• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.143-151
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• 1997

A six week feeding trial was conducted to determine the amount of fish meal analog (FMA) that can be replacing fish meal protein (FM) in Korean Rockfish. Seven experimental diets were formulated on isonitrogenous 52% crude protein and isocaloric basic 16.8KJ/g diet. Also, foreign commercial fish meal analog (CFMA) and attractants (ATT) were tested in this experiment. Percentage of the graded level of replacement of FM by FMA/CFMA on the basis of crude protein were as following : Diet 1, 100%FM ; Diet by 2, 60%FM : 40% CFMA ; Diet 3, 60%FM : 40$ CFMA+ATT ; Diet 4, 80%FM : 20%FMA ; Diet 5, 80%FM : 20% FMA+ATT ; Diet 6, 60%FM : 40%FMA+ATT ; Diet 7, 40%FM : 60% FMA+ATT. The FMA was made by mixing six animal protein source such as th blood meal, squid liver powder, meat and bond meal, leather meal, feather meal, poultry by-product and 3 essential amino acids (Met, Lys, Ile). Weight gain, feed efficiency, specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio of fish fed diets 4, 5 and 6 were not significantly different (P>0.05) from those of fish fed the control (100% FM), while those of fish fed diets 2 and 3 were significantly lower (P<0.05) than those of fish fed the diet 6. There was no significant ATT effects in this study (P>0.05). Significant differences were found in hepatosomatic index, hemoglobin and condition factor. Therefore, these, results indicated that FMA can be used up to 40% as a substitute of fish meal protein in Korean Rockfish diets.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.316-325
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• 2012

In this study, we suggested adequate control technology by analyzing emission process and main chemical of VOC/HAPs generated from four paint factories in Busan area. And we estimated whether Kapok fiber, which is a natural material, can be commercially used for an absorbent by testing adsorption ability. As a result of this sturdy, above 60% of VOC/HAPs was volatilized and dispersed inside the working place without conducting control system of facilities during manufacturing paints. Concentration profile of VOC/HAPs, which is volatile naturally outside the factories, is surveyed above 70% at Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylene. And a result of evaluation of odor attribution level about the component whose Odor Threshold is known, it is estimated that major cause material of A, B, C factories is Toluene and that of D factory is m/p-Xylene. And that result presented design arguments such as facilities specifications, activated carbon filling volume, and replace cycle of activated carbon as control technology. Also, that result presented emission process improvement such as adsorption of central-controlled ventilation device, installation of inlet flenge, and potable cleaning process. The rate of pollutant adsorption of Kapok fiber, which is natural material, is indicated about 91.9%, 66.7%. That result validated the possibility as replacement of activated carbon.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.355-365
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• 2015

This study examined the fluidity and strength properties, water resistance, durability, and freeze-thaw of cementless loess mortar using an eco-friendly hardening agent. The experimental result indicates that 28 days compressive and flexural strength of the loess mortar was increased regardless of the weathered granite soil and loess mixture ratio as the replacement ratio of the hardening agent increases. The strengths were significantly increased until 14 days regardless of the hardening agent, while the effect on the strengths increasement was relatively low after 14 days. Thus, the strength development of loess mortar concrete was found to be faster than that of the normal concrete. In addition, when the hardening agent of 10% was used, the average flexural strength was 1.7MPa which is insufficient compared to the 28-day flexural strength of 4.5MPa for the paving concrete. However, the flexural strengths of the loess mortar concrete using the hardening agents of 20% and 30% were 4.0MPa and 5.3MPa, respectively. Thus, the hardening agent need to be at least 20% so that the loess mortar can be used for paving concrete. The experiment for water resistance shows that the repeated absorption and dry reduced mass regardless of the mixing ratio of the loess. The maximum length change also decreased with increasing the substitution rate loess mixture ratio and the hardening agent. The result of the freeze-thaw resistance test indicates that the relative dynamic modulus of elasticity at 300 cycle freeze-thaw with the hardening agents of 20% and 30% were 75% and 79%, relatively. Thus, the hardening agent of at least 20% is required to obtain the relative dynamic modulus of elasticity of 60% for the loess mortar.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.555-564
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the bioresorbability of Calcium Polyphosphate added with $Na_2O$ and chitosan. Though calcium phosphate ceramics meet some of the needs for bone replacement, they have some limitation of unresorbability and fibrous encapsulation without direct bone apposition during bone remodelling. To solve these problem, we developed a new ceramic, calcium polyphosphate(CPP), and report the biologic response to CPP in extraction sites of beagle dog. Porous CPP granules were prepared by condensation of anhydrous $Ca(H_2PO_4)_2$ to form non-crystalline $Ca(PO_3)_2$. CPP granules added with $Na_2O$ and chitosan were implanted in extraction sockets and histologic observation were performed at 12 weeks later. Histologic observation at 12 weeks revealed that CPP matrix were mingled with and directly apposed to new bone without any intervention of fibrous connective tissue. CPP granules added with chitosan were well adatped without any adverse tissue reaction and resorbed slowly and spontaneously. CPP granules added with $Na_2O$ and chitosan show multinucleated giant cells and osteoblast-like cells around grafted material and newly formed bone. This result revealed that CPP, regardless of its additive component, had a high affinity for bone and had been resorbed slowly. From this results, it was suggested that CPP is promising ceramic as a bone substitute and addition of $Na_2O$ and chitosan help biodegradation. In further study , it will be determined which concentration of $Na_2O$ help biodegradation and the other additive components increase the degradation rate.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.439-449
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• 2008

Mineral admixtures are used to improve the quality of concrete and to develop sustainability of concrete structures. Supplementary cementitious materials (SCM), such as silica fume (SF), granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and pulverized fly ash (PFA), are gradually recognized as useful mineral admixture for producing high performance concrete. The study on ternary blended concrete utilizing mainly three major mineral admixtures is limited and the study on durability and chloride induced corrosion resistance of ternary blended concrete is very few. This study examines the durability characteristics of the ternary blended concrete composed of different amount of the SCM with ordinary Portland concrete and the study experimentally focuses on corrosion resistance evaluation of ternary blended concrete subjected to chloride attack. In this study, 50% replacement ratio of mineral admixture to OPC was used, while series of combination of $20{\sim}40%$ GGBS, $5{\sim}15%$ SF and $10{\sim}45%$ PFA binder were used for chloride corrosion resistance test. This study concerned the durability properties of the ternary blended concrete including the corrosion resistance, chloride binding, chloride transport and acid neutralization capacity. It was found that the ternary blended concrete utilizing the SCM densified the pore structures to lower the rate of chloride transport. Also, increased chloride binding and buffering to acid were observed for the ternary blended concrete with chlorides in cast.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.50
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• pp.87-108
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• 2002

According to Neo-liberalism, the privatization of social security systems is pivotal for a country's economic growth and the wellbeing of its people, because such systems hinder the full operation of the market, eventually leading the national economy to collapse. The Chilean case of pension privatization is often cited as a good evidence for the Neo-liberal argument. Neo-liberalists say that Chile has experienced a rapid economic growth and retirees have enjoyed a much more pension payment since the national pension system was successfully privatized in 1981. The primary purpose of this article is to provide a critical review on the results of the Chilean pension privatization reform implemented in 1981. This study is intended to give an objective understanding of the reform because the existing evaluations, particularly those from the neo-liberalism, over-emphasize the bright sides of the reform. for this purpose, this article will pay a particular attention to the change in the level of pension payment after the reform. The conclusion of this study is that, contrary to the argument of Neo-liberalism, the pension reform has lowered the level of pension payment and, compared to the old public pension, has made the lives of ordinary retirees less secure. Reorganization of the social security system is more desirable than privatization as a remedy for the current problems of the welfare state.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.78 no.2
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• pp.92-98
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• 2015

Background: Varenicline, a selective partial agonist/antagonist of the ${\alpha}4{\beta}2$ nicotinic receptor, has proven effectiveness for smoking cessation by several randomized, controlled trials. Because few studies have evaluated the long-term efficacy of varenicline, we tried to evaluate the smoking status of varenicline users up to 3 years after the initial prescription of the drug. Methods: We interviewed varenicline users who were prescribed the drug from June 2007 to May 2010 by telephone, from June 2010 to May 2011. Results: One-hundred and thirty-three of 250 varenicline users (53.2%) were available for the survey. Seven-day continuous abstinence from smoking was adhered to by 17 of 39 respondents (43.6%) at 1 year, and 11 of 36 (30.6%) and 19 of 58 (32.8%) at 2 and 3 years since the first use of varenicline, respectively. Compared to current smokers, successful quitters were older (55.0 years vs. 49.9 years, p=0.01), had better compliance to the 12-week course (27.7 vs. 9.3%, p=0.01), and had taken varenicline longer (10.1 vs. 5.9 weeks, p=0.01). Fifty-four of 71 current smokers (76.1%) were willing to stop smoking in the near future. The preferred ways to cease smoking were will-power (48.1%), varenicline (25.9%), nicotine replacement therapy (11.1%), and others (14.9%). Conclusion: Smokers should be encouraged to stick to the proven way for recommended period of time for successful cessation of smoking.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.227-234
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• 2017

This research analyzes the properties of mortar following the rise in water-cement ratio and applicability as an eco-friendly construction supply by using the mudflats of a dredged arena as a substitute for aggregate. The results of a experiment of the flow showed that the flow value decreases as the amount of mudflats increases. A test for chloride content showed that the chloride content increases with the amount of mudflats. In the compression of specimen mixed with mudflat and the testing of tensile strength, the strength weakened as the addition ratio of mudflats rose. However, with 14-day strength as the standard, most specimen showed more strength than the plain, and 14-day strength was higher than 28-day strength. It appears to be experimental error in the mixing process from the viscosity and cohesion of mudflats, and it is considered that there will be a need for an experiment on mixing methods of mudflats in the future. The compressive strength of this research was the strongest with 70% in water-cement ratio, and the tensile strength was strongest with 80% in water-cement ratio. In the evaluation of surface analysis, 70% water-cement ratio, which is finest in strength, mixing, and compactness, was selected to analyze the roughness of the surface, and the results showed that the surface became smoother as the addition ratio of mudflats increases. In conclusion, it appears that 70% water-cement ratio is the optimal mixing ratio for mortar and 10 to 30% addition ratio of mudflats the optimal ratio. It also appears that the application of interior finishing material like bricks and tiles and interior plastering material using the mudflats are possible.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.209-216
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• 2007

Purpose: The ischial area is by far the most common site of pressure sores found in wheel chair bound paraplegic patients, because greatest pressure is exerted from the body on this area in a sitting position. Even after a series of successful pressure sore treatments, the site is very prone to relapse by the simplest ordinary tasks of everyday life. Therefore, it is crucial to preserve the main pedicle during primary surgery. Various surgical procedures employed to treat pressure sores such as myocutaneous flap and perforator flap have been introduced. After introduction of ischial sore treatment using the inferior gluteal artery perforator (IGAP) has been made, the authors experienced favorable clinical results of patients who have undergone IGAP flap procedure in a three year time period. Methods: A total of 17 patients received IGAP flap surgery in our hospital from January 2003 to May 2006, among which 14 of them being males and 3 females. Surgery was performed on the same site again in 6(35%) patients who had originally relapsed after receiving the conventional method of pressure sore surgery. Patients' average age was 49.4(27-71) years old. Most of the patients were paraplegic(11 cases, 65%) and others were either quadriplegic(4 cases, 23%) or ambulatory(2 cases, 12%). Based on hospital records and clinical photographs, we have attempted to assess the feasibility and practicability of the IGAP flap procedure through comparative analysis of several parameters: size of defective area, treatment modalities, occurrence of relapses, complications, and postoperative treatments. Results: The average follow-up duration of 17 subjects was 25.4 months(5-42 months). All flaps survived without any necrosis. Six cases were relapsed cases from conventional surgical procedures. All of them healed well during our follow-up study. Postoperative complications such as wound dehiscence and fistula developed in some subjects, but all were well healed through secondary treatment. A total of 2 cases relapsed after surgery. Conclusion: The inferior gluteal artery perforator flap is an effective method that can be primarily applied in replacement to the conventional ischial pressure sore reconstructive surgery owing to its many advantages: ability to preserve peripheral muscle tissue, numerous possible flap designs, relatively good durability, and the low donor site morbidity rate.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.607-612
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• 1997

Between March 1963, and December 1994, fifty-three patients with a ruptured aneurysm of sinus of Vasalva(RSV) were operated. The RSV originated from the right coronary sinus in 43 patients(81%), from the non coronary sinus in 7 patients(13%), and from combined sinuses in 2 patients. The RSV from the right coronary sinus mainly drained to the right ventricle(81.4%), and the RSV from the non coronary sinus mainly drained to the right atrium(71.4%). Recently, we are using patch to repair the RSV through a double approach. During the operation, concomitant . procedures were performed; 32 Patch repairs of VSD, 14 aortic valvuloplasty, 10 aortic valve replacement, 2 tricuspid valvuloplasty, and one Bentall's procedure. During the follow up period between 1 and 31 years(mean 8 years, 94% follow up), there were 2 late deaths and 14 late complications. Actuarial 10-year survival rate .was 95%, and 10-year actuarial freedom from late event was 53 %. Factor analysis revealed that the combined SBE is a risk factor of late event. Actuarial freedom from failure of aortic valvuloplasty was 55% at 9 years. Although surgical repair of RSV achieved excellent long term survival, aortic regurgitation and endocarditis revealed significant risk factor in long-term results. Therefore, more attention should be required in patients of RSV associated with aortic regurgitation or endocarditis.