• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.7
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• pp.737-742
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to investigate the fatty acid composition of raw and dried abalone (Haliotis discus hannai) and to determine the effect of abalone extracts on cytotoxic activity and anti-oxidant properties. Dried abalone was extracted with acetone/methylene chloride (A+M) and methanol (MeOH), and the extracts were fractionated using n-hexane, 85% aq. methanol (MeOH), butanol (BuOH), and water. Cytotoxic activity against HT-29 cancer cell lines was determined using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Antioxidant activity was measured using a fluorescence sensitive dye, 2'-7' dichlorofluorescein-diacetate (DCFH-DA). The fatty acid composition of dried abalone was higher (22:6n-3) than that of raw abalone, and it had a lower percentage of 20:4n-6 than raw abalone. Analysis of cell viability showed that the crude extract treatments and fractions were cytotoxic, suppressing the growth of HT-29 cancer cell lines (p<0.05). The A+M extract showed a higher cytotoxic effect on the growth of HT-29 cells compared to the MeOH extract. Among the fractions, the 85% aq. MeOH fraction showed the strongest cytotoxicity against the growth of HT-29 cells. The highest activity in terms of scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) was likewise obtained with the use of 85% aq. MeOH. Our results suggest that the 85% aq. MeOH fraction has a potent inhibitory effect on the proliferation of human cancer cells.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.10 no.7
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• pp.232-239
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• 2020

This study evaluated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of ethanol extracts using three parts of the chives plant: the bulb, the leaf, and the flower. As a result of DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging ability, the scavenging activity of the flower extract was higher than that of the bulb and leaf. In addition, as a result of FRAP analysis, antioxidant activity increased in all extracts depending on the extract concentration. The total polyphenol content was high in the following order: flower (11.29±0.37 mgGAE/g) > leaf (6.61±0.14 mgGAE/g) > bulb (5.7±0.67 mgGAE/g) extract. The cytotoxicity of the three extracts against rat macrophage RAW264.7 cells and HaCaT cells, both of which are human cutaneous keratinocyte cell lines, was minimal. NO by LPS was generated as a result of examining the anti-inflammatory activity of each extract through the NO colorimetric analysis method and ELISA. TNF-α secretion was decreased to a significant level in the flower ethanol extract. Therefore, these results indicate that there is a high possibility that the ethanol extract of chives, a natural plant resource, can be used as a cosmetic raw material.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.10
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• pp.81-88
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• 1969

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of the cocoon cooking by infra red ray heater established in to the cocoon boiling machine. The results were summarized as follows. 1. According to the cocoons, the non bave end breaking percentage of cocoons was increased to 5∼9％ in spring and 2∼10％ in autumn. 2. There was no significant in the raw silk percentage. 3. The irradiation effect by the number of infra-red ray heater was different, namely, the raw silk percentage of the excellent cocoons was increased in case of 1 Kwatt irradiation, and that of the inferior cocoons was increased in the 2 Kwatt irradiation. 4. Reeling efficiency was showed to 14％ maximum and 3％ minimum(index).

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.26.1-26.8
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• 2016

Background: The nematode species belonging to genus Anisakis occur at their third larval stage in numerous marine teleost fish species worldwide and known to cause accidental human infection through the ingestion of raw or undercooked fish or squids. They may also draw the attention of consumers because of the visual impact of both alive and dead worms. Therefore, the information on their geographical distribution and clear species identification is important for epidemiological survey and further prevention of human infection. Results: For identification of anisakid nematodes species isolated from largehead hairtail (Trichiurus japonicus), polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis of internal transcribed spacers of ribosomal DNA were conducted. Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2 gene was also sequenced, and phylogenetic analysis was conducted. From the largehead hairtail (n = 9), 1259 nematodes were isolated in total. Most of the nematodes were found encapsulated throughout the viscera (56.2 %, 708/1259) or moving freely in the body cavity (41.5 %, 523/1259), and only 0.3 % (4/1259) was found in the muscles. By PCR-RFLP, three different nematode species were identified. Anisakis pegreffii was the most dominantly found (98.7 %, 1243/1259) from the largehead hairtail, occupying 98.7 % (699/708) of the nematodes in the mesenteries and 98.1 % (513/523) in the body cavity. Hybrid genotype (Anisakis simplex ${\times}$ A. pegreffii) occupied 0.5 %, and Hysterothylacium sp. occupied 0.2 % of the nematodes isolated in this study. Conclusions: The largehead hairtail may not significantly contribute accidental human infection of anisakid nematode third stage larvae because most of the nematodes were found from the viscera or body cavity, which are not consumed raw. But, a high prevalence of anisakid nematode larvae in the largehead hairtail is still in concern because they may raise food safety problems to consumers. Immediate evisceration or freezing of fish after catch will be necessary before consumption.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.117-125
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• 1981

The changes in chemical compositions of chestnuts were tested during processing in order to elucidate the effects of heat treatments such as boiling, steaming and roasting on the flesh compositions. The results obtained were as follows. 1. The chemical compositions of raw chestnuts were: moisture, 59-61%; total sugar, 24-27%; crude fat, 0.3%; crude fiber, 0.6-0.9%; ash, 1.0%; amino nitrogen, 0.3%; vitamin C, 20-22 mg%; and tannin, 40-48%. 2. The moisture contents were increased to 63.8% by the boiling and to 70.27% by the peeling and boiling from 59.41% of raw ones respectively, whereas decreased to 54.11% by the roasting. 3. Contents of crude protein were decreased to 8.04% by the peeling and boiling procedure from 8.72% of raw ones, and those of amino nitrogen also revealed a decreasing tendency by the heat treatments. However, no significant change was observed in crude fat content. 4. Total sugar contents were decreased by the peeling and boiling procedure approximately 3.0%, whereas reducing sugars were increased 2 to 3 times in the all treatments. 5. Vitamin C contents were decreased 72.0 to 78.0 % by the boiling procedure, 64.2% by the steaming, 51. 6% by the roasting as compared with the raw ones. Tannin contents were increased 11.0% by the boiling, and 46.0% by the roasting respectively, whereas decreased 22.0% by the peeling and boiling procedure. 6. The color was changed to brown with different degree, during the boiling, steaming and roasting procedure. The 0.1% solution of alum appeared to be effective in reducing the browning reaction during the heat treatments.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.27 no.1 s.45
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• pp.44-58
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• 1994

This study was conducted to examine the levels of total and organic mercury in the scalp hair of the elementary school children and adults, and their relationship with the consumption pattern of fishes and shellfishes. The scalp hair samples were collected from the occipital part of 115 children and 131 adults in costal, urban and rural areas of Kyungpook province from June to August 1991. The mercury content was analysed by the atomic absorption spectrophotometer (model IL. 555) with atomic vapor accessory (model IL. 440). The total and organic mercury contents of hair were significantly higher (p<0.01) among the children who prefer fish and/or shellfish (7.728 ppm, 6.610 ppm), and canned fish and/or fish pastes (6.969 ppm, 5.885 ppm) than those who prefer meat (4.822 ppm, 3.905 ppm) and vegetables (3.974 ppm, 3.224 ppm). The children who prefer to eat the canned fish without cooking showed a higher mercury content than the children who prefer to eat it as stew or mixed with vegetables (p<0.01). There was a dose-response relationship between the intake frequency of canned fish, raw fish and cooked fish and the content of total and organic mercury of hair, the children who eat fish almost everyday showed 2 times higher than those who eat rarely (p<0.01). The mercury content in the hair of the children who eat raw fish was significantly higher than that of the children who eat boiled or broiled fish (p<0.01). The total and organic mercury contents of adult scalp hair increased with age up to the forties and slightly decreased in the fifties. The mercury contents of those who were engaged in the fishery and raw fish restaurant were 2 times higher than those of the farmers. The mercury content of the persons who were favorite dishes of fish and shellfish were most high, and who prefer raw fish were 2 times higher than those of the persons who prefer vegetables and broiled fish. The contents of total and organic mercury in adult scalp hair showed also a increasing tendency with the intake frequency of raw and cooked fish.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.209-217
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• 2015

Development of food industry and increased city life induced enlarged generation of food waste which is currently reused in a wide range of way. In this study, treatment of food waste generated from the public agricultural product wholesale markets (they are categorized as business places which imposes the duty for reducing the food waste discarded) in Korea was investigated, and subsequently, a scheme for improving the food waste recycling business was suggested. The food waste treatment plants are mainly located in Kyeongki-do at 39.5% of total plants in Korea and the other provinces have less than 10% of the total numbers, among which public treatment plant was 38.0% and private plant was 62.0%. The treatment methods included recycling as animal feed at 47.5%, as compost at 36.4%, and the rest of food waste (12.6%) was treated in other ways. Remarkably, it was noticed that the amount of food waste treated in anaerobic digestion have been increased up to 5.4% since 2011. This implied that food waste treated in anaerobic digestion method is gradually increased according to government policy. Amongst 33 public agricultural product wholesale markets distributed all over the country, the trading volume dealt in Garakdong market in Seoul, Gangseo market in Seoul, Daegu market in Daeju, Eomgung market in Busan, Guri market in Guri accounted for 34.67, 7.47, 6.98, 5.41, and 5.30% of the total trading volume in Korea, respectively. 2.65% of the total trading agricultural products dealt in the markets were remained as food waste and treated. In 2006, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs implemented the package policy for radish and Chinese cabbage in order to reduce the amount of food waste and indeed, food waste generated in Garakdong market declined to one third of the food waste before the package policy implementation. In 2010, the food waste amount treated by 'dehydration', 'discarding as raw materials', and 'drying after dehydration' accounted for 56.3%, 33.7%, and 10.0% of the total food waste generated in the public agricultural product wholesale market. However, in 2013, discarding as raw materials accounted for the most at 56.3% followed by dehydration at 37.5%, and by drying after dehydration at 6.3%. The remarkable increment of the food waste discarded as raw materials was attributed to the increase of them in Garakdong market in Seoul. In general, the agricultural food waste contains high amount of moisture at 88% in average and low amount of salt at 0.02% in average. Therefore, it is highly recommended to treat the agricultural food waste through drying after dehydration in order for improving the treatment capability. Also, this recommendation can be supported by the fact that the end-products via drying after dehydration can be utilized as compost material. Overall, the agricultural food waste recycling business can be developed through integration of the treatment via 'drying after dehydration' and compost production.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.691-698
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• 1988

Raw adlay powder(RAP) and processed adlay powder(PAP) were prepared and the changes of lipids in RAP and PAP during storage at $5^{\circ}C$ and $35^{\circ}C$ for six months were studied. The typical patterns of lipid oxidation were observed during the storage; the values of acid, peroxide and carbonyl in the lipids were increased and the iodine value was decreased. These changes were especially significant(P<0.05) at higher temperature($35^{\circ}C$) and were more notable in the lipids from RAP than those from PAP during storage. The contents of neutral lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid were changed appreciably at $35^{\circ}C$, however, the changes were not significant(P<0.05) at $5^{\circ}C$. Further more, triglyceride in neutral lipid, digalactosyl diglyceride in glycolipid and phosphatidyl choline in phospholipid showed respectively a tendency of decrease during storage as compared with the other contents of lipid class.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.87-96
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• 1998

The bending performances were evaluated at the radiata pine plywood through veneer compositions encompassing veneer quality, ply-numbers and overlays of the high density- or medium density-phenol resin impregnated sheets (hereafter abbreviated as resin sheets) on the raw plywood. In addition, a prediction on the bending MOE of veneers and plywoods was carried out by the nondestructive testing with stresswave timer. The summarized results were as follows: I. Bending strength and bending MOE of resin sheets-overlaid plywoods in parallel surface grain direction through 5 and 7ply were increased by 13 to 45% and 17 to 34%, respectively. Resin sheets-overlay occurred an increasing effect of the strength efficiency i.e. strength perpendicular-to-grain direction versus that parallel-to-grain direction, showing the phenomenon that the plywood strength becomes greater at the perpendicular-to-grain direction of 7ply than at that of 5ply. Displacement at bending failure had a greater trend at 7ply than at 5ply, and was decreased by resin sheets-overlay. 2. After the nondestructive bending MOEs were measured for individual veneers, these veneers were rearranged in plywood-manufacture. In these plywoods, including resin sheets-overlay, the actual MOE was predictable with feasibility of $R^2$=0.53, and also the nondestructively-evaluated MOE was lower by 20% in raw plywood, and higher 20% in LVL than actual bending MOEs.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.66-71
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• 1986

The studies were carried out to screen the optimum conditions for enzymatic degumming of raw silk yarn and silk fabric by use of Alkalase, a protease produced by Bacteria, comparing with Papain and Trypsin representing natural proteolytic enzymes. 1. The optimum temperature and acidity of degumming solution were 70$^{\circ}C$, pH 5-6 for Papain degumming, 40$^{\circ}C$, pH 8 for Trypsin and 50-60$^{\circ}C$ pH 8-9 for Alkalase. 2. By increasing the Alkalase concentration in the range of 0.6 to 1.0 gram per liter, the time for enzymatic degumming of silk yarn could be reduced by 40 minutes. 3. In degumming of silk yarn by Alkalase, the pretreatment of 95$^{\circ}C$, 10 minutes at 0.1% sodium bicarbonate solution or posttreatent of 80$^{\circ}C$, 20 minutes at 2% (o.w.f.) sodium silicate solution improved the efficiency of enzymatic degumming, as compared to that of nontreatment. 4. The breaking strength, elongation and Lousiness results of enzymatically degummed silk yarn were apt to be improved more than those of soap-degummed one. 5. When the pretreatment of alkaline solution was done with over 20% of degumming ratio, the enzymatic degumming efficiency of both Havutae and Crepe de chine could be reached to the same level with those of soap-soda degummed. 6. As the pretreated silk fabric with 20% of degumming ratio was under action of three proteases, respectively, the deumming efficiency of Havutae and Crepe de chine were completed by Alkalase more than by Papain or Trpysin. 7. The stiffness of enzymatically degummed Crepe de chine was not only reduced by 17% more than that of soap-soda degummed one but also the Drape coefficient was decreased in enzymatically degummed fabrics, which was closely related with the soft touch of degummed fabrics.