• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제1권
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• pp.147-162
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• 1989

The current status of the application and interpretation of the Warsaw Convention and its subsequent Protocols in Asian countries is in its fredgling stages compared to the developed countries of Europe and North America, and there is thus little published information about the various Asian governments' treatment and courts' views of the Warsaw System. Due to that limitation, the accent of this paper will be on Korea and Japan. As one will be aware, the so-called 'Warsaw System' is made up of the Warsaw Convention of 1929, the Hague Protocol of 1955, the Guadalajara Convention of 1961, the Guatemala City Protocol of 1971 and the Montreal Additional Protocols Nos. 1,2,3 and 4 of 1975. Among these instruments, most of the countries in Asia are parties to both the Warsaw Convention and the Hague Protocol. However, the Republic of Korea and Mongolia are parties only to the Hague Protocol, while Burma, Indonesia and Sri Lanka are parties only to the Warsaw Convention. Thailand and Taiwan are not parties only to the convention or protocol. Among Asian states, Indonesia, the Phillipines and Pakistan are also parties to the Guadalajara Convention, but no country in Asia has signed the Guatemala City Protocol of 1971 or the Montreal Additional Protocols, which Protocols have not yet been put into force. The People's Republic of China has declared that the Warsaw Convention shall apply to the entire Chinese territory, including Taiwan. 'The application of the Warsaw Convention to one-way air carriage between a state which is a party only to the Warsaw Convention and a state which is a party only to the Hague Protocol' is of particular importance in Korea as it is a signatory only to the Hague Protocol, but it is involved in a great deal of air transportation to and from the united states, which in turn is a party only to the Warsaw Convention. The opinion of the Supreme Court of Korea appears to be, that parties to the Warsaw Convention were intended to be parties to the Hague Protocol, whether they actually signed it or not. The effect of this decision is that in Korea the United States and Korea will be considered by the courts to be in a treaty relationship, though neither State is a signatory to the same instrument as the other State. The first wrongful death claim in Korea related to international carriage by air under the Convention was made in Hyun-Mo Bang, et al v. Korean Air Lines Co., Ltd. case. In this case, the plaintiffs claimed for damages based upon breach of contract as well as upon tort under the Korean Civil Code. The issue in the case was whether the time limitation provisions of the Convention should be applicable to a claim based in tort as well as to a claim based in contract. The Appellate Court ruled on 29 August 1983 that 'however founded' in Article 24(1) of the Convention should be construed to mean that the Convention should be applicable to the claim regardless of whether the cause of action was based in tort or breach of contract, and that the plaintiffs' rights to damages had therefore extinguished because of the time limitation as set forth in Article 29(1) of the Convention. The difficult and often debated question of what exactly is meant by the words 'such default equivalent to wilful misconduct' in Article 25(1) of the Warsaw Convention, has also been litigated. The Supreme Court of Japan dealt with this issue in the Suzuki Shinjuten Co. v. Northwest Airlines Inc. case. The Supreme Court upheld the Appellate Court's ruling, and decided that 'such default equivalent to wilful misconduct' under Article 25(1) of the Convention was within the meaning of 'gross negligence' under the Japanese Commercial Code. The issue of the convention of the 'franc' into national currencies as provided in Article 22 of the Warsaw Convention as amended by the Hague Protocol has been raised in a court case in Korea, which is now before the District Court of Seoul. In this case, the plaintiff argues that the gold franc equivalent must be converted in Korean Won in accordance with the free market price of gold in Korea, as Korea has not enacted any law, order or regulation prescribing the proper method of calculating the equivalent in its national currency. while it is unclear if the court will accept this position, the last official price of gold of the United States as in the famous Franklin Mint case, Special Drawing Right(SDR) or the current French franc, Korean Air Lines has argued in favor of the last official price of gold of the United States by which the air lines converted such francs into us Dollars in their General Conditions of Carriage. It is my understanding that in India, an appellate court adopted the free market price valuation. There is a report as well saying that if a lawsuit concerning this issue were brought in Pakistan, the free market cost of gold would be applied there too. Speaking specifically about the future of the Warsaw System in Asia though I have been informed that Thailand is actively considering acceding to the Warsaw Convention, the attitudes of most Asian countries' governments towards the Warsaw System are still wnot ell known. There is little evidence that Asian countries are moving to deal concretely with the conversion of the franc into their own local currencies. So too it cannot be said that they are on the move to adhere to the Montreal Additional Protocols Nos. 3 & 4 which attempt to basically solve many of the current problems with the Warsaw System, by adopting the SDR as the unit of currency, by establishing the carrier's absolute liability and an unbreakable limit and by increasing the carrier's passenger limit of liability to SDR 100,000, as well as permiting the domestic introduction of supplemental compensation. To summarize my own sentiments regarding the future, I would say that given the fact that Asian air lines are now world leaders both in overall size and rate of growth, and the fact that both Asian individuals and governments are becoming more and more reliant on the global civil aviation networks as their economies become ever stronger, I am hopeful that Asian nations will henceforth play a bigger role in ensuring the orderly and hasty development of a workable unified system of rules governing international commercial air carriage.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.31-66
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• 2008

1999년 몬트리올협약이 제정되기까지는 1929년의 바르샤바협약을 중심으로 한 바르샤바체제가 국제항공운송책임과 관련한 기본 체제가 되어 왔었다. 그러나 유한책임, 과실책임 원칙을 기반으로 한 운송인 보호 중심의 성격이 강한 바르샤바 체제가 급속한 성장을 이룩한 항공운송분야의 시대적 수요에 부응할 수 없게 되면서 이를 하나로 통합하고 현대화한 조약제정의 시대적 필요성에 의하여 탄생한 것이 1999년 몬트리올협약이다. 몬트리올협약은 크게 2가지의 의의를 가지고 있다. 먼저 기존의 항공운송과 관련한 많은 조약들을 범세계적으로 통합하고 통일적인 기준을 제시했다는 점이고 따른 하나는 기존의 바르샤바 체제와는 다른 책임법리를 구성함으로써 소비자중심, 소비자 이익의 보호에 중점을 두었다는 점이다. 본 논문은 이러한 몬트리올협약의 내용 중 여객운송인의 책임을 중심으로 살펴본 것인바 책임성립요건으로써 여객의 사망 또는 신체상해와 같은 책임원인과 사고 등의 세부적 요건에서부터 새로이 도입한 제도 등 관련 문제를 살펴보았다. 즉, 몬트리올협약이 채택한 2단계책임제도를 비롯하여 신체상의 상해를 둘러싼 해석문제, 항공사고가성립하기 위한 요건을 둘러싼 문제, 제5 재판관할권 문제, 전자항공권의 도입에 따른 법적문제, 선급금 지급제도, 계약운송인과 실제운송인에 관한 규정 등 항공여객운송인의 책임과 관련한 전반적인 문제를 다루었다. 이들 중 10만 SDR까지는 항공운송인에게 엄격책임을, 10만 SDR 이상에 대해서는 항공운송인이 과실없음을 입증하지 못하면 무한책임을 지도록 하는 2단계 책임제도와 승객의 주거소지에서 소송 제기가 가능토록 한 제5 재판관할권 도입은 몬트리올협약의 가장 큰 특징이라 할 수 있다. 항공운송인이 10만 SDR이상의 경우에 있어서 무과실 입증이 결코 용이하지 않다는 점에서 사실상 무한책임을 도입하였다고 볼 수 있고 제5 재판관할권 도입과 관련하여서는 승객의 입장에서 소송을 제기할 수 있는 관할법원의 선택이 늘어났다는 점에서 피해자 보호에 획기적인 조치라 할 수 있다. 앞으로 항공여객운송 산업은 점점 더 보편화되고 일상화되고 항공여객운송의 수요는 더욱 증가할 것으로 전망된다. 따라서 이와 관련한 국제적 통일 책임협약인 몬트리올협약의 중요성은 더욱 커질 전망이다. 그러나 몬트리올협약은 이제 막 출발한 단계이어서 앞으로 많은 문제점과 해결해야 할 과제를 안고 있다고 본다. 예컨대 신체적 상해에 정신적 손해의 포함여부 문제, 상대적으로 배상금액이 높은 곳으로의 소송이 옮겨가는 Forum Shopping 문제, 강제보험을 도입에 따른 적절한 보험의 구체적 수준 문제 등이다. 국제적으로는 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위한 대책 마련을 지속적으로 노력할 필요가 있으며, 더 많은 체약국의 확보에도 힘써야 할 것으로 본다. 우리나라는 몬트리올협약에 2007년 9월 20일부로 가입하였고 동년 12월 29일 부로 국내적으로도 발효되었다. 더 나아가 우리나라는 본 협약에 기초한 항공운송법을 상법의 일부로 제정하여 시행하려 하고 있다. 이러한 사실은 몬트리올협약이 우리 항공운송업계에도 현실이 되었다는 것을 의미한다. 따라서 우리 항공운송업계도 이에 따른 대비를 하는 것이 필요하다고 본다.

• 한국인쇄학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.89-114
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• 2012

For as to world, the concern about the environment problem is enhanced than any other time in the past because of being 21 century. And the environment problem is highlighted as the world-wide issue. The time of the environment problem intimidates the alive of the mankind and presence of an earth over the time. It becomes the essentiality not being selection in the personal living or the economical viewpoint now to prepare for the climatic modification. As to the company management, the green growth period which it excludes the environment management considering an environment, cannot carry on the company the continued management comes. That is, in the change center of the management paradigm, there is the environment management. Nearly, the greenhouse gas which the publication industry is the environmental toxic material like all industries is generated. The greenhouse gas is ejected in the process of running the manufacturing process and print shop of the various kinds material used as the raw material of the book. Particularly, the tree felling for getting the material of the paper is known to reach the direct influence on the global warming. This study does according to an object it considers and organizes the environment parameter based on this kind of fact as to the publication industry. And it is determined as the reference which is used as the basic materials preparing the case that carbon exhaust right transaction(CAP and TRADE) drawing are enforced in all industries and is sustainable the management of the publication industry and reduces the environmental risk among the company many risk management elements and plans and enforces the publication related policy that there is a value. In the printing publication industry, this study tried to inquire into elements discharging the environmental pollutant or the greenhouse gas. Additionally, in the printed publication production process, it tried to inquire into the effort for an environment-friendly and necessity at the printing paper and the printers ink, regarded as the element discharging the greenhouse gas all kinds of the printing materials, operation of the print shop and all kinds of the machines and recycle process, and etc. These considerations make these industrial field employees aware of the significance about a conservation and environmental protection. They try to give a help in the subsequent study producing quantitatively each environmental parameter emission of green house gas. This makes the calculation of the relative $CO_2$ output reproached ultimately possible. Meanwhile, in a sense, many research protects and improving an environment in connection with the contents of research at the printing publication industrial field is in progress. There will be the voluntary human face that it has to protect an environment but this can not do by the outside factor according to all kinds of environment related law and regulation. Anyway, because of acting on company management as the factor of oppression, the increase of this environment-related correspondence cost could know that the research that the environment loading relates with a procurement and development, environment management system introduction, quality control standard, including, normalizing including a material, and etc. through the part of the effort to reduce the cost low was actively in progress. As to the green growth era, as follows, this paper prescribed the subject and alternative of the print publication industry. It is surrounded by the firstly new digital environment and the generation of the subject. And secondly the printing industry is caused by the point of time when the green growth leaves by the topic which is largest in the global industry and it increases. The printing publication industry has to prepare the bridgehead for the environment-friendly green growth as the alternative for this resolution with first. The support blown in each industry becomes the obligation not being selection. Prestek in which the print publishing was exposed to spend many energies and which is known as the practice of the sustainable print publishing insisted that it mentioned importance of the green printing through the white pages in 2008 and a company had to be the green growth comprised through the environment-friendly activity. The core management for the sustainable printing publication industry presented from Presstack white pages is compacted to 4 words that it is a remove, reduce, recover, and recycle. Second, positively the digital printing(POD) system should be utilized. In the worldwide print out market, the digital printing area stops at the level of 10% or so but the change over and growth of the market of an analog-to-digital will increase rapidly in the future. As to the CEO Jeff Hayes of the Infoland, the offset print referred to that it of the traditional method got old and infirm with the minor phase of the new printing application like the customer to be wanted publication and the print of the digital method led the market. In conclusion, print publishers have to grasp well the market flow in the situation where a digitalization cannot be generalized and a support cannot avoid. And it keeps pace with the flow of the digital age and the recognition about the effort for the development and environment problem have to be raised. Particularly, the active green strategy is employed for the active green strategy.

• 한국응급구조학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.31-44
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• 2011

Purpose : The purpose of emergency medical services(EMS) is to save human lives and assure the completeness of the body in emergency situations. Those who have been qualified on medical practice to perform such treatment as there is the risk of human life and possibility of major physical and mental injuries that could result from the urgency of time and invasiveness inflicted upon the body. In the emergency medical activities, 119 emergency medical technicians mainly perform the task but they are not able to perform such task independently and they are mandatory to receive medical direction. The purpose of this study is to examine the recognition and request for medical direction by 119 emergency medical technicians in order to provide basic information on the development of medical direction program suitable to the characteristics of EMS as well as for the studies on EMS for the sake of efficient operation of pre-hospital EMS. Method : Questionnaire via e-mail was conducted during July 1-31, 2010 for 675 participants who are emergency medical technicians, nurses and other emergency crews in Gyeongbuk. The effective 171 responses were used for the final analysis. In regards to the emergency medical technicians' scope of responsibilities defined in Attached Form 14, Enforcement regulations of EMS, t-test analysis was conducted by using the means and standard deviation of the level of request for medical direction on the scope of responsibilities of Level 1 & Level 2 emergency medical technicians as the scale of medical direction request. The general characteristics, experience result, the reason for necessity, emergency medical technicians & medical director request level, medical direction method, the place of work of the medical director, feedback content and improvement plan request level were analyzed through frequency and percentage. The level of experience in medical direction and necessity were analyzed through ${\chi}^2$ test. Results : In regards to the medical direction experience per qualification, the experience was the highest with 53.3% for Level 1 emergency medical technicians and 80.3% responded that experience was helpful. As for the recognition on the necessity of medical direction, 71.3% responded as "necessary" and it turned out to be the highest of 76.9% in nurses. As for the reason for responding "necessary", the reason for reducing the risk and side-effects from EMS for patients was the largest(75.4%), and the reason of EMS delay due to the request of medical direction was the highest(71.4%) for the reason for responding "not necessary". In regards to the request level of the task scope of emergency medical technicians, injection of certain amount of solution during a state of shock was the highest($3.10{\pm}.96$) for Level 1 emergency rescuers, and the endotracheal intubation was the highest($3.12{\pm}1.03$) for nurses, and the sublingual administration of nitroglycerine(NTG) during chest pain was the highest($2.62{\pm}1.02$) for Level 2 emergency medical technicians, and regulation of heartbeat using AED was the highest($2.76{\pm}.99$) for other emergency crews. For the revitalization of medical direction, the improvement in the capability of EMS(78.9%) was requested from emergency crew, and the ability to evaluate the medical state of patient was the highest(80.1%) in the level of request for medical director. The prehospital and direct medical direction was the highest(60.8%) for medical direction method, and the emergency medical facility was the highest(52.0%) for the placement of medical director, and the evaluation of appropriateness of EMS was the highest(66.1%) for the feedback content, and the reinforcement of emergency crew(emergency medical technicians) personnel was the highest(69.0%) for the improvement plan. Conclusion : The medical direction is an important policy in the prehospital EMS activity because 119 emergency medical technicians agreed the necessity of medical direction and over 80% of those who experienced medical direction said it was helpful. In addition, the simulation training program using algorithm and case study through feedback are necessary in order to enhance the technical capability of ambulance teams on the item of professional EMS with high level of request in the task scope of emergency medical technicians, and recognition of medical direction is the essence of the EMS field. In regards to revitalizing medical direction, the improvement of the task performance capability of 119 emergency medical technicians and medical directors, reinforcement of emergency medical activity personnel, assurance of trust between emergency medical technicians and the emergency physician, and search for professional operation plan of medical direction center are needed to expand the direct medical direction method for possible treatment beforehand through the participation by medical director even at the step in which emergency situation report is received.

• 시큐리티연구
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• 제47호
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• pp.7-36
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• 2016

흔히 '성장의 한계가 없는 고도 성장산업'으로 불리는 민간경비업은 1980년대 이래 쉼 없는 양적 팽창을 거듭해왔다. 현대에서 민간경비의 역할은 생활안전 뿐 아니라 안보에도 중요한 위치를 차지하고 있으며, 그 교량적 기능은 가속화되고 있다. 치안서비스의 한 축으로써, 민간경비산업의 건전한 육성발전을 촉진하기 위해 세계 각국은 고유의 필요에 따라 각기 독특한 자격제도와 규제수단을 마련해 운영해오고 있다. 그간 우리나라에는 민간경비산업이 고도로 활성화 된 주요국의 규제개혁 사례가 다수 소개된 바 있다. 하지만 지금까지 소개된 선진국의 제도정비연구는 전반적으로 영미와 독일, 이웃 일본 중심이었다. 그러나 경비산업의 활성화 논의와 규제해법 담론을 이끌고 있는 많은 선도국들이 있으며, 그 중 대표적으로 일찍이 경비서비스를 공공재로 인식하여 단계적 제도개선 노력을 지속해온 광대한 인구부족 국가 호주를 꼽을 수 있다. 이러한 맥락에서, 본 연구에서는 1980년대부터 민경 역할분담을 확대해온 호주의 경비산업규제 접근방식을 살펴보고 이로부터 민간경비 산업 전반의 리스크 관리와 거시건전성 감독정책 방향에 대해 국내에 주는 시사점을 도출하였다. 연구결과, 호주의 경비산업 관리 운영은 (1) 의심스런 경비업자 측근에 대한 강도 높은 모니터링과 지문을 날인하는 제도의 운영, (2) 무영장 경비업체 압수수색제도, (3) 부적격자 삼진아웃 퇴출제도 등을 특징으로 하였다. 민간경비는 사회 안전을 보장하는 공공재적 성격이 강하므로, 서비스의 균일한 신뢰성 담보를 위해서는 정부주도의 보다 전문적인 관리와 선제적 개입이 요구된다. 이에 본 연구에서는 호주의 사례를 바탕으로, (1) 규제 프로그램의 리스크 유형별 효과성 측정을 토대로 한 규제품질평가에 대한 필요성, (2) 중장기적 규제영향분석을 위한 전담기구의 설립, (3) 규제준수 유도를 위해 활용될 수 있는 규제 믹스(regulatory mix) 전략에 관한 가이드라인을 제시하여 정책적 시사점을 도출하였다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.52-61
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 차후 어린이의 식생활 및 영양정책수립의 기초자료로 활용하기 위해 초등학생 및 보호자인 어머니를 대상으로 가공식품 섭취 및 소비실태와 위해가능 영양성분으로 당, 나트륨, 콜레스테롤, 포화지방 및 트랜스지방에 대한 인지도 및 노출수준을 살펴보았다. 초등학생은 위해가능 영양성분 중 당류는 가공우유, 탄산음료, 요구르트 등에서 많은 양을 섭취하였고, 콜레스테롤은 가공우유에서, 나트륨 및 포화지방은 모두 라면에서 가장 많은 양을 섭취하여 초등학생의 라면 섭취를 줄이기 위한 방안이 마련되어야 할 것으로 사료된다. 한편 초등학생 중 위해가능 영양성분의 섭취량이 높은 상위 20%집단이 하위 20%집단보다 약 10배가량 많은 양을 섭취하고 있는 것으로 나타났으며 특히 나트륨은 무려 20배가량 많은 양을 섭취하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 상위 20%집단의 나트륨 및 포화지방의 섭취는 하루섭취 권장량에 근접하여 세끼 식사에 함유된 나트륨 및 포화지방을 고려한다면 권장치를 충분히 넘을 수 있다고 판단된다. 나트륨 및 포화지방의 과다섭취는 만성적인 성인질환의 원인이 되므로 학교에서 가공식품의 섭취량이 높은 아동을 선별하여 과다 섭취 시 문제가 되는 영양성분에 대한 영양교육의 실시와 식습관 교정교육이 요구된다. 이와 더불어 초등학생이 자주 섭취하는 과자류, 아이스크림류, 요구르트, 탄산음료류 등에 대한 정부의 위해가능 영양성분 저감화 정책의 시행 및 가공식품 제조업체의 적극적인 협조도 필요한 것으로 사료된다. 또한 본 연구에서 어머니의 가공식품 선택과 자녀의 가공식품 섭취는 서로 연관성이 있는 것으로 나타났는데, 이는 가공식품에 대한 교육이 학생뿐만 아니라 어머니도 함께 이루어져야 한다는 것을 시사한다. 본 연구에서 어머니는 가공식품에 관한 영양교육을 방송매체를 통하여 받는 경우가 가장 많았고, 학교에서 가공식품에 대한 영양교육을 실시할 경우 다수의 어머니가 참석하기를 희망하였다. 따라서 학교에서 영양교사를 주체로 하여 어머니를 대상으로 가공식품 및 위해가능 영양성분에 대한 교육이 이루어진다면 초등학생의 위해가능 영양성분 섭취량의 저감화에 더 큰 효과를 볼 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 학생과 어머니의 위해가능 영양성분에 대한 인지도 조사결과 나트륨에 대한 지식수준은 두 집단 모두 비교적 높은 것으로 나타났으나, 콜레스테롤, 포화지방 및 트랜스지방에 대한 항목은 오답률이 정답률보다 높거나 또는 50%를 약간 상회하는 수준으로 나타났다. 식생활이 점차 서구화되면서 최근 방송매체 등에서 위해가능 영양성분에 대한 내용이 자주 오르내리며 사회적 이슈가 되고 있지만 어머니와 초등학생의 지식이 아직까지는 다소 부족한 것으로 보인다. 영양교육을 받은 집단과 받지 않은 집단에 대한 인지도는 교차분석 결과 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났는데, 이는 위해가능 영양성분에 대하여 학생 및 어머니집단 모두 영양교육의 효과를 보지 못했다는 것으로 사료되며, 따라서 학교에서 학생과 어머니를 대상으로 체계적인 영양교육의 실시가 요구된다.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제10권7호
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• pp.33-41
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to analyse the state of the energy industry and to determine the efficiency of its functioning on the basis of energy conservation principle and application of innovative technologies aimed at improving the ecological modernisation of agricultural sectors of Kazakhstan. The research methodology is based on an integrated approach of financial and economic evaluation of the effectiveness of the investment project, based on calculation of elasticity, total costs and profitability, as well as on comparative, graphical and system analysis. The current stage is characterised by widely spread restructuring processes of electric power industry in many countries through introduction of new technical installations of energy facilities and increased government regulation in order to enhance the competitive advantage of electricity market. Electric power industry features a considerable value of creating areas. For example, by providing scientific and technical progress, it crucially affects not only the development but also the territorial organisation of productive forces, first of all the industry. In modern life, more than 90% of electricity and heat is obtained by Kazakhstan's economy by consuming non-renewable energy resources: different types of coal, oil shale, oil, natural gas and peat. Therefore, it is significant to ensure energy security, as the country faces a rapid fall back to mono-gas structure of fuel and energy balance. However, energy resources in Kazakhstan are spread very unevenly. Its main supplies are concentrated in northern and central parts of the republic, and the majority of consumers of electrical power live in the southern and western areas of the country. However, energy plays an important role in the economy of industrial production and to a large extent determines the level of competitive advantage, which is a promising condition for implementation of energy-saving and environmentally friendly technologies. In these circumstances, issues of modernisation and reforms of this sector in Kazakhstan gain more and more importance, which can be seen in the example of economically sustainable solutions of a large local monopoly company, significant savings in capital investment and efficiency of implementation of an investment project. A major disadvantage of development of electricity distribution companies is the prevalence of very high moral and physical amortisation of equipment, reaching almost 70-80%, which significantly increases the operating costs. For example, while an investment of 12 billion tenge was planned in 2009 in this branch, in 2012 it is planned to invest more than 17 billion. Obviously, despite the absolute increase, the rate of investment is still quite low, as the total demand in this area is at least more than 250 billion tenge. In addition, industrial infrastructure, including the objects of Kazakhstan electric power industry, have a tangible adverse impact on the environment. Thus, since there is a large number of various power projects that are sources of electromagnetic radiation, the environment is deteriorated. Hence, there is a need to optimise the efficiency of the organisation and management of production activities of energy companies, to create and implement new technologies, to ensure safe production and provide solutions to various environmental aspects. These are key strategic factors to ensure success of the modern energy sector of Kazakhstan. The contribution of authors in developing the scope of this subject is explained by the fact that there was not enough research in the energy sector, especially in the view of ecological modernisation. This work differs from similar works in Kazakhstan in the way that the proposed method of investment project calculation takes into account the time factor, which compares the current and future value of profit from the implementation of innovative equipment that helps to bring it to actual practise. The feasibility of writing this article lies in the need of forming a public policy in the industrial sector, including optimising the structure of energy disbursing rate, which complies with the terms of future modernised development of the domestic energy sector.

• 농촌계획
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.73-86
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• 2018

Agricultural or rural landscape provides various ecosystem services. However, the ecosystem services function is declining due to various environmental problems such as climate change, land use change, stream intensification, non-point pollution and garbage. The A1B scenario predicts that the mean air temperature of South Korea will rise $3.8^{\circ}C$ degrees celsius in 2100. Agricultural sector is very vulnerable to climate change, so it must be thoroughly predicted and managed. In Korea, the facility horticulture complex is 54,051ha in 2016 and is the 3rd largest in the world(MAFRA, 2014). Facilities of horticultural complexes are reported to cause problems such as groundwater decrease, vegetation and insects diversity reduction, landscapes damage and garbage increase, compared with the existing land use paddy fields. Heat island phenomenon associated with climate change is also accelerated by the high heat absorption of horticultural sites. Therefore, we analyzed the heat island phenomenon occurring in the facility of horticultural complex in Korea. As an improvement measurement, I examined how much air temperature is reduced by putting the channel and the open space. In the case of the Buyeo area, the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation was analyzed for the average summer temperature distribution in the current land use mode at $38.9^{\circ}C$. As an improvement measurement, CFD simulation after 10% of 6m water channel was found to have an effect of lowering the summer temperature of about $2.7^{\circ}C$ compared with the present average of $36.2^{\circ}C$. In addition, CFD simulations after analyzing 10% of the open space were analyzed at $34.7^{\circ}C$, which is $4.2^{\circ}C$ lower than the present. For the Jinju area, CFD simulations were analyzed for the average temperature of summer at $37.8^{\circ}C$ in the present land use pattern. As an improvement measure, CFD simulations after 10% of 6m water channel were found to have an effect of lowering the summer temperature of about $2.6^{\circ}C$ compared to the current average of $35.2^{\circ}C$. In addition, CFD simulations after analyzing 10% of the open space were analyzed at $33.9^{\circ}C$, which is $3.9^{\circ}C$ lower than the present. It can be said that the effect of summer temperature drop in open space and waterway has been proven. The results of this study are expected to be reflected in sustainable agriculture land use and used as basic data for government - level policy in land use planning for climate change.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.67-76
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• 2018

본 연구는 해외 친환경에너지타운에서 보어홀 지중열 저장(BTES) 기술을 활용한 융복합 열에너지 공급 시스템의 3가지 사례로서 캐나다의 ADEU(Alexandra District Energy Utility) 및 DLSC(Drake Landing Solar Community)와 덴마크의 Brædstrup Solpark를 조사하였다. 이들 지역 냉난방 시스템들은 효율과 지속가능성을 높이기 위하여 다중 에너지원을 활용하고 있다. ADEU는 리치몬드시에서 726 개의 지중열교환기로 이루어진 지열필드 및 천연 가스 백업 보일러를 이용한 대규모 지역에너지 공급을 위해 개발되었다. 그리고 캘거리시 인근 Okotoks에 위치한 DLSC는 여름철에 풍부한 태양열 에너지를 144 개의 지중열교환기를 통하여 지중에 저장하고 겨울철 난방을 위해 각 주택에 열에너지를 분배하는 계간축열 방식의 지역난방 시스템이다. Brædstrup Solpark 지역난방 시스템은 태양열, 히트 펌프, 보일러 플랜트 및 계간축열을 위한 48 개의 지중열교환기로 구성되며 다중 에너지원을 이용하여 열을 저장한다. BTES 시추공의 심도와 축열량은 지하수 유동과 지반의 열물성에 따라 영향을 많이 받는다. 이러한 시스템들은 경쟁력 있는 에너지 가격으로 장기적인 에너지를 공급함으로서 신뢰성과 경제성을 평가 받았다. 그리고 ADEU와 Brædstrup Solpark는 서비스 영역 확장을 위한 장기 에너지 공급 계획을 기반으로 확장이 진행중이다. 본 조사를 통하여 이러한 시스템들은 사회 경제적인 이익 뿐만아니라 환경적인 관점이 설계에 반영되어 있는 것을 알 수 있었다. 국내에서도 이러한 프로젝트를 실시하기 위해서는 지방 정부 또는 관련 기관의 에너지 정책 지원 뿐만아니라, 관리 기관 설치를 통한 장기적인 협력이 필요하다.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.155-167
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• 2009

본 연구는 국내 건강도시사업을 추진하는 지역사회 담당자를 대상으로 세계보건기구의 건강도시 특성을 중심으로 건강도시 추진 현황을 살펴봄으로 국내 건강도시의 나아가야 할 방향을 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 실시되었다. 2007년 2월부터 2007년 12월까지 우편설문조사를 하였는데, 설문문항은 건강도시 현황, 건강도시 담당자의 일반적 특성, 건강도시 기본 특성, 건강도시에 대한 자체평가, 건강도시 발전방향 등으로 구성하였다. 전체 23개 지역사회 중 도시가 11개(47.8%), 농촌이 12(52.5%)였으며, 건강도시 담당부서는 보건소가 73.9%로 대부분이었다. 건강도시 담당자는 여자가 60.9%, 연령은 40대가 65.2%, 건강도시 경력은 6~12개월인 경우가 34.8%로 가장 많았다. 건강도시 기본 특성을 살펴보면, 건강도시 자체 예산 확보(91.3%), 도시건강 프로파일 작성(91.3%), 협력대학 기술지원(82.6%), 건강도시 조례 제정(78.3%), 주민참여(78.3%), 운영위원회 구성(73.9%), 생활터 접근 사업(69.9%), 건강도시 네트워크에 적극적 참여(69.6%) 등이 높았으며, 부서간 협력 활성화(34.8%), 건강도시 장기 계획 수립(39.1%), 공약 및 시정방향에 건강도시 포함(43.5%), 취약 계층 대상 사업(47.8%), 전담조직 구성(47.8%), 건강도시 자체 세미나 실시(47.8%)가 낮았다. 도시농촌간 건강도시 전담조직의 경우 도시가 72.7%가 구성되어 있는 반면 농촌은 25.0%만 구성되어 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<0.05). 건강도시 전담조직 유무에 따른 건강도 기본특성을 살펴보면, 전담조직이 있는 경우 부서간 협력, 주민참여, 생활터 접근, 건강도시 네트워크가 잘 된다고 응답하였다(p<0.05). 건강도시 수행시 사업개발과 예산확보가 어려웠으며, 건강도시 사업시 우선 고려 사항으로는 부서간 협력이 34.8%로 가장 높았다. 건강도시성공을 위한 핵심인물로는 82.6%에서 단체장이라고 응답하였고, 국내 건강도시 활성화를 위해 향후 역할을 할 기관으로는 중앙정부인 보건복지가족부(52.2%)가 가장 높았다. 국내에서는 AFHC 회원도시 수가 급속히 증가하여 왔으나 건강도시를 위한 정치적 지원과 전담조직의 설립 등이 미진하며, 건강형평성을 고려한 사업 및 부문간 협력에 의한 포괄적인 건강도시 경험이 축적되어 오지 못하였다. 이를 해결하기 위해서는 건강도시의 정의와 선진 건강도시들이 제시하고 있는 원칙 및 특징에 충실하도록 노력하여야 할 것이다.