• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.700-704
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• 2009

A simulation study on SCR(steam carbon dioxide reforming) in gas-to-liquid(natural gas to Fischer-Tropsch synthetic fuel) process was carried out in order to find optimum reaction conditions for SCR experiment. Optimum operating conditions for SCR process were determined by changing reaction variables such as temperature and $CH_4/steam/CO_2$ feed ratio. Simulation was carried out by Aspen Plus. During the simulation, overall process was assumed to proceed under steady-state conditions. It was also assumed that physical properties of reaction medium were governed by RKS(Redlich-Kwong-Soave) equation. Optimum simulation variables such as temperature and feed ratio were determined by considering $H_2/CO$ ratio for FTS(Fischer-Tropsch synthesis), $CH_4$ conversion, and $CO_2$ conversion. Simulation results showed that optimum reaction temperature and $CH_4/steam/CO_2$ feed ratio in SCR process were $850^{\circ}C$ and 1.0/1.6/0.7, respectively. Under optimum temperature of $850^{\circ}C$, $CH_4$ conversion and $CO_2$ conversion were found to be 99% and 49%, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.135-144
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• 2021

In this study, we investigated the characteristics of the process of hydrogen production using boil-of gas (BOG) generated from an LNG-fueled ship and the application of hydrogen fuel cell systems as auxiliary engines. In this study, the BOG steam reformer process was designed using the UniSim R410 program, and the reformer outlet temperature, pressure, and the fraction and consumption of the product according to the steam/carbon ratio (SCR) were calculated. According to the study, the conversion rate of methane was 100 % when the temperature of the reformer was 890 ℃, and maximum hydrogen production was observed. In addition, the lower the pressure, the higher is the reaction activity. However, higher temperatures have led to a decrease in hydrogen production owing to the preponderance of adverse reactions and increased amounts of water and carbon dioxide. As SCR increased, hydrogen production increased, but the required energy consumption also increased proportionally. Although the hydrogen fraction was the highest when the SCR was 1.8, it was confirmed that the optimal operation range was for SCR to operate at 3 to prevent cocking. In addition, the lower the pressure, the higher is the amount of carbon dioxide generated. Furthermore, 42.5 % of the LNG cold energy based on carbon dioxide generation was required for cooling and liquefaction.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.733-742
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• 2022

Hydrogen fuel cell propulsion ships are emerging to respond to the recently strengthened carbon emission regulations in the international shipping sector. Methanol can be stored in a liquid state at normal pressure and temperature, and has the advantage of lower reforming temperature compared to other fuels. In this study, the optimal operating point of the methanol steam reforming system was derived by changing the Steam Carbon Ratio (SCR) from 0.10 to 3.00. Results showed that In terms of methanol conversion rate and hydrogen yield, the larger the SCR is the better, but in terms of system efficiency, it is most advantageous to operate at SCR 0.70 in Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) mode and SCR 0.80 in Pd membrane mode. Through this study, it was found that the optimal SCR in the reformer and the entire system including the reformer may be different, which indicates that the optimum operating point may be different depending on the change of the system configuration.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.507-510
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• 2008

Characteristics of an autothermal reformer at various operating parameters have been studied in this paper. Numerical method has been used, and simulation model has been developed for the analysis. Full Combustion reaction, Steam Reforming(SR) reaction, Water-Gas Shift(WGS) reaction, and Direct Steam Reforming(DSR) reaction are assumed as dominant chemical reactions in the autothermal reformer. Simulation results are compared with experimental results for code validation. Operating parameters of the autothermal reformer are inlet temperature, Oxygen to Carbon Ratio(OCR), Steam to Carbon Ratio(SCR), and Gas Hourly Space Veolcity(GHSV). SR reaction rate decreases with low inlet temperature. If OCR is increased, $H_2$ yield is increased but optimal point is suggested. WGS reaction is activated with high SCR. When GHSV is increased, reforming efficiency is increased but pressure drop may decrease the system efficiency.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.27-33
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• 2016

The aim of numerical study is the investigation of the solid and fluid temperatures in a reformer tube and chemical reaction characteristics of different steam-carbon ratio. We considered conjugate heat transfer contain radiation, convection and conductive heat transfers. This is because steam reforming reaction of hydrocarbon occurred high temperature conditions up to 800 K- 1000 K by using commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code (Fluent ver. 13.0). For numerical simulation, the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes, momentum and energy equation were employed. In addition, inside of reformer tube is assumed as the porous medium to consider the Nichrome-based catalyst. To analysis characteristics of tube temperature in chemical reaction, we changed steam-methane ratio(SCR) from 1 to 6. As increased SCR, the higher tube temperature and methane conversion were observed. It was obtained that the highest hydrogen production held in SCR of 5.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2008.11b
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• pp.1996-2000
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• 2008

In autothermal reforming reaction, oxygen to carbon ratio (OCR) and steam to carbon ratio (SCR) are significant factors, which control temperature and carbon deposition into the reactor. The OCR is more sensitive than the SCR to affect the temperature distribution and reforming efficiency. In conventional operation, hydrocarbon fuel, steam, and oxygen was homogeneously mixed and injected into the reactor in order to get hydrogen-rich gas. The temperature was abruptly raised due to fast oxidation reaction in the former part of the reactor. Deactivation of packed catalysts can be accelerated there. In the present study, therefore, the effect of the oxygen distribution is introduced and investigated to suppress the carbon deposition and to maintain the reactor in the mild operating temperature (e.g., $700{\sim}800^{\circ}C$). In order to investigate the effect numerically, the following models are adopted; heterogeneous reaction model and two-medium model for heat balance.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.485-493
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• 2016

Recently submarine and unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV) are equipped with a fuel cell system as an air independent propulsion system. Methanol fuel processor can efficiently supply the hydrogen to the fuel cell system to improve the ability to dive. This study investigated the optimal conditions of the methanol fuel processor that may be used in the closed environment. For this purpose, the numerical model based on Gibbs minimization equation was established for steam reformer and three exhaust gas burners. After simulating the characteristics of steam reformer according to the steam-to-carbon ratio (SCR) and the pressure change, the SCR condition was able to narrow down to 1.1 to 1.5. Considering water consumption and the amount of heat recovered from three burners, the optimum condition of the SCR can be determined to be 1.5. Nevertheless, the additional heat supply is required to satisfy the heat balance of the methanol fuel processor in the SCR=1.5. In other to obtain additional amount of heat, the combustion of methanol is better than the increased of SCR in terms of system design.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Combustion
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.36-45
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• 2011

The heat-flow characteristics and reforming efficiency of steam reformer with combustor are numerically investigated at various operating conditions. SCR(Steam to Carbon Ratio) and GHSV(Gas Hourly Space Velocity) are adopted as important operating conditions. User-Defined-Function(UDF) was used to simultaneously calculate reforming and combustion reaction. Numerical results show that hot burned gas rise by a buoyant force and heat exchange between reforming reactors and cocurrent flow occurs in the combustion region. The results also indicate that an increase of SCR leads to decrease the mole fraction of hydrogen at the reactor outlet. As GHSV increases, conversion rate decreases.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.636-644
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• 2008

The objective of this paper is to investigate characteristics of an autothermal reformer at various operating conditions. Numerical method has been used, and simulation model has been developed for the analysis. Pseudo-homogeneous model is incorporated because the reactor is filled with catalysts of a packed-bed type. Dominant chemical reactions are Full Combustion reaction, Steam Reforming(SR) reaction, Water-Gas Shift(WGS) reaction, and Direct Steam Reforming(DSR) reaction. Simulation results are compared with experimental results for code validation. Operating parameters of the autothermal reformer are inlet temperature, Oxygen to Carbon Ratio(OCR), Steam to Carbon Ratio(SCR), and Gas Hourly Space Velocity(GHSV). Temperature at the reactor center, fuel conversion, species at the reformer outlet, and reforming efficiency are shown as simulation results. SR reaction rate is improved by increased inlet temperature. Reforming efficiency and fuel conversion reached the maximum at 0.7 of OCR. SR reaction and WGS reaction are activated as SCR increases. When GHSV is increased, reforming efficiency increases but pressure drop from the increased GHSV may decrease the system efficiency.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.226-236
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• 2013

The heat distribution and internal flow from the efficiency of actual reformer and specification variation, using the computer simulation and experiment about the steam methane reforming reaction which uses the high temperature reformer. Reaction model from steam refoemer uses the steam response model developed by Xu & Froment.As result we supposed the chemical react Steam Reforming(SR), Water Gas Shift(WGS), and Direct Steam Reforming(DSR) from the inner high temperature reformer dominates the response has dissimilar response. According to result of steam methane reforming reaction exam using high temperature reformer, we figured out when Steam Carbon Ratio(SCR) increase, number of hydrogen yield increases but methane decreases. When comparing and examining between design with one inlet and two inlet, result came out one inlet design is more outstanding at thermal distribution and internal flow, hydrogen yield in one inlet design than two inlet design.