• Development and Reproduction
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.451-459
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• 2013

The biological activity of tissue specific stem cell is under the control of their specific microenvironment and the exogenous chemicals derived from digestive tract can be one of the constructing factors of that. It is suggested that the extract of brown algae Ishige okamurae has antioxidant-, apoptosis induction-, and antiinflammatory-effects. On the other hand, a few studies have shown that antioxidant assist inhibition of accumulation of fat. So we studied the effect of the extract of I. okamura on the cellular activity and differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocyte to adipose cell. The viability of cell was analyzed using 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazo-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cell was analyzed after induction in the induction medium containing the I. okamurae extract. The cellular activity was high compared with the vehicle and 0.05 mM caffeine in all groups of I. okamurae extract treated cells. The extract of I. okamura inhibited accumulation of lipids in 10 and $50{\mu}g/ml$. The expression of the marker genes for adipocyte differentiation coincided with cytochemical results. These results suggest that the extract of I. okamurae increases the cellular viability of adipose precursor cells. On the other hand, it suppresses the differentiation of preadipocyte to adipocyte and accumulation of lipids in concentration-dependent manners. It may be possible that the major component of the extract can be applied in the control of adipose tissuegenesis.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.22.1-22.7
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• 2016

One of the main compounds in Ishige okamurae, diphlorethohydroxycarmalol (DPHC), is known to exhibit antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects. However, it has not been investigated extensively. In this study, preparative centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) coupled with 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) ($ABTS^+$) online HPLC was employed for effectively separating considerable amounts of antioxidant compounds from marine algae. Two main antioxidant compounds, DPHC and octaphlorethol A (OPA), respectively, were confirmed and isolated from the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction of I. okamurae by $ABTS^+$ online HPLC and preparative CPC systems. The presence of DPHC and OPA was confirmed in the EtOAc fraction of I. okamurae by both liquid chromatography with diode array detection and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-DAD-ESI/MS) and $ABTS^+$ online HPLC systems: DPHC (39 mg) and OPA (23 mg) were successfully isolated from I. okamurae (500 mg) with optimum solvent composition (0.5:10:4:6; n-hexane/EtOAc/MeOH/water, v/v) with corresponding partition coefficients (K) of 1.62 and 2.71, respectively, by preparative CPC. Hence, CPC coupled with $ABTS^+$ online HPLC is convenient for the efficient and simple isolation of these antioxidant compounds from I. okamurae.

• ALGAE
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.217-223
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• 2003

Seasonal growth and maturation process of Caulerpa okamurae were investigated in natural populations and in culture. Monthly sampling was carried out by SCUBA diving at Baekunpo, Busan, southeastern coast of Korea from November 1999 to October 2001. Growth of erect branches depended mainly on the water temperature in the natural habitat. Maximum length of erect branches was 14.0 $\pm$ 1.4 cm in June 2001 when the water temperature was 19.7$^{\circ}C$ and minimum was 2.8$\pm$0.2 cm in April when the water temperature was 14.7$^{\circ}C$. Fresh weight of erect branches was 3.9 $\pm$ 0.5 g in June 2001 and 0.2 $\pm$ 0.04 g in September 2000. Biomass of the population was maximum of 922.5 g dw${\cdot}m^{-2}$ in July and minimum of 125.6 g dw${\cdot}m^{-2}$ in April. Gametangial network was observed on the ramuli when the water temperature was over 19$^{\circ}C$ in August 2000 and June 2001. In the culture regime of 4 temperatures (15, 20, 25 and 30$^{\circ}C$) and 3 irradiances (20, 50 and 80 $\mu$mol${\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$) combination, the maturation of excised erect branches was mainly affected by temperature. Maturation was induced under all irradiance conditions at 20 and 25$^{\circ}C$; under 80 $\mu$mol${\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ at 15$^{\circ}C$; and under 20 $\mu$mol${\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ at 30$^{\circ}C$. The highest rate of maturation was 64% under 20 $\mu$mol${\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ at 25$^{\circ}C$. These results suggested that developmental initiations of C. okamurae occurred at higher than 13$^{\circ}C$ and maturation took about 270 degree-days.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.813-817
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• 2009

The effect of 4 seaweed extracts (Desmarestia viridis, Dictyopteris divaricata, Scytosiphon lomentaria, and Ishige okamurae) on pro-inflammatory mediators as well as nuclear factor $(NF)-{\kappa}B$ in the stimulated Raw 264.7 cells was investigated. They reduced iNOS and interlukin $(IL)-1{\beta}$ expressions at transcription level. Of those, 3 extracts (D. divaricata, I. okamurae, and S. lomentaria) inhibited the COX-2 expression at translation level. $I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$ degradation was inhibited by D. divaricata and S. lomentaria extracts. Therefore, we concluded that the extracts from D. divaricata and S. lomentaria could inhibit the activation of murine macrophage through the blocking of $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation.

• ALGAE
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.293-299
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• 2022

To examine the effects of substratum types on the growth of Caulerpa okamurae, sand surface and sand burial experiments were conducted. Five assimilators (erect fronds) per replicate were cultured for 15 d on the surface of three different treatments: fine sand (200 ㎛), coarse sand (600 ㎛), and no sand (control). Also, three stolons and three assimilators were buried by fine grain or coarse grain sands and incubated for 15 d. In both experiments, other culture conditions included 25℃, 30 μmol photons m^-2 s^-1, and 16 : 8 h L : D (light : dark). In both experiments, stolon + assimilator-, assimilator-, and stolon-weights were measured. Relative growth rates (RGRs) of stolon + assimilator weights ranged from 0.43 to 1.95% d^-1 at no sand and fine sand treatment, respectively. RGRs for the weight of stolon + assimilator and new assimilators were significantly greater on the fine- and coarse sand surface than the control. In the burial experiments, RGRs of stolons (4.28% d^-1 at coarse sand and 5.57% d^-1 at fine sand, respectively) were significantly greater than those of assimilators (1.38% d^-1 at fine sand and 1.82% d^-1 at coarse sand, respectively). When stolons were buried, RGRs for assimilators were greater at the fine sand than at the coarse sand treatment. On the other hand, RGRs of buried assimilators for total frond weights and for newly produced stolons were significantly greater at the coarse sands than at the fine sands. In conclusion, C. okamurae grew well with all substrates of sands and showed better growth on fine sands than coarse ones. This result suggests that the growth of stolons and assimilators of C. okamurae is stimulated after stable attachment to the sand substrates by rhizophores. In addition, stolons showed higher growth rates than the assimilators in the sand burial states, indicating that stolons are more tolerant to low light than assimilators of C. okamurae.

• ALGAE
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.267-281
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• 2006

We report six species of the genus Scinaia (Galaxauraceae, Nemaliales) from Jeju Island, Korea. Five of the species, S. cottonii Setchell, S. tokidae Kajimura, S. okiensis Kajimura, S. flabellata Kajimura, and S. confusa (Setchell) Huisman, are newly recorded in the Korean flora. Scinaia okamurae (Setchell) Huisman was previously recorded. Scinaia japonica Setchell, which is known from Korean waters, was not found. We examined thallus habits, vegetative morphology, and reproductive structures in all six species. We also appraise several morphological characters for their value in separating Scinaia species.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.21 no.7
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• pp.18.1-18.6
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• 2018

Background: Cutaneous bacterial pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Propionibacterium acnes are often involved in acne vulgaris. The currently available therapeutic option for these skin pathogens is an antibiotic treatment, resulting in the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The objective of this study was to discover an alternative antibacterial agent with lower side effect from marine algae. Results: The ethanolic extract of edible brown algae Ishige okamurae exhibits potent antibacterial activity against cutaneous bacterial pathogens. Among the ethanol soluble fractions, the n-hexane (Hexane)-soluble fraction exhibited the strongest antibacterial activity against the pathogens with MIC values ranging 64 to $512{\mu}g/mL$ and with minimum bactericidal concentration values ranging 256 to $2048{\mu}g/mL$. Furthermore, the combination with Hexane fraction and antibiotics (ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, and meropenem) exhibited synergistic effect. Conclusion: This study revealed that the I. okamurae extract exhibited a synergistic antibacterial effect against acnerelated cutaneous bacterial pathogens acquired antibiotic resistant. Thus, the results of the present study suggested that the edible seaweed extract will be a promising antibacterial therapeutic agent against antibiotic-human skin pathogens and its infections.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.23 no.9
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• pp.24.1-24.9
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• 2020

Brown alga (Ishige okamurae; IO) dietary supplements have been reported to possess anti-diabetic properties. However, the effects of IO supplements have not been evaluated on glucose metabolism in the pancreas and skeletal muscle. C57BL/6 N male mice (age, 7 weeks) were arranged in five groups: a chow diet with 0.9% saline (NFD/saline group), high-fat diet (HFD) with 0.9% saline (HFD/saline group). high-fat diet with 25 mg/kg IO extract (HFD/25/IOE). high-fat diet with 50 mg/kg IO extract (HFD/50/IOE), and high-fat diet with 75 mg/kg IO extract (HFD/75/IOE). After 4 weeks, the plasma, pancreas, and skeletal muscle samples were collected for biochemical analyses. IOE significantly ameliorated glucose tolerance impairment and fasting and 2 h blood glucose level in HFD mice. IOE also stimulated the protein expressions of the glucose transporters (GLUTs) including GLUT2 and GLUT4 and those of their related transcription factors in the pancreases and skeletal muscles of HFD mice, enhanced glucose metabolism, and regulated blood glucose level. Our results suggest Ishige okamurae extract may reduce blood glucose levels by improving glucose metabolism in the pancreas and skeletal muscle in HFD-induced diabetes.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.300-307
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• 2015

Seasonal variation in marine macroalgal community structure was examined at the intertidal zones of Geumgap, Jindo, Korea, from October 2013 to August 2014. In total, 56 macroalgal species were identified, including 9 green, 12 brown, and 35 red algae. Annual seaweed biomass was 548.96 g wet wt. /$m^2$ with seasonal range between 371.08 g wet wt. /$m^2$ at summer and 32.91 g wet wt. /$m^2$ at winter. The dominant seaweed in terms of biomass was Sargassum thunbergii and subdominant species were Gelidium elegans, Sargassum fusiforme, and Ishige okamurae. The vertical distribution of seaweeds from the upper to lower intertidal zones was Gloiopeltis spp., Ulva spp.- S. thunbergii, S. fusiforme, Ishige okamurae - S. thunbergii, S. fusiforme, G. elegans. Annual seaweed coverage, richness index (R), evenness index (J'), and diversity index (H') values were 27.95%, 6.10, 0.38, and 1.38, respectively. Coarsely branched form was the most dominant functional group in terms of species number and biomass among benthic macroalgal species.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.64 no.1
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• pp.89-96
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• 2021

The aim of this study is to examine the effect of Caulerpa okamurae ethanol extract (COE) on glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity as one of the drug targets for treatment of type2 diabetes. COE significantly inhibited protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP1B) and dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) enzyme activities in vitro assay. Also, COE significantly enhanced the glucose uptake and the expression of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and glucose transporter4 (GLUT4) proteins in 3T3-L1 adipocytes or zebrafish larvae compared with control. In dexamethasone-induced resistance model of L6 myotubes, the protein expression of insulin signaling and glucose uptake was effectively increased by the treatment of COE. In contrast, the elevated phosphorylation of IRS-1 Ser307 was normally suppressed by treatment of COE. However, COE had no effect on insulin secretion in pancreatic beta cells. Thus, our results suggest that COE improves the glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity through the regulation of insulin signaling and GLUT4 protein in insulin's target cells and zebrafish larvae.