• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.135-152
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• 1983

Emergency medical service is an important part of the health care delivery system, and the optimal allocation of resources and their efficient utilization are essentially demanded. Since these conditions are the prerequisite to prompt treatment which, in turn, will be crucial for life saving and in reducing the undesirable sequelae of the event. This study, taking the hyperbaric chamber for carbon monoxide poisoning as an example, is to develop a stochastic approach for solving the problems of optimal allocation of such emergency medical facility in Korea. The hyperbaric chamber, in Korea, is used almost exclusively for the treatment of acute carbon monoxide poisoning, most of which occur at home, since the coal briquette is used as domestic fuel by 69.6 per cent of the Korean population. The annual incidence rate of the comatous and fatal carbon monoxide poisoning is estimated at 45.5 per 10,000 of coal briquette-using population. It offers a serious public health problem and occupies a large portion of the emergency outpatients, especially in the winter season. The requirement of hyperbaric chambers can be calculated by setting the level of the annual queueing rate, which is here defined as the proportion of the annual number of the queued patients among the annual number of the total patients. The rate is determined by the size of the coal briquette-using population which generate a certain number of carbon monoxide poisoning patients in terms of the annual incidence rate, and the number of hyperbaric chambers per hospital to which the patients are sent, assuming that there is no referral of the patients among hospitals. The queueing occurs due to the conflicting events of the 'arrival' of the patients and the 'service' of the hyperbaric chambers. Here, we can assume that the length of the service time of hyperbaric chambers is fixed at sixty minutes, and the service discipline is based on 'first come, first served'. The arrival pattern of the carbon monoxide poisoning is relatively unique, because it usually occurs while the people are in bed. Diurnal variation of the carbon monoxide poisoning can hardly be formulated mathematically, so empirical cumulative distribution of the probability of the hourly arrival of the patients was used for Monte Carlo simulation to calculate the probability of queueing by the number of the patients per day, for the cases of one, two or three hyperbaric chambers assumed to be available per hospital. Incidence of the carbon monoxide poisoning also has strong seasonal variation, because of the four distinctive seasons in Korea. So the number of the patients per day could not be assumed to be distributed according to the Poisson distribution. Testing the fitness of various distributions of rare event, it turned out to be that the daily distribution of the carbon monoxide poisoning fits well to the Polya-Eggenberger distribution. With this model, we could forecast the number of the poisonings per day by the size of the coal-briquette using population. By combining the probability of queueing by the number of patients per day, and the probability of the number of patients per day in a year, we can estimate the number of the queued patients and the number of the patients in a year by the number of hyperbaric chamber per hospital and by the size of coal briquette-using population. Setting 5 per cent as the annual queueing rate, the required number of hyperbaric chambers was calculated for each province and for the whole country, in the cases of 25, 50, 75 and 100 per cent of the treatment rate which stand for the rate of the patients treated by hyperbaric chamber among the patients who are to be treated. Findings of the study were as follows. 1. Probability of the number of patients per day follows Polya-Eggenberger distribution. $$P(X=\gamma)=\frac{\Pi\limits_{k=1}^\gamma[m+(K-1)\times10.86]}{\gamma!}\times11.86^{-{(\frac{m}{10.86}+\gamma)}}$$ when$${\gamma}=1,2,...,n$$$$P(X=0)=11.86^{-(m/10.86)}$$ when $${\gamma}=0$$ Hourly arrival pattern of the patients turned out to be bimodal, the large peak was observed in $7 : 00{\sim}8 : 00$ a.m., and the small peak in $11 : 00{\sim}12 : 00$ p.m. 2. In the cases of only one or two hyperbaric chambers installed per hospital, the annual queueing rate will be at the level of more than 5 per cent. Only in case of three chambers, however, the rate will reach 5 per cent when the average number of the patients per day is 0.481. 3. According to the results above, a hospital equipped with three hyperbaric chambers will be able to serve 166,485, 83,242, 55,495 and 41,620 of population, when the treatmet rate are 25, 50, 75 and 100 per cent. 4. The required number of hyperbaric chambers are estimated at 483, 963, 1,441 and 1,923 when the treatment rate are taken as 25, 50, 75 and 100 per cent. Therefore, the shortage are respectively turned out to be 312, 791. 1,270 and 1,752. The author believes that the methodology developed in this study will also be applicable to the problems of resource allocation for the other kinds of the emergency medical facilities.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.235-246
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• 2013

The importance of R&D has been recognized around the world and Korean research funding has rapidly increased in recent years. As a results, interest in strategic R&D Investment is growing in both the public and private sectors. This study was carried out to find trends in the research projects of the KIGAM since the fiscal year of 1976. The KIGAM expended 1,193.3 billion won during the 36 years from the fiscal years of 1976 to 2011, which is 1,795.8 billion won calculated using the present value in 2011 at discount rate of 5%. R&D expenditure of KIGAM increased approximately 132.9 times from 885 million won in 1976 to 117,600 million won in 2011, and about 24.1 times from 4,882 million won in 1976, as calculated using the present value in 2011. The number of research projects increased about 6.75 times, from 28 projects in 1976 to 189 projects in 2011. Based on research trend analysis over the last 36 years, the percentage of research projects by research fields were as follows: mineral resources research, 39.5%; geologic environmental research, 28.8%; geological research, 15.6%; petroleum and marine research, 12.1%; and policy research, 3.1%. The percentage of the R&D budget dedicated to each type of research were as follows: mineral resources research, 33.1%; geologic environmental research, 25.6%; geological research, 22.8%; petroleum and marine research, 15.9%; and policy research, 2.1%. Allocation of R&D investment was determined by considering the governmental priority of such research, as well as which area were most promising. Based on the research projects trends within KIGAM and analyses of its R&D, we should build our R&D portfolio in the areas of geosciences and mineral resources.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.43-49
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• 2014

Paradigm shift in government services means the evolution to the service with active participation based on information technology. Opening public information proceeds to an extent that private sector participation can be a basis and driving force, and extends to a stage that free and practical use is possible for private sector. Therefore, the government is preparing for legal and institutional foundation for various fields. The government needs to build open network from user-oriented point of view rather than provider-centric point of view, improve communication, and change the way of working due to the fact that flexible and rapid business process is required. It is time to prepare development plans for public the functions of platform-type government that public sector can participate in the role of government, create new value, and give rise to innovation in order to change the functionality of the government and meet the new needs of citizen. This study tries to analyze platform-type government and to study efficient role allocation for sharing resources including informant and system between the government and the private sector, focusing on innovation of public information sharing.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2014

Crown fire, the main propagation type of large forest fire, has caused extreme damage with the fast spread rate and the high flame intensity. In this paper, we developed the probability equation to predict the crown fires using the spatial features of topography, fuel and weather in damaged area by crown fire. Eighteen variables were collected and then classified by burn severity utilizing geographic information system and remote sensing. Crown fire ratio and logistic regression model were used to select related variables and to estimate the weights for the classes of each variables. As a results, elevation, forest type, elevation relief ratio, folded aspect, plan curvature and solar insolation were related to the crown fire propagation. The crown fire propagation probability equation may can be applied to the priority setting of fuel treatment and suppression resources allocation for forest fire.

• Korean Business Review
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• v.17
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• pp.111-136
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• 2004

The aim of this study is to review the improvement method of Korea capital gains tax according to the alienation of the real estate, and to suggest an improvement plan. The study has been carried out by reviewing the related literatures. Capital gains tax could be calculated either using the actual price of sale or the standard prices. Korea capital gains tax has been revised many times since 1975 when it was first enacted. Initially the actual price of sale was the default rule and the standard prices was allowed only exceptionally if the actual price of sale could not be detected. The actual price of sale rather than the standard prices should be used for determining the capital gains tax on the transfer. By doing so, the desired principles of taxation such as "principle of taxation on tax paying ability". In conclusion, the present capital gains tax of Korea should be improved in many aspects in order to promote income redistribution function and efficient allocation of resources.

• KEPCO Journal on Electric Power and Energy
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.377-382
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• 2016

In 2013, a total capacity of 591.3 MW of installed wind power generation was achieved in Korea, with a total of 1,139 MWh of wind energy generated that year. More wind power plants will be installed in the coming years, and it is important to develop methods to reduce the output variability of these resources so as to provide stable power to the power grid of Korea. In this regard, this paper proposes the use of energy storage system (ESS) as a means to stabilize the output variability of wind power plants. Presented in this paper is a method that uses Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) to determine the ESS capacity needed to provide a stable power output for ancillary services such as frequency regulation, economic dispatch, and emergency reserves. In the first step of the proposed method, four regions (namely, Samdal, Yeongdeok, Yeongyang, and Gangwon) in Korea that had the most wind power generation capacity were selected for analysis. In the second step, the individual and aggregated wind power outputs of the selected regions in 2013 were obtained This information was then used in the third step, where DFT analysis of the power outputs was used to drive the magnitudes of the output variation. And finally, the ESS capacity requirements needed to provide different ancillary services were determined based on the magnitudes of the output variation.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.126-135
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• 2011

In this study, the algorithm for priority area of forest fire surveillance was developed to enhance the effectiveness of fire detection. The high priority surveillance area for forest fire detection was defined as the area with not only low value of viewshed analysis of the lookouts and detection cameras but also high fire occurrence probability. To build the priority map, fuzzy function and map algebra were used. The analysis results of Bonghwa-gun, Gyeongbuk Province, showed that the surveillance priority of central and southern area is higher than north area. This algorithm could be used in the allocation of fire prevention resources and selection of suitable point for new fire detection system.

• Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.37-48
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• 2011

Sensor networks monitor the environment, collect sensed data, and relay the data back to a collection point. Although sensor nodes have very limited hardware resources, they require an operating system that can provide efficient resource management and various application environments. In addition, the wireless sensor networks require the code update previously deployed to patch bugs in program and to improve performance of kernel service routines and application programs. This paper presents EPRCU (Easy to Perform Remote Code Update), a new operating system for wireless sensor nodes, which has enhanced functionalities to perform remote code update. To achieve an efficient code update, the EPRCU provides dynamic memory allocation and program memory management. It supports the event-driven kernel, which uses priority-based scheduling with the application of aging techniques. Therefore, the proposed operating system is not only easy to perform wireless communication with the remote code update but also suitable for various sensor network applications.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.26 no.12
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• pp.1529-1538
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• 1999

광대역 액세스 망은 B-ISDN 환경에서 다양한 유형의 가입자들을 서비스 노드로 집선하는 기능을 수행한다. ITU-T의 SG13에서는 광대역 액세스 망과 서비스 노드 사이에서 ATM 자원의 동적인 할당 및 해제를 위하여 연결 제어 프로토콜의 표준화를 수행하고 있다. ATM 연결의 설정을 위한 연결 제어 프로토콜과 신호 프로토콜의 연동 기능은 서비스 노드에서 수행되며, ITU-T에서는 순차적 연동 모델을 채택하고 있다. 순차적 연동 모델은 SN에서 각 프로토콜의 절차가 순차적 방식으로 연동되므로 연결 지연이 크다. 본 논문에서는 광대역 액세스 망의 도입으로 인한 연결 설정 지연을 최소화하기 위하여 병렬형으로 수행되는 연동 모델을 제시하였다. 그리고 본 논문에서 제안한 병렬형 연동 모델의 성능 분석을 통하여 순차적 연동 모델과의 연결 설정 지연 및 완료비에 대한 비교, 분석을 수행하였다. 성능 분석에서 사용된 워크로드 파라미터는 RACE MAGIC 프로젝트의 결과를 적용하였다. Abstract In B-ISDN environment, various subscribers are concentrated into a service node via a broadband access network. The SG13 of ITU-T is standardizing a connection control protocol which provides dynamic allocation of ATM resources between an access network and a service node. To establish an ATM connection, interworking functions between the connection control protocol and the signaling protocol are performed at the service node. ITU-T adopts the sequential interworking model. In this paper, we propose the parallel interworking model which minimizes the overall connection setup delay by introducing the access network. Using the performance analysis, we compare our proposed parallel model with the existing sequential model in terms of connection setup delay and completion ratio. The workload parameters of RACE MAGIC project are applied to the analysis and simulation.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.865-872
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• 2020

In the fifth generation (5G) mobile networks, non-orthogonal multiple access (: NOMA) has been considered as a promising technology, to increase the channel capacity. In NOMA, the multiple users share the channel resources and multiplex simultaneously. Recently, for the stronger channel user, it was reported that the bit-error rate (: BER) performance with interactive mobile users is degraded, compared to the BER of non-interactive users. In this paper, in order to improve such degraded BER performance, we propose the maximum-likelihood (: ML) receiver. First, the closed-form expression for the BER of the ML receiver is derived, and then it is shown that the BER of the ML receiver is improved, compared with the BER of the ideal perfect successive interference cancellation (: SIC) receiver. Additionally, based on the analytical expression, Monte Carlo simulations validates the above-mentioned results.