• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.237-249
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• 2024

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the adequacy of current nurse staffing levels by identifying nursing activities and workload. Methods: The study used a mixed-method design. A nursing activity survey was conducted using the work sampling method over 2 working days with 119 general ward nurses. A focus group interview was conducted with 12 nurses. Quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed using SPSS 20.0 and content analysis, respectively. Results: The most amount of time was spent on medication (in direct nursing) and electronic medical record documentation (in indirect nursing). The appropriate nurse-to-patient ratio is 1:7.7 for the day shift, 1:9.0 for the evening shift, and 1:11.9 for the night shift. However, the current nurse-to-patient ratio is 1:9.4, 1:11.0, and 1:13.8 for the day, evening, and night shifts, respectively. Therefore, the current nurse staffing level is insufficient for the workload. In the focus group interview, the main reasons cited for being unable to complete tasks within working hours were communication and coordination, and the nursing electronic medical record. The essential nursing activities of basic nursing and emotional support were overlooked owing to a heavy workload. Therefore, an adequate nurse staffing level should be higher than the measured quantitative workload. Conclusion: These results suggest the general wards of tertiary hospitals should evaluate the adequacy of their current nurse staffing and allocate sufficient nurses to improve patient safety and nursing care quality.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.239-248
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• 2024

VTS operators monitor movements of vessels within their jurisdiction and provide necessary information to ensure safe navigation. This involves communication with vessels within the VTS area. Contents of these communications are manually recorded in logbooks. However, manual logging faces limitations due to its inability to document details comprehensively and the challenge of constant recording amidst various duties. This study aimed to quantitatively analyze the workload associated with manual logkeeping by examining eye movements of VTS operators. Eye-tracking devices were used to measure gaze patterns of VTS operator at the Busan Port. Results indicated that approximately 65% of the VTS operators' gaze was directed towards the operation consoles, which were focal points for marine traffic information. In contrast, only about 9% of their gaze was directed towards logbooks. These findings suggest that while VTS operators predominantly focus on areas related to information gathering and dissemination, logbooks, being information-recording zones, receive minimal attention. For effective traffic management, the primary focus should be on information processing and provision rather than manual documentation.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-23
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• 2017

Since the development of information communication technologies, social networking sites (SNSs) have been diffused to the world with benefits such as building and maintaining relationships among people. SNSs have become more popular with the development of mobile devices. Despite this advantage, SNSs also present unexpected effects on people, such as cyberbullying and identity theft. Cyberbullying has emerged as one of the most serious issues among people who use SNSs. In fact, almost 20% of teenagers confessed that they have been cyberbullied on SNSs. In consideration of this serious social issue, this study investigates the influences of self-disclosure and self-control on the cyberbullying victimization experience from the perspective of Social Exchange Theory. Self-disclosure is a basic characteristic of SNSs. It is classified into self-disclosure for access to SNS and self-disclosure for relationship building and maintaining on SNSs. The cyberbullying victimization experience is classified into being cyber-excluded and being cyber-attacked. We examine how two types of self-disclosure and self-control affect two types of cyberbullying victimization experience based on the survey data of people who are in their 20s and are greatly familiar with SNSs.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.39-48
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• 2024

A car horn serves a crucial safety role as a means of communication between drivers and a part that alerts pedestrians in advance. While previous studies have utilized finite element method and electric circuit model to simulate and analyze characteristics of the car horns, there remains a lack of research on design methods of a trumpet horn. This paper presents a design approach that predicts the operating frequency based on the acoustic reactance at the throat of the horn, once the vibrating part is determined. We deal with a horn combining both an exponential horn and a waveguide in the acoustic section, and confirm that the acoustic reactance at the horn throat measured by impedance tube experiment agrees well compared with the numerical result obtained using the finite element method. The resonance frequency of the car horn is predicted using the COMSOL Multiphysics finite element numerical analysis model, and the proposed design method is validated by measuring the operating frequency of the designed horn in a sound pressure experiment. As a result, the resonance measured in a semi-anechoic chamber environment by applying a DC voltage of 12 [V] excluding the holder occurs accurately within a few [Hz] of the design operating frequency. This paper discuss the design method of a trumpet horn from the perspective of the horn's acoustic reactance, and is expected to be useful for designing horn systems.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.150-156
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• 2024

One of the key factors in research regarding long-distance laser beam propagation, as in free-space optical communication or laser power transmission, is the transmission efficiency of the laser beam. As a way to improve efficiency, we perform extensive numerical simulations of the effect of modifying the laser beam's profile, especially replacing the fundamental Gaussian beam with a super-Gaussian beam. Numerical simulations of the transmitted power in the ideal diffraction-limited beam diameter determined by the optical system of the transmitter, after about 1-km propagation, reveal that the second-order super-Gaussian beam can yield superior performance to that of the fundamental Gaussian beam, in both single-channel and coherently combined multi-channel laser transmitters. The improvement of the transmission efficiency for a 1-km propagation distance when using a second-order super-Gaussian beam, in comparison with a fundamental Gaussian beam, is estimated at over 1.2% in the singlechannel laser transmitter, and over 4.2% and over 4.6% in coherently combined 3- and 7-channel laser transmitters, respectively. For a range of the propagation distance varying from 750 to 1,250 m, the improvement in transmission efficiency by use of the second-order super-Gaussian beam is estimated at over 1.2% in the single-channel laser transmitter, and over 4.1% and over 4.0% in the coherently combined 3- and 7-channel laser transmitters, respectively. These simulation results will pave the way for future advances in the generation of higher-order super-Gaussian beams and the development of long-distance optical energy-transfer technology.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.47-58
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• 2024

This study aimed to investigate the role of student immediacy in learning-related positive affective experiences in the technology-mediated education context. In particular, perceived social presence was expected to mediate the relationship between student immediacy and positive affect. Moreover, we hypothesized the moderating role of technology readiness in the relationship between student immediacy and perceived social presence. To test this hypothesis, a survey of approximately 500 undergraduate students who have attended non-face-to-face online courses was conducted. The results revealed that social presence fully mediated the relationship between immediacy and positive affect. That is, students who scored high on the immediacy scale tended to experience a greater level of social presence during online classes; consequently, they tended to demonstrate more positive affect. As expected, technology readiness moderated the relationship between immediacy and social presence. Unlike previous studies that mainly focused on instructor immediacy, the present study contributed to immediacy literature by empirically testing the positive effect of student immediacy on learning. Furthermore, this study revealed the potential importance of communication competence and its progress in predicting student participation and satisfaction, which could have been changed since the COVID-19 pandemic.

• Journal of Service Research and Studies
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.206-230
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• 2024

Background: The advancement of information and communication technology acts as a key driver in the implementation of smart cities. Smart Public Facilities leverage this technological progress to innovate urban operations, optimizing various city functions, enhancing the quality of public services, and improving citizens' accessibility and convenience. These Smart Public Facilities are introduced for the sustainable development of cities and the enhancement of citizens' quality of life. Method: This study systematically analyzed the public design policies of local governments and examined the use cases of Smart Public Facilities domestically and internationally to evaluate their functions and roles. Through this, the effectiveness and sustainability of public design policies were comprehensively reviewed, and the impact of Smart Public Facilities on urban operations and citizens' lives was analyzed from multiple perspectives. Results: The introduction of Smart Public Facilities significantly enhances the implementation and efficiency of public design policies, playing a crucial role in sustainable urban development and improving citizens' quality of life. Furthermore, positive impacts were observed in various areas such as energy management, transportation systems, and environmental monitoring. Major challenges included managing technological changes, ensuring data privacy and cybersecurity, and strengthening citizen participation. Conclusion: Smart Public Facilities serve as essential infrastructure for improving urban efficiency, sustainability, and citizens' quality of life. Successful implementation and operation require systematic management and citizen participation. Through this, Smart Public Facilities will support sustainable urban development and play a critical role in responding to environmental changes. To ensure that Smart Public Facilities function effectively as urban infrastructure, it is necessary to comprehensively evaluate their impact on the efficiency of public design policies, sustainability, citizens' quality of life, and the local economy, and to suggest concrete measures for their introduction and operation.

• Journal of Service Research and Studies
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.231-250
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• 2024

This research aims to enhance donor engagement by increasing the transparency of nonprofit donation platforms. Donations are primarily based on social trust, and a lack of transparency on these platforms can significantly reduce donor motivation. To address this issue, the study analyzes the user experience of existing donation platforms, identifies problems, and explores potential improvements. The research began with a literature review to examine the social need for donations and their effectiveness. The findings indicate that donors place a high value on transparency and are less willing to donate when this element is lacking. Specifically, when donors can clearly see how their contributions are being utilized, they experience greater psychological satisfaction and are more likely to continue donating. The study analyzed various platforms to identify issues causing user discomfort and compared elements aimed at enhancing transparency. By employing the KJ affinity method and the Double Diamond process, the study aimed to understand the problem's nature and propose solutions considering the interactions between donors and nonprofits. A key conclusion is the critical importance of making information more accessible and intuitive. The findings suggest that greater transparency can help build donor trust, improve nonprofit efficiency, and contribute to a more robust giving ecosystem. Additionally, platforms with increased transparency facilitate ongoing communication between donors and nonprofits, fostering an environment where donors become more actively engaged in their giving. This strategy is expected to play a vital role in promoting a sustainable culture of giving based on mutual trust.

• Journal of Service Research and Studies
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.60-78
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• 2024

Social Network Service(SNS) has fundamentally changed the scope, boundaries, and dynamics of social interactions, becoming an integral part of everyday social communication for individuals and significantly altering the decision-making processes of individuals and organizations. Although prior studies have agreed that individual motivations significantly affect travel experience sharing behavior on SNS, different motivations need to be further examined. Also, there is little empirical study that examines the relationships between social capital and motivations. To address these gaps, this study developed a research model to investigate how two types of social capital (i.e., bridging and bonding) influence individual motivations (i.e., self-enhancement and altruism motivations), which in turn contributes to travel experience sharing behavior on SNS. The online survey was conducted from March 3 to March 17, 2021, and 516 responses were included in the data analysis. Structural Equation Modeling was applied to test the hypotheses in a research model. This research provided a comprehensive exploration of the relationship between motivations and social capital, contributing to a better understanding of why tourists share their travel experiences on SNS.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.189-193
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• 2024

As cyber threats increase in the defense sector, the security of weapon system software is becoming increasingly important. Currently, most of the embedded software installed in domestic weapon systems operates based on foreign real-time operating systems(RTOS) that have no security. As a result, the localization and security enhancement of embedded software for weapon systems have emerged as urgent tasks. This study aims to propose the application and development strategies of secure RTOS for weapon systems. To this end, we examined the technological trends of domestic and foreign RTOS and secure RTOS, and analyzed the problems of current embedded software in weapon systems. The results revealed major issues such as low localization, vulnerability to cyber attacks, difficulty in maintenance, increased costs, and loss of opportunities for accumulating technological capabilities. An investigation of the current status of embedded software applied to existing weapon systems found that embedded SW are in operation across all fields, including maneuver, firepower, protection, command and control, communication, naval vessels, and aircraft. Among them, 99% rely on foreign RTOS such as VxWorks. A review of the core functions and applicability of secure RTOS to weapon systems suggests that it can be applied to key areas requiring real-time performance and security, such as fire control, navigation devices, and flight control in existing and future weapon systems. However, ensuring performance and reliability, securing verification and compatibility, and systematic government support were raised as prerequisites.