• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.347-353
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• 2019

Recent recommendation systems are developing toward the utilization of high-dimensional data. However, high-dimensional data can increase algorithm complexity by expanding dimensions and be lower the accuracy of recommended items. In addition, it can cause the problem of data sparsity and make it difficult to provide users with proper recommended items. This study proposed an algorithm that classify users' subjective data with objective criteria with fuzzy-AHP and make use of rules with repetitive patterns through fuzzy association rules. Trying to check how problems with high-dimensional data would be mitigated by the algorithm, we performed 5-fold cross validation according to the changing number of users. The results show that the algorithm-applied system recorded accuracy that was 12.5% higher than that of the fuzzy-AHP-applied system and mitigated the problem of data sparsity.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.751-759
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• 1998

The study of the validity test on the self-monitoring scale for nurses In this study, both the literary survey as well as empirical research has been executed to test the validity of the scales that measure the construct of the self-monitoring scale. The self-monitoring scale could not be classified into five factors as Snyder suggested. Many other scholars (Briggs, Cheek and Buss, 1980) suggested 3 different classifications which was accepted by Snyder and Gangestad (1986). John, Cheek and Klohnen(1996) claimed a two-factor classification. As has been discussed, factor analysis is used to prove convergent validity within the factor and discriminant validity between the factors. However, depending on the researchers, many variations in classification of the factors were found and a lack of content and discriminant validity were found in the previous research findings. It is also important to note that Snyder's self-monitoring scale did not factor-load at over. 30 for all 25 items, regardless of how many factors could be classified. According to findings of this study, the self-monitoring scale neither classified as five, three or two factors nor factor loaded as hypothesized. It is also clear that Snyder's self-monitoring scale lacks convergent validity as the sub-factors of the scale failed to prove its uni-dimensionality. The A self-monit oring scale not only fail to overcome the problems of Snyder's self-monitori ng scale but even lost the attractiveness of the self-monitoring scale. In this study it was also found that the A self-monitoring scale was not classified in either in a two or three-factor classification as hypothesized. It is, of course, not desirable to use any scale that lacks convergent and discriminant validity even though it has been widely used and has held a great deal of influence on the field of social psychology. To overcome the shortcomings of Snyder's self-monitoring scale, Lennox and Wolfe(1984) suggested 13 items. This study was dedicated to test the validity and reliability of the scale, in which we found that the data presented in validity as the two factors were class ified and loaded as expected. Reliability was also proven by checking Cronbach's α for each factor and for the total items. In addition, a confirmatory factor analysis was executed for the 13 items using LISREL 8.12 program to confirm convergent validity in a two-factor classification. The model was fitting and sound : however, the self-monitoring scale was unfitted and not validated. Thus, it is recommended to use not the original nor the abbreviated self-monitoring scale but the 13 items in future studies. It should also be noted that items 7 and 13 should be removed to obtain better uni-dimensionality for the 13 items. These items loaded at over. 30, too high for the two factors in the test results of Factor analysis. In addition, it is necessary to double-check the cause of two-hold loading at over .30 for the two factors. It could be a problem caused by data or by the scale itself. Therefore, additional studies should follow to better clarify this matter.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.243-269
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• 2014

Traditional agriculture technology is absolutely valuable not only to preserve biological diversity but construct an eco-friendly agricultural system. As the awareness of food safety has been growing, traditional technologies in the past agriculture literatures have obtained more attention sine chemical or synthesized fertilizer and agricultural pesticide were not used in these traditional agriculture ways. This study aims to evaluate development values on six kinds of agriculture literatures published before initial 1970s using Delphi technique and Correspondence analysis. The domains of assesment are include livestock sanitation, breeding management, feeding program and an extra part which 261 traditional agriculture technologies were first extracted from. From these technologies, livestock experts deducted 228 items and selected items more than 3.0 from all three areas including usefulness, scientific characteristic and economical efficiency utilizing Delphi technique.: 35 items from usefulness, 31 items from scientific characteristic, and 18 items from economical efficiency. The 23 technology items were finalized after adding five modern feasibility items recommended by experts to 18 items gaining more than 3.0 in at least three areas. The agriculture technologies were categorized into four areas where were analyzed using Correspondence analysis. The results revealed that 'sustainable farming technology', 'scientific character verification', ' modernized technology development', and 'intellectual property right' were placed closely one another except 'economy efficiency'. The result implicated that scientific verification and economy efficiency should be considered in order to sustain traditional agriculture technology into a modernized way and to protect intellectual property right of these technologies.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.8
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• pp.1058-1068
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• 2008

This study was conducted to establish size specification of food material for elementary school meals, researched at school meal scene and surveyed with questionnaires about the management of food materials by workers devoted to preparing school meals. Most subjects (80.7%) answered that students were served smaller size than adults, whereas 11.0% answered that they served different sizes according to school age and 8.3%, that they served same size as adult. About the food material size specification for elementary school student, a majority of respondents reported that 3/4 or 2/4 of adult served size was suitable. The serving size was decided and executed to investigate the actual intake and the preference of students for food size by 2 methods, intake ratio and questionnaire in 6 elementary schools. It showed that intake ratio and preference of students may be changed by serving size. According to the result, food serving size was divided in 3 types per menu and food size was measured precisely using the white board inscripted calibration. Actual food serving size for adult and recommended food serving size for elementary school student was compared. The data collected were coded and used to decide food material specifications for 12 cooked vegetable items, 15 raw vegetable items, 9 kimchi items, 2 fermented fish and fish sauce items, 8 deep-fried items, 5 meat and meat product items, 19 fish items and 5 dried food items.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.173-186
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• 1998

In this study, both the literary survey as well as empirical research has been executed to test the validity of the scales that measure the construct of self-monitoring scale could not be classified into five factors as Snyder suggested. Many other scholars (Briggs, Cheek and Buss, 1980) suggested 3 different classifications which was accepted by Snyder and Gangestad (1986). John, Cheek and Klohnen (1996) claimed a two-factor classification. As has been discussed, factor analysis is used to prove convergent validity within the factor and discriminant validity between the factors. However, depending on the researchers, many variations in classification of the factors were found and a lack of content and discriminant validity was found in the previous research findings. It is also important to note that Snyder's self-monitoring scale, did not factor-load at over 30 for all 25 items, regardless of how many factors could be classified. According to findings of this study, the self-monitoring scale neither classified as five, three or two factors nor factor loaded as hypothesized. It is also clear that Snyder's self-monitoring scale lack convergent validity as the sub-factors of the scale fail to prove its uni-dimensionality. The A self-monitoring scale not only fail to overcome the problems of Snyder's self-monitoring scale but even lost the attractiveness of the self-monitoring scale. In this study, it was also found that the A self-monitoring scale was not classified as hypothesized in either in a two or three-factor classification. It is, of course, not desirable to use any scale that lacks convergent and discriminant validity even though it has been widely used but also has held a great deal of influence on the field of social psychology. To overcome the shortcomings of Snyder's self-monitoring scale, Lennox and Wolfe(1984) suggested 13 items. This study 1. was dedicated to test the validity and reliability of the scale, in which we found that the data presented in validity as the two factors were classified and loaded as expected. Reliability was also proven by checking Cronbach's alpha for each factor and for the total items. In addition, a confirmatory factor analysis was executed for the 13 items using LISREL 8.12 program to confirm convergent validity in a two-factor classification. The model was fitting and sound ; however, the self-monitoring scale was unfitted and not validated. Thus, it is recommended to use not the original or the abbreviated self-monitoring scale but the 13 items in future studies. It should also be noted that items 7 and 13 should be removed to obtain better uni-dimensionality for the 13 items. These items loaded at over .30, too high for the two factors in the test results of factor analysis. In addition, it is necessary to double-check the cause of two-hold loading at over .30 for the two factors. It could be a problem caused by data or by the scale itself. Therefore, additional studies should follow to better clarify this matter.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.47-58
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• 1995

This study was performed to test the validity and reliability of the Health Self-Determinism Index for Children(HSDI-C), an instrument designed to measure dimensions and strength of motivation in health behavior, to improve the applicability of the tool through application to the various samples. The convenient sample of 148 (boys=75, girls=72 third grade=42, fourth grade=22, fifth grade=32, sixth grade=52 : Caucasian=72, Asian=30, African=19) comprised the children at a chatholic elementary school in Chicago. The children completed English version of HSDI-C from December 5th, 1994 to January l0th, 1995. The findings were as follows : 1. Four factors of HSDI-C were isolated through the principal component analysis and oblique rotation, and explained 48% of the variance in total score. Low correlations among four factors were anticipated because each factor contributed uniquely, All items of the tool loaded above .30 on one of 4 factors. But items loaded on each factor in this study were very different from those in the previous studies. 2. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for internal consistency was .81 for the total items and .57∼ .81 for 4 subscales. 3. The differences of HSDI-c mean scores between boys and girls and that of among races were not statistically signifcant, but the mean score of girls and the Caucasian were relatively high. The total mean score of the scale was highest at the 3rd grade, decreased at the 4th or 5th grade, and reincreased at the 6th grade. The trend of mean score of four subscales was similar to that of total mean score. According to the results, suggested below : 1. The items loaded on each factor in this study were very different from those in the previous studies. To clear away the problem of the conceptual confusion, HSDI-C needs to be performed to various and large samples. 2. Unexpectedly, the HSDI-C mean score decreased at middle school age. A longitudinal study will be helpful to search for the change trend of the intrinsic motivation. 3. To improve the applicabilty of the HSDI-C, various reliability and validity test methods besides factor analysis or internal consistency are recommended.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.22-32
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• 2016

Objective : The purpose of study is to investigate the correlation between sensory processing pattern and depression and anxiety of university students. Methods : A designed questionnaire for this study has been distributed to university students for about a month (10th to 29th of August, 2016). The questionnaire is consisted of 5 items for personal characteristics, 60 items for adult/adolescent sensory profile, 21 items from the Beck depression scale-2, and 21 items from the Beck anxiety scale. The data has been collected from 174 university students and analyzed by SPSS version 22.0 for descriptive statistics, cross-tabulation analysis, and Pearson correlation. Results : For depression, there is significant positive correlation with low registration, sensory sensitivity, and sensory avoiding among the sensory processing patterns. For anxiety, all sensory processing patterns are significantly correlated with it. Conclusion : Based on the result of this study, it is recommended for academic staffs or health care professionals to consider the impact of sensory processing patterns on psychological function when they develop an educational program for university students or plan a treatment for young clients.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.296-307
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to identify concretely how to improve inquiry learning. To put the purpose in detail : 1) to define the inquiry skills 2) to select the factors of inquiry skills appropriate to the content of Science I (earth science) textbook 3) to develop items which consist of experimental inquiry and concept inquiry in due proportion, to evalute inquiry skills 4) to analyze the relationship between high school students' cognitive levels and the achievement of science inquiry skills. To achieve these objectives, the investigator sampled 558 students in eleventh grade, living in Seoul, Chung-Ju and Kwang-Ju, and evaluated their cognitive levels and the achievement of science inquiry skills. The results of this study showed that the cognitive levels of students were lower than those identified in Piaget's work and that the achievement of science inquiry skills were low also. It may be thought that one of most important reasons to bring about those results is lacking in adaptation capability of science inquiry items and inquiry learning. So, it can be recommended as a way to heighten cognitive levels to make inquiry learning using the textbook content. In conclusion, the investigator make suggestions as follows : 1) to give inquiry learning which consist of experimental inquiry and concept inquiry in due proportion 2) to develop inquiry items to include content for evaluating inquiry learning, and test items for psycho-motor areas 3) to publish textbooks which motivate students' inquiry activities and develop their creative thinking, considering students' cognitive levels and inquiry skills.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.63-74
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• 2007

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the educational effect of the Field Epidemiology Specialist Training Program for School Nurse which composed of 18hours curriculum. Method: The subjects were 797 who participated in the 2005 training program. Data was collected with structured questionnaires(knowledge on the control of communicable disease 15 items, attitude 15 items, and confidence in practice 14 items, demographic characteristics 4 items) before (January) and after (July to October) programs in 2005. Results: Knowledge on the control of communicable disease was improved from 9.7 points (possible range : 0-15) before program to 11.9 points after program. Attitude was improved from 53.6 points (possible range : 15-60) before program to 55.7 points after program. Confidence in practice was changed from 45.9 points (possible range : 14-56) before program to 50.0 points after program. Even though all three areas were improved after educational program, knowledge showed the largest change among them. Conclusion: We can conclude the educational program was effective because knowledge, attitude, and confidence in practice on the control of communicable were statistically significantly improved after educational program. Further educational program is recommended to be operated to get more improvement in attitude and confidence in practice. And short-term continuing educational program is needed to maintain and refresh the information on the control of communicable diseases in schools.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.157-174
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• 2010

Purpose: This study aims to develop, verify, and suggest outcome indicators for advanced practice nurses (APNs) in order to clarify their usefulness. Methods: To develop outcome indicators, the following methods were applied: reviewing literature intended to identify preliminary outcome indicators; surveying outcome indicators currently used for APNs and collecting the opinions from representatives of the professionals in clinical practice; verifying the content validity of preliminary outcome indicators by professionals and verifying the preliminary outcome indicators with 252 APNs. Results: Suggested outcome indicators are categorized into 84 items in total. Of these, the number of outcome indicators commonly appearing across disciplines was 18, mostly related to satisfaction and education. A majority of other outcome indictors exhibiting high relevance to individual disciplines are associated with care, including critical care (19 items), oncologic care (9 items) and emergency care (10 items). Conclusion: As the outcome indicators identified in this study are available to demonstrate the usefulness of APNs, it is recommended that future studies need to select and use appropriate outcome indicators according to characteristics and conditions of the discipline under examination. In addition, it is necessary to validate whether the suggested outcome indicators reflect adequately the practices of APNs.