• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.157-165
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• 2020

This paper estimates the optimum level of reserves in Vietnam based on the approach of reserves' cost-benefit and sovereign risk which is one of developing countries' characteristics. The cost of reserves is the opportunity cost when holding reserves. The benefit of reserves is the loss due to country's default in case that there is no reserves to finance external debt payment. The optimum reserves is found out by minimizing the total of opportunity cost and loss due to country's default with the probability of default. Through the usage of HP Filter method for calculating the loss due to country's default, ARDL regression for the risk premium model and lending rate of VND as proxy for opportunity cost together with the Vietnamese economic data in the period of 2005 - 2017, the empirical results show that the optimum reserves in Vietnam is almost higher than the actual reserves during the research period except the point of Q3/2008 and the last point of research period - Q4/2017. Therefore, Vietnam should continue to increase reserves for safety but Vietnam does not need pushing quickly the speed of increasing reserves. In addition, controlling Vietnamese optimum reserves is necessary to help the actual reserves become reasonable.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.474-484
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• 2015

본 연구는 중국 자연보호구의 현행 법률 및 법체계와 역사, 조직, 예산 등 관리체계를 분석하여 중국의 보호지역 관리를 위한 기초적 자료를 제공할 목적으로 수행되었다. 법체계는 "중화인민공화국 헌법(1954)"에 의거하여 "환경보호법(1989)", "자연보호구 조례(1994)", "자연보호구 토지 관리 방법(1995)"이 제정되었다. 자연보호구의 발전과정은 시작단계(1956-1965), 정지단계(1966-1978), 발전 단계(1979-1998), 급증 단계(1999-2006), 안정 단계(2007-현재)로 나눌 수 있으며, 안정단계에서는 생태 환경의 보호, 감독, 관리 강화 등 5단계로 분류된다. 중국 자연보호구는 법에 의거하여 국가급, 성급, 시급, 현급으로 분류하고, 자원유형별로는 자연생태체계류, 야생생물류, 자연유적류로 나누고 있다. 전체 자연보호구 2,640개소 중 임업부가 관리하고 있는 자연보호구는 1,958개(전국 수량의 74.2%) 로 가장 높은 비율을 차지하고 있다. 자연보호구 1,384개소(52.4%)에 관리조직이 건립되어 있으며, 관리조직 유 무에 상관없이 관리인원을 배치한 자연보호구는 1,702개소(64.47%)로 관리조직이 있는 비율보다 높게 나타났다.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제7권11호
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• pp.629-636
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• 2020

This study aims to identify and analyze the factors that affect foreign exchange reserves in Indonesia. We consider the variables of external debt, exchange rate, inflation, and exports as explanatory factors referring to previous studies. We apply the Autoregressive Distributed Lag approach to time-series data retrieved from the Central Bank of Indonesia (BI), the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS), and International Monetary Funds (IMF) from January 2016 to December 2018. Our results show that foreign debt, exchange rates, inflation, and exports significantly affect the simultaneous fluctuation of foreign exchange reserves in Indonesia. Partially, foreign debt has a significant and positive effect on foreign exchange reserves. The exchange rate has a significant and negative effect on foreign exchange reserves in Indonesia. However, our findings explain that inflation does not significantly affect foreign exchange reserves in Indonesia, and exports have a significant and positive effect on foreign exchange reserves. This study is expected to be useful to policymakers in managing foreign exchange reserves, so the economy of Indonesia can grow sustainably. One of the exciting things in this study lies in the model that uses the Autoregressive Distributed Log, which can explain long-term relationships through adjusted coefficient and cointegration tests.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.339-345
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• 2000

Heilongjiang Province has set up 104 nature reserves, with a total area of 2,641,700 ha, or 5.88% of the total area of the province. These constitute a network of nature reserves comprising most important types of nature reserves. and play an active role for improving the protection of the ecological environment and for the continuous economic and social development of the province. But in the management of these nature reserves, there are still some problems with people's idea, with educating the public, and with capital investment. These problems should be treated seriously. To preserve our natural heritage and biodiversity and to promote the sustainable development of our society and economy, it is projected that by the year 2000. the number of nature reserves in Heilongjiang is to reach 109, covering 6.17% of the total land area of the province. This percentage will be further increased to 8.62% by 2010, at which time the network of nature reserves is to have a proper distribution and comprehend all the important types of nature reserves. This will ensure the healthy development of the cause of nature conservation. with systematic planning, active protection. and sustainable use, so that ecological and social benefits can be developed hand in hand with economic benefits.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.231-237
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• 1995

The objective of this study is to obtain the basic data for investigating the effects of organic reserves on winter survival or regrowth yield. Forage rape (Brassica napus L.) was sown by three seeding densities of 5, 15 and 25cm interval among plants on Sep. 1, 1994. Field-grown plants were sampled on the before wintering (Dec. 4) and on the wintering period (Jan. 16) to analyze the nitrogen and non-structural cahohydrate reserves. The rate of winter survival and regrowth yield were also measured in the spring of next year. The dry matter yields from the plots of 5, 15 and 25cm seeding interval were 1,270, 1.01 9 and 1,062 kg/lOa respectively, on the before wintering. The similar pattern wa5 observed in the crude protein yields affected by seeding density. On the before wintering, both of nitrogen and starch contents per plant significantly increased as the seeding density was lowered. Starch content was relatively higher than that of nitrogen in all plots. On the wintering period, the contents of nitrogen reserves were 6.5, 41.2 and 121.7 mglplant, those of starch reserves were 1.0, 5.4 and 185.1 mg/plant, respectively, in the plots of 5, 15 and 25cm seeding interval. Nitrogen reserves on the wintering period increased while starch reserves highly decreased in all plots comparing to the before wintering. 'lhe rates of winter survival were 10.2, 20.6 and 37.1%, and regrowth yields were 76, 96 and 178 kgD.M/ IOa, respectively, in the plots of 5, 15 and 25cm seeding interval. These results cleariy showed that seeding density have a close influence on the level of nitrogen and non-structurd cahohydrate reserves, and that the rate of winter survival and regrowth yield were controlled by reserves level on the wintering period.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.238-244
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• 1995

The objective of this study is to obtain the basic data for investigating the effects of organic reserves on winter survial or regrowth yield. Forage rape(Brassica napus L.) was sown on Sep. 1, 1994. Experimental plots were divided into three replicates under 6 different cutting dates(l0 days interval from Oct. 15 to Dec. 4). Field-grown palnts were sampled on the each cutting date and on the wintering period (Jan. 16) to analyze the nitrogen and non-structural cahohydrate reserves. The rate of winter survival and regrowth yield were also measured in the spring of next year. On the before wintering, dry matter yields were 152, 274, 500, 718, 776 and 981 kg/lOa, respectively, from the cutting date on Oct. 15, Oct. 25, Nov. 4, Nov. 14, Nov. 24, and Dec. 4. Cmde protein yield significantly increased as cutting date was later until Nov. 14, thereafter a significant increase did not occured. Nitrogen and starch contents per plant significnatly increased as the cutting date was later. The increasing rate of starch was greatly higher than that of nitrogen. On the wintering period, nitrogen reserves in mts were 85.3, 68.8, 47.6, 28.3, 44.3, and 55.3 mglplant, and starch reserve were 11 1.3, 75.3, 39.3, 19.6, 26.4 and 34.6 mglplant, respectively, in the plots cut on Oct. 15, Oct. 25, Nov. 4, Nov. 14, Nov. 24, and Dec. 4. It showed that carbohydrate reserves were much highly utilized than nitrogen reserves during wintering period. The rates of winter survival were 91, 83, 46, 22, 35 and 43% and regrowth yields were 692, 545, 316, 84, 127 and 140 kgD.M/lOa, respectively, in each plots. The highly significant correlation (p<0.01) between the level of organic reserves and the rate of winter survival or regrowth yield were obtained.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2007년도 제38회 하계학술대회
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• pp.457-458
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• 2007

The reactive reserves of generators is close to voltage stability. This characteristic has led to the development of a few year monitoring the reactive reserves. In this paper, the reactive reserves have been calculated considering the generator capability curve. In addition, through dividing the systems using electric distance, the reactive reserves of each area has been calculated. Then, using the correlative relationship between reactive reserves and PV margins, the method for monitoring the voltage stability is proposed. The proposed method is tested on PSS/E test system and KEPCO system.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1996

The objective of this study is to obtain the basic data for investigating the effects of organic reserves on winter survial or regrowth yield. Forage rape (Brussicu napus L.) was sown at 10 day> interval from Sep. I to Nov. 1. Field-grown palnts were sampled on the before wintering (Dec. 4) and on the wintering period (Jan. 16) to analyze the nitrogen and non-structural cahohydrate reserves. The rate of winter survival and regrowth yield were also measured in the spring of next year. On the before wintering, the dry matter yields from the plots sown on Sep. 1, Sep.11 and Sep. 21 were 860, 596 and 260 kg/lOa, respectively. No. harvest was canied out on the plots sown after Oct. 1 because the growth state was not enough to cut. Both of nitrogen and starch contents per plant significantly increased as the seeding date was later. On the wintering period, the contents of nitrogen reserves in roots were 176.8. 120.1, 71.7, 84.0, 72.1, 45.3 and 33.3 mg/plant, those of starch reserves were 199.0. 55.8, 21.8, 92.6, 86.5, 36.4 and 29.0 mglplant, resepctively, in the plots sown on Sep. 1, Sep. 11, Sep. 21, Oct. I, Oct. 11, Oct. 21 and Nov. 1. The rates of winter survival were 40, 36, 33, 85, 87, 59 and 49% and regrowth yields were 161, 86, 65, 520, 451, 121 and 33 kgD.M/lOa, respectively, in each plots. 'Ihese results clearly showed that seeding date has a close influence on the level of organic reserves and forage yield, and that the possibility of continuous utilization on the before and alter wintering is extremely limited by seeding date.

• 한국태양에너지학회 논문집
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.19-25
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• 2014

Alternative sources of energy take a higher interest in order to reduce the greenhouse gas under the Climate Change Convention, fossil fuel consumption, and lower social anxiety about nuclear power such as crisis involving the Fukushima plant, problem of obsolete equipment. The energy consumption of agriculture, forestry and fisheries in South Korea is 3,082,000toe by 2011, reliance on electrical energy(35%) and oil(57.2%) is very high with 92.2%. In this study, we examined reserves and available capacity of temperature difference energy for thermal discharge from plant, treated sewage, river water, dam, and agricultural reservoir in rural community. Reserves of unutilized energy are 455,735Tcal/yr in rural community, these accounts for 78% of total reserves 582,385Tcal/y. Thermal discharge from plant has the most reserves of unutilized energy in rural community, it is estimated that it has the reserves of 277,410Tcal/y. Available capacity of unutilized energy in rural community is total 134,147Tcal/y, thermal discharge from plant available for heating is the most 128,035Tcal/y, and it shows in the order of treated sewage 4,318Tcal/y, river water 1,653Tcal/y, and reservoir 141Tcal/y. Elevating temperature area of green house by 2012 is 21,208ha. The amount of energy required for heating the greenhouse a year is dbout 11,365Tcal/y with 8.5% of the total available capacity of unutilized energy.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.23-43
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• 2014

We study the dependence between the insureds in multiple-life insurance contracts. With the future lifetimes of the insureds modeled as correlated random variables, both premium and reserve are different from those under independence. In this paper, Gaussian copula is used to impose the dependence between the insureds with Gompertz marginals. We analyze the change of the reserves of standard multiple-life insurance contracts at various dependence levels. We find that the reserves based on the assumption of dependent lifetimes are quite different for some contracts from those under independence as its correlation increase, which elucidate the importance of the dependence model in multiple-life contingencies in both theory and practice.