2013

Acacia mangium is an evergreen fast-growing tropical tree, which can grow up to 30 m tall and 50 cm thick, under favorable conditions. It is a low-elevation species associated with rain forest margins and disturbed, well-drained acid soils. It is native to Papua, Western Irian Jaya and the Maluku islands in Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and north-eastern Queensland in Australia. Due to its rapid growth and tolerance of very poor soils, A. mangium was introduced into some Asian, African and western hemisphere countries where it is used as a plantation tree. A. mangium has good quality wood traits, such as a comparatively low proportion of parenchymatous cells and vessels, white and hard wood, and high calorific value. Therefore, it is useful for a variety of purposes, such as furniture, cabinets, turnery, floors, particleboard, plywood, veneer, fence posts, firewood, and charcoal. It is also being used in pulp and paper making because it has good pulp traits, with high yields of pulp, quality of kraft, and produces paper with good optical, physical and surface properties. Because there are significant provenance differences in growth rate, stem straightness, heartwood formation and frequency of multiple leaders, the productivity and quality also varies depending upon environmental conditions, so genetic improvement programmes have been undertaken in countries like Australia, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan and Thailand. The programme includes provenance identifications and testing, plus tree selection and clonal multiplication, establishment of seed orchards and hybridization. The phenology, reproductive biology, fruit characteristics, silvicultural practices for cultivation, pest and diseases problems, production of improved planting stock, harvesting, wood properties and utilization have been discussed in this paper.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.205-209
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• 1997

In a line X tester crossing programme (24 lines 2 testers) the general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects were analyzed for five economic characters in the bivoltine silkworm, Bombyx mori L. The results showed desired GCA effects in 934D1 (9500), 934B (9789) and 934A1 (9855) for cocoon yield per 10,000 larvae brushed by number. Likewise, the lines found to be superior based on GCA effects for other characters were as follows; 931D (14.040 Kgs), 935E (17.023 Kga.), 934D1 (15.643 Kgs.) and 934B (15.687 Kgs.) for cocoon yield by weight: 931D (1.717 g) and 930E (1.796 g) for single cocoon weight; 932B (0.330 g) for single shell weight: 931D (1.717 g) and 930e (1.796 g) for single cocoon weight; 932B (0.330 g) for single shell weight; 932B (18.7%), 933A (18.86%) and 935A (19.89%) for shell ratio. SCA effects showed the superiority of 932D$\times$KA (9822 cocoon yield per 10,000 larvae brushed by number); 932A$\times$NB4D2 (16.933 Kgs. cocoon yield per 10,000 larvae brushed by weight); 931C$\times$KA (1.911 g single cocoon weight); 934$\times$NB4D2 (0.371 g single shell weight and 21.0% shell ratio). The analysis indicated non-additive gene action for all the five characters.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.194-195
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• 1982

Recommendaton: These are the highlights of the findings of the Timber Consumption Survey carried out by the Project in 1966, and covering consumption for the period from 1961 to 1965. The survey was oriented towards consumption for structural, commercial and industrial purposes and existing estimates for local (village-level) consumption as fuel and the like were adopted. A full report on the survey was submitted to the Bureau of Forestry in 1966. Long-term Trends: After allowance for anticipated population increase, this ten year's increase in industrial wood consumption represents a gain of about 30% in per capita consumption (from 0.0913 cu.m. per capita to 0.118 cu.m. per capita). This is only about half the expected general economic growth of about 75% (7% per annum). It is therefore likely (a) that the 1975 estimate is conservative, (b) that the consumption demand beyond 1975 may be expected to build up at a greatly increased rate. Estimated income elasticity coefficients are high, and with expected ir,creases in prosperity and population, the consumption is expected to rise to 10 million cu. meters by the year 2,000. Consumption Pattern: The breakdown of industrial consumption (1965) is given in Table 4-2, showing sawnwood consumption as the most important in 1965. The upward trend in all sectors over the 1961-65 period is expected to continue. The general consumption pattern is expected to change through 1975 with a sharp increase in the relative importance of pulp products (to 30% of total consumption) offset by declining relative importance of sawlogs. The following recommendations follow from the study: (i) Industrial forests. - A programme of establishment of consolidated industrial forests should be initiated as a matter of urgency. (ii) Fuelwood forests - Properly sited, protected and managed fuelwood forest, worked on a 20-year rotation, should be established as a nation wide basis. (iii) Hardwood utilization - Detailed investigations are required into the use of indigenous hardwoods for the pulp, particle board and hardboard industries. (iv) Mining timber - Preservation treatment of all mining timber should be enforced by law. (v) Sawmills - Licencing restrictions should be enforced to reduce the number of small, inefficient sawmills. b. Extension work should be undertaken bv government to improve sawmilling practices.

• Atmosphere
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.415-427
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• 2011

In this study, the impacts of land surface conditions, land cover (LC) map and leaf area index (LAI), on the short-range weather forecast over the East-Asian region were examined using Unified Model (UM) coupled with the MOSES 2.2 (Met-Office Surface Exchange Scheme). Four types of experiments were performed at 12-km horizontal resolution with 38 vertical layers for two months, July and August 2009 through consecutive reruns of 72-hour every 12 hours, 00 and 12 UTC. The control experiment (CTRL) uses the original IGBP (International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme) LC map and old MODIS (MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) LAI, the new LAI experiment (NLAI) uses improved monthly MODIS LAI. The new LC experiment (NLCE) uses KLC_v2 (Kongju National Univ. land cover), and the new land surface experiment (NLSE) uses KLC_v2 and new LAI. The reduced albedo and increased roughness length over southern part of China caused by the increased broadleaf fraction resulted in increase of land surface temperature (LST), air temperature, and sensible heat flux (SHF). Whereas, the LST and SHF over south-eastern part of Russia is decreased by the decreased needleleaf fraction and increased albedo. The changed wind speed induced by the LC and LAI changes also contribute the LST distribution through the change of vertical mixing and advection. The improvement of LC and LAI data clearly reduced the systematic underestimation of air temperature over South Korea. Whereas, the impacts of LC and LAI conditions on the simulation skills of precipitation are not systematic. In general, the impacts of LC changes on the short range forecast are more significant than that of LAI changes.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.375-389
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Self-foot Reflex Massage (SRM) programme on the physical condition and anxiety level of hypertension workers. The research was designed in the pre and post-test. Sample test was done in five workers with essential hypertension. They were divided in two groups:- Group A and Group B. The Self-foot Reflex Massage (SRM) was applied three times a week for Group A and five times a week for Group B. The SRM was given in 40 minutes each time for 4 weeks from the 1st of January to the 30th of April in 2001. In order to evaluate the effect on SRM. blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol were measured as physical parameters and state trait anxiety inventory was used twice each time between before and after the exercise. The collected data was analysed by Mann-Whitney test with SPSS program. The results were as follows: 1. Average age for the subjects were 39.8 (ranged from thirty-two to fifty-three) and average period of hypertension history was 42 months (ranged from twenty to eighty-four). 2. There was no significant difference between two examined groups in blood pressure. But, there was a significant difference in SRM of pre and post-test for two groups. 3. There was no significant difference in blood cholesterol between two groups and between pre and post-test. 4. State trait anxiety showed significant difference between pre and post-test except the results between two groups. This result suggests that SRM is effective on the decrease of systolic and diastolic pressure and the relief of state trait anxiety except for the blood cholesterol. Therefore, blood cholesterol is needed further evaluation in large subjects and longer period. Further research is regarded as necessary to evaluate and to compare the precise effects of SRM on the foot reflex massage (FRM) in anxiety.