• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
• /
• v.23 no.7
• /
• pp.202-209
• /
• 2023

Android malware is now on the rise, because of the rising interest in the Android operating system. Machine learning models may be used to classify unknown Android malware utilizing characteristics gathered from the dynamic and static analysis of an Android applications. Anti-virus software simply searches for the signs of the virus instance in a specific programme to detect it while scanning. Anti-virus software that competes with it keeps these in large databases and examines each file for all existing virus and malware signatures. The proposed model aims to provide a machine learning method that depend on the malware detection method for Android inability to detect malware apps and improve phone users' security and privacy. This system tracks numerous permission-based characteristics and events collected from Android apps and analyses them using a classifier model to determine whether the program is good ware or malware. This method used the machine learning techniques KNN-SVM, DBN, and GRU in which help to find the accuracy which gives the different values like KNN gives 87.20 percents accuracy, SVM gives 91.40 accuracy, Naive Bayes gives 85.10 and DBN-GRU Gives 97.90. Furthermore, in this paper, we simply employ standard machine learning techniques; but, in future work, we will attempt to improve those machine learning algorithms in order to develop a better detection algorithm.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
• /
• v.38 no.1
• /
• pp.85-98
• /
• 2004

Purpose: Cellular uptake of $^{99}mTc$-sestamibi (MIBI) and $^{99}mTc$-tetrofosmin (TF) is low in cancer cells expressing multidrug resistance(MDR) by p-glycoprotein(Pgp) or multidrug related protein(MRP). Verapamil is known to increase cellular uptake of MIBI in MDR cancer cells, but is recently reported to have different effects on tracer uptake in certain cancer cells. This study was prepared to evaluate effects of verapamil on cellular uptake of MIBI and TF in several cancer cells. Materials and Methods: Celluar uptakes of Tc-99m MIBI and TF were measured in erythroleukermia K562 cell, breast cancer MCF7 cell, and human ovarian cancer SK-OV-3 cells, and data were compared with those of doxorubicin-resistant K562(Ad) cells. RT-PCR and Western blot analysis were used for the detection of mdr1 mRNA and Pgp expression, and to observe changes in isotypes of PKC enzyme. Effects of verapamil on MIBI and TF uptake were evaluated at different concentrations upto $200{\mu}M\;at\;1{\times}10^6\;cells/ml\;at\;37^{\circ}C$. Radioactivity in supernatant and pellet was measured with gamma counter to calculate cellular uptake ratio. Toxicity of verapamil was measured with MTT assay. Results: Cellular uptakes of MIBI and TF were increased by time in four cancer cells studied. Co-incubation with verapamil resulted in an increase in uptake of MIBI and TF in K562(Adr) cell at a concentration of $100{\mu}M$ and the maximal increase at $50{\mu}M$ was 10-times to baseline. In contrast, uptakes of MIBI and TF in K562, MCF7, SK-OV3 cells were decreased with verapamil treatment at a concentration over $1{\mu}M$. With a concentration of $200{\mu}M$ verapamil, MIBI and TF uptakes un K562 cells were decreased to 1.5 % and 2.7% of those without verapamil, respectively. Cellular uptakes of MIBI and TF in MCF7 and SK-OV-3 cells were not changed with $10{\mu}M$, but were also decreased with verapamil higher than $10{\mu}M$, resulting 40% and 5% of baseline at $50{\mu}M$. MTT assay of four cells revealed that K562, MCF7, SK-OV3 were not damaged with verapamil at $200{\mu}M$. Conclusion: Although verapamil increases uptake of MIBI and TF in MDR cancer cells, cellular uptakes were further decreased with verapamil in certain cancer cells, which is not related to cytotoxicity of drug. These results suggest that cellular uptakes of both tracers might differ among different cells, and interpretation of changes in tracer uptake with verapamil in vitro should be different when different cell lines are used.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• v.40 no.2
• /
• pp.85-90
• /
• 2010

Docetaxel-loaded liposomes were prepared by emulsion-solvent evaporation method, then coated with chitosan at room temperature and lyophilized. This system was designed in order to improve solubility and stability of docetaxel in the GI tract for oral drug delivery. The solubilizing effect of some frequently used solubilizers and/or liposome was determined. Among the results docetaxel-loaded liposomes prepared with 0.5% TPGS as a solubilizer showed 100-fold higher solubility than docetaxel. In a stability test, mean particle size of different liposome formulations was measured by a particle size analyzer in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF). The particle size of uncoated liposomes was significantly increased compared with that of chitosan-coated liposomes in SGF, however, there was no significant difference between coated and uncoated liposome in SIF. It is evident that chitosan-coated liposomes were more stable in GI conditions. The release characteristics of docetaxel-loaded liposomes were also investigated in three buffer solutions (pH 1.2, 4.0, 6.8). Docetaxel release did not occur in pH 1.2 for 4 hrs. However, in pH 4.0 and 6.8 conditions, docetaxel was gradually released over 24 hrs as a sustained release. It seems that aggregation and precipitation of particles by electrostatic interaction might protect docetaxel from being released. In Conclusion, the results from this study show that the chitosan-coated liposomes may be useful in enhancing solubility and GI stability of docetaxel.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
• /
• v.23 no.3
• /
• pp.231-236
• /
• 2015

Skin anti-wrinkle activities of the stems and leaves of Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai were evaluated by the extracts obtained from various extraction processes such as using hot water at $100^{\circ}C$, 70% ethanol at $85^{\circ}C$, and 70% ethanol with ultrasonication at $60^{\circ}C$ The ultrasonicated extract showed 95.62% of the highest cell viability in addition of $0.3mg/m{\ell}$ of the extracts into the normal human fibroblast cell, CCD-986sk. For antioxidant activities, the extracts using ultrasonicated extract showed the highest DPPH free radical scavenging as 80.27%, followed by 75.88% and 62.44% for the extracts using ethanol extract and water extract. The ultrasonicated extract also showed the highest elastase inhibition activity as 25.32%, compared to ethanol extract and water extract based method at 22.01% and 12.88%, respectively. MMP-1 production was most effectively decreased down to $2908.1pg/m{\ell}$ with ultrasonicated extract while $6640.8pg/m{\ell}$ with water extract and $3609.3pg/m{\ell}$ with ethanol extract, in addition of $0.3mg/m{\ell}$. Collagen production was increased up to $154.7ng/m{\ell}$ in addition of ultrasonicated extract, and followed by $121.4ng/m{\ell}$ and $31.2ng/m{\ell}$ for ethanol extract and water extract, respectively. These results indicate that the ethanol extract should have skin anti-wrinkling activities and can be improved by the ultrasonication process that high energy input elute more amounts of bioactive substances eluting more amounts of bioactive substances from the high energy input of ultrasonication.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
• /
• v.31 no.6
• /
• pp.78-85
• /
• 2011

In this study, an underfloor air distribution(UFAD) system installed on the S. office building was evaluated for its indoor environmental quality performance. Field measurement and survey were conducted for the overall POE(Post Occupied Evaluation). PMV(including temperature, humidity, air velocity and globe temperature) and several environmental components were measured while thermal comfort, thermal sensation, acoustical environment and others. were investigated through survey. Except for the direct upper part of the air supply diffuser on the floor, the indoor velocity was less than 0.25m/s, which has been suggested by ASHRAES tandard 55 as the limit for thermal comfort. MRT of the perimeter zone of the room showed a higher value than that in the interior because of the introduced solar radiation through the building envelope. PMV was generally maintained in the range of thermal comfort (from -0.5 to +0.5), though it weighted to the warm side. It was reported to have 61% positive response on thermal comfort and 55% on neutral thermal sensation. The results of each survey item showed some gender-based differences. Specifically, female respondents had higher degree of dissatisfaction with indoor air cleanness and acoustical privacy. The working surface showed more than 400 lux and the equivalent noise level showed less than 50 dB(A). In conclusion, the results of the measurement and survey showed good agreement. Indoor environmental quality of the subject office room where the UFAD system was installed showed an overall excellent performance.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.78-85
• /
• 2024

Objective: This Study aimed to examine the changes in muscle activity of trunk muscles by performing three squat exercises on normal adults. Design: cross-sectional study Methods: Thirty-two adult subjects participated in this study. General squat, overhead squat, and overhead squat combined with abdominal stabilization were randomly performed for 5 seconds, 3 times, to calculate the average muscle activation. Muscle activation was normalized using electrodes on the rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, and erector spinae muscles to measure maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) for 5 seconds, repeated 3 times each. Results: There was a significant difference in the mean and maximal muscle activity of the bilateral erector spinae (ES) when comparing the squat to the overhead squat (p<0.05). There was a significant difference (p<0.05) in the mean and maximal muscle activity of the bilateral external oblique (EO) when comparing the overhead squat to the overhead squat combined with the abdominal stabilization technique. When comparing the squat to the overhead squat with abdominal stabilization, there was a significant difference in the mean and maximum muscle activity of the bilateral RA, EO, and left Internal oblique (IO) (p<0.05), and there was a significant difference in the maximum muscle activity of the bilateral erector spinae (ES) (p<0.05). Post hoc tests showed significant differences between squatting methods for the RA, EO, IO, and ES (p<0.017). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that squats combined with abdominal stabilization were more effective at activating core muscles than squats or overhead squats alone.

• Herbal Formula Science
• /
• v.32 no.1
• /
• pp.83-90
• /
• 2024

Objectives : As a substitute for high-price ginseng, this study attempted to examine a possibility of the ferment extract of Panax ginseng sprout whether leaves and roots can be used together as a cosmetic ingredient with anti-oxidative and wrinkle-care effects. Methods : In terms of a test method, antioxidant activities were confirmed through total polyphenol contents, total flavonoid contents, DPPH radical scavenging activity and ABTS radical scavenging activity using the Panax ginseng sprout. In addition, to assess wrinkle-care effectiveness, the cytotoxicity of the extract was analyzed through MTT assay, and inhibition of collagenase activity in the cells was tested using the Panax ginseng sprout fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Resuits : The content of polyphenols and flavonoids in natural plants was highest in Panax Ginseng Sprout Extract at 100℃, which also demonstrated high DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging activity. MTT assay demonstrated that the Panax Ginseng Sprout Ferment Extract did not have a cytotoxic effect in CCD-986SK cell. Also, Panax Ginseng Sprout Ferment Extract was found to inhibit MMP-1 expression by 51.85±6.09% at a concentration of 10%. Conclusions : Therefore, this study has confirmed a possibility of Panax ginseng sprout ferment extract as a cosmetic ingredient with MMP-1-inhibitory effects.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
• /
• v.50 no.1
• /
• pp.37-43
• /
• 2018

Chamaecyparis obtusa (CO) has recently been attracting attention because of its beneficial effects on skin allergies, atopic dermatitis, and skin diseases, such as acne and eczema. In the present study, the extract from CO leaf grown in Jangseong gun, Jeollanam-do, Korea was evaluated for its anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-allergic effects in vitro. The total polyphenol content of the CO leaf extract was $25.89{\pm}0.31mg$ gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g. Gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed the presence of six compounds in the CO leaf extract: ${\alpha}-terpinene$ (3.03 mg/g), ${\alpha}-terpineol$ (9.48 mg/g), limonene (5.96 mg/g), borneol (59.78 mg/g), myrcene (4.85 mg/g), and sabinene (11.31 mg/g). The $RC_{50}$ values of the CO leaf extract for $H_2O_2$ and ABTS radical were $5.47{\pm}0.13mg/mL$ and $4.00{\pm}0.01mg/mL$, respectively. In addition, the CO leaf extract showed significant inhibitory effects on lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 cells and IgE-induced release of ${\beta}-hexosaminidase$ (degranulation) in mast-cell like RBL-2H3 cells. The cell viability assay showed that the CO leaf extract ($100{\sim}800{\mu}g/mL$) did not affect the viability of human normal skin fibroblast CCD-986sk cells significantly. Overall, these results suggest that the CO leaf extract is a potential functional cosmetic ingredient that can exert anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-allergic effects.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.32 no.8
• /
• pp.622-632
• /
• 2022

The purpose of this study was to investigate activities as functional cosmetic materials, focusing on Rhododendron brachycarpum (RB) and Rhododendron fortunei (RF). The tyrosinase inhibitory effect, related to skin-whitening, was 32.6% and 39.3% respectively at the concentration of 1,000 ㎍/ml. The elastase inhibitory effect, related to skin anti-wrinkling activity, was 30% and 36.2% at 1,000 ㎍/ml concentration. Collagenase inhibitory activity showed 77.7%, and 80.2% respectively at 1,000 ㎍/ml concentration, which demonstrated excellent inhibitory activity. For a cell viability test, that measured on fibroblast cells by RB and RF extracts. Furthermore, the cell viability test showed 100.9% and 98.9% with cell viability at 100 ㎍/ml concentration in CCD-986Sk. The protein expression inhibitory effect of RB and RF extracts was measured by western blot at 25, 50, and 100 ㎍/ml concentrations, and the β-actin was used as a positive control. As a result, western blot of RB and RF extracts was measured by the expression inhibition rate of the MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3 protein, and was decreased by 67.2%, 65.5%, 13.6%, and 89.1%, 85.0%, and 62.7% at 100 ㎍/ml concentration. The mRNA expression inhibitory effect of RB and RF extracts was measured by RT-PCR at 25, 50, and 100 ㎍/ml concentrations, and the GAPDH was used as a positive control. According to the results of RT-PCR of RB and RF extracts, the expression inhibition rate of the MMP-1, MMP-2, and MMP-3 mRNA was decreased by 70.1%, 9.1%, 37.9%, and 38.2%, 8.3%, 57.3% at 100 ㎍/ml concentrations. So, RB and RF extracts showed the anti-wrinkle effectiveness as a functional cosmetic material.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.17 no.5
• /
• pp.2667-2672
• /
• 2016

Background: Virtually all cases of cervical cancer are caused by persistent infections with a restricted set of human papillomaviruses (HPV). Cancer of the cervix is the third or even the second most common cancer in women worldwide, more than 85% of the cases occurring in developing countries, such as China and India, including the Republic of Kazakhstan. The purpose was to determine the HPV type distribution to evaluate efficacy of vaccination and adjust cancer prevention strategy in Western Kazakhstan in the future. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted of data obtained from PCR laboratories in 4 regional centers for the time period covering 12 months, 2013-2014, using AmpliSens$^{(R)}$ Real-Time PCR kits for HPV testing of 12 genotypes (16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, and 59). Results: A total of 1,661 persons were HPV tested within 2013-14, but a proprotion examined for 16 and 18 genotypes only (563) was not been included for statistic analysis of distribution and ratio of the most common genotypes. Males accounted for only a small number (N=90 in total). Conclusions: Total number of the HPV-positive appeared to be 26.0%, or 286 of N=1098. Types distribution was as follows: type 16 (10.7%), 39 (5.83%), 51 (5.27%), 31 (4.85%), 56 (4.58%), 18 (3.61%), 59 (2.64%), 58 (2.22%), 35 (1.94%), 33 (1.25%). Overall the HPV infection was highest in 16-29 years old (62.4%) and decreased with age. Total prevalence of the HR-HPVs amongst male population was 21.4% with top five types 16, 18, 39, 51, 31. Trends forcorrelations between Aktau site and type 33 (Cramer's V 0.2029), between Caucasian ethnicity and type 33 (Cramer's V .1716), and between European ethnicities in Uralsk and type 45 (Cramer's V .1752) were found. Of N 563 tested separately for 16 or 18 types, 13.6% were positive. As a whole, the distribution of 16/18 types had a ratio of 3.53:1. Given the vaccine-targeted type 16 is widely spread amongst this regional population, HPV immunization program of adolescent girls 10-13 years should be implemented appropriately.