• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.12
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• pp.798-806
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• 2020

Dental sealant is a procedure to prevent dental caries on the occlusal surface of healthy teeth. Raw data from the 6th-7th Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (KNHANES) were analyzed. This study was conducted to provide basic data which is necessary for the national health care project and for expanding the standards of coverage for the Dental sealant procedure. In this study, subjects were a total of 4,366 children from the age of 6 to 18 and surveyed for the Amount of Received Dental sealant and rate of Received Dental sealant. In 2012, the coverage rate for pit and fissure sealing procedures differed significantly in terms of age, residential area and average monthly income. This coverage varied as per average monthly income in 2014 and as per age and average monthly income in 2017 (P < 0.05). In 2014, average monthly income had a significant influence on the coverage rate, while age and average monthly income had a significant influence on it in 2017 (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that in order to increase the sealing procedure coverage, continuous promotion of dental sealant projects, reduction of copayments, inclusion of varied tooth types and age groups, expansion of coverage to isolated areas and inclusion of socially disadvantaged groups are necessary.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.9
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• pp.1334-1341
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• 2014

To examine the biological activity of polysaccharide extracted from cultured mycelia of Schizophyllum commune, we determined anti-complementary activity and nitric oxide production as a measure of immunological activity, anti-lipidperoxidation and hydroxy radical scavenging activity as a measure of antioxidative activity, tyrosinase inhibitory activity, anti-microbial activity, and transdermal flux of polysaccharide extracted from cultured mycelia of S. commune. Polysaccharide extracted from S. commune activated the complementary system and produced nitric oxide in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Antioxidant activities as malondialdehyde values were $49.5{\pm}0.7$, $39.7{\pm}1.7$, $39.2{\pm}1.2$, and $2.6{\pm}0.5nM/mL$ for control, extracellular polysaccharide extracted from S. commune (SC-EP), ultrafiltrated polysaccharide extracted from S. commune (SC-UP), and butylated hydroxytoluene, respectively. Hydroxy radical scavenging activity ($IC_{50}$) of SC-UP and mannitol were 3.32 and 1.66 mg/mL, respectively. Tyrosinase inhibitory activities of SC-UP, arbutin, and kojic acid were 19.9%, 31.8%, and 99.0%, respectively. Anti-microbial activities of SC-UP appeared to be low, and transdermal fluxes of SC-UP were 0.47%, 0.73%, and 1.20% after 3, 6, and 9 hr, respectively. These findings suggest that polysaccharide extracted from S. commune has potential immunological and antioxidant activities.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.313-318
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• 2004

This study was conducted to compare development of browning in minimally processed mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus Sing.) by picking season and postharvest holding time of the raw material. 'White' type of the mushrooms were harvested and minimally processed immediately after harvest or holding at 2$^{\circ}C$ for 7 days after picking in 4 seasons. The processed mushrooms were kept at 5$^{\circ}C$, and changes in surface color and content of total phenolic compounds of the mushrooms were measured. Respiration rate of the whole mushrooms was ranged from 9.55 to 17.93 mL C0$_{2}$/kg$\cdot$ hr, and the rate was low in mushrooms harvested in summer and autumn compared with those picked in spring and winter. Hunter L value of the mushrooms decreased rapidly just after slicing, especially in summer-harvest mushrooms. The mushrooms processed with the raw materials stored at 2$^{\circ}C$ for 7 days after harvest showed the lowest 'L' value among the sliced mushrooms prepared at different holding time. Consequently, summer-harvest mushrooms and the mushrooms kept at 2$^{\circ}C$ for more than 7 days after harvest would be unsuitable for minimally processing due to rapid browning.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.65-70
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• 2007

Chinese herb medicines have traditionally been used to treat or alleviate the symptom of various diseases. The rationale for use of certain herbs to certain disorder is now getting unveiled by modern technology. In the present study, we investigated whether herb mix extract(HMX), which is alleged to be useful for gastric ulcer, protects stomach from oxidative stress. Rats were allowed to normal diet with and without HMX (1, 5, 10 mg/kg) for 30 days. To induce gastric ulcer, ethanol (75%, 1.5 ml) or acidified aspirin (100 mg/kg in 0.2 N HCl) was administered by oral route in 24 h-fasted rats and examined the gastric ulceration(bleeding) by measuring the size 1 h after the treatment. Results indicated the area of gastric bleeding was significantly less in HMX fed rats than in normal diet fed ones, and it was dependent on the duration and amount of HMX. To investigate the underlying mechanism by which HMX protects stomach from oxidative stress, expression of enzymes like heme oxygenase (HO), cyclooxygenase (COX), and inducible nitric oxide (iNOS) were investigated in MKN-74 cells, where aspirin or H. pylori was introduced. The results were compared with RAW 264.7 cells to check if there's cell specificities exist. The expression of HO-1 but not COX-2, iNOS was significantly increased by HMX. Furthermore, HO-1 inhibitor, SnPP IX reduced the HO-1 activity and reversed the survival rate in HMX-treated MKN-74 cells. There's no difference between RAW 264.7 cells and MKN-74 cells. We, thus, concluded that HMX is beneficial for protection from oxidative injury, and induction of HO-1 by HMX in gastric cells is, at least, responsible for protection from oxidative stress such as ethanol, aspirin and possibly H. pylori infection.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.460-466
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• 2014

To evaluate wood charcoal as raw material for mineral water production, dissolution of inorganic ions from charcoal to water, pH and adsorption ability of chlorine in water were investigated as main variables. More potassium ion was dissolved in water as higher temperature manufactured charcoal but other ions showed no difference with different charcoal making temperatures. Highest dissolved cation was potassium followed by calcium and sodium. Among wood species, charcoal from Quercus variabilis and Platanus occidentalis showed significantly higher potassium content in water than that of larch, red pine and white pine. Other cations had similar pattern to the potassium but their difference was not apparent as much as potassium. pH value of water treated with charcoal was higher for wood charcoals from Platanus occidentalis (pH 8.5) and Quercus variabilis (pH 8.4) which contained higher inorganic cations. In chlorine removal in water by charcoal, all wood charcoals showed greater chlorine removal than that of the control, but softwood charcoals resulted in higher removal than those of hardwoods. There was no significant difference in the dissolution of cations and pHs between particle charcoal and whole charcoal. With easy of control, whole charcoal is better for mineral water making raw material than particle charcoal does.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.81-94
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• 2007

The purpose of this work is to investigate the water quality change characteristics of treated water in water distribution systems of Water Treatment Plants (WTPs) of Jeju City. For this, the raw water, treated water and tap water that did not pass (named as not pass-tap water) and passed through the water storage tank (named as pass-tap water) were sampled and analyzed monthly from September 2001 to August 2002, for four (W, S, B and O) WTPs except for D WTP (where treated water is not supplied continuously) among WTPs of Jeju City. The concentrations of $NO_3^-$ and $Cl^-$ of treated water in distribution systems changed little, but changed seasonally, which is considered to be based on the seasonal variation of the quality of raw water. The pH of treated water changed little in distribution systems for S WTP, but for the other WTPs, the pH of not pass-tap water was similar to that of treated water and the pH of pass-tap water was higher than that of treated water. The turbidity of treated water in distribution systems changed little except for W2 of W WTP and S4 and S5 of S WTP, where it was higher than that of each treated water. The residual chlorine concentrations between treated water and not pass-tap water changed little, but those between treated water and pass-tap water changed greatly, based on the its long residence time in water storage tank and so its reaction with organic matter, etc or its evaporation. The concentrations of TTHMs (total trihalomethanes) and $CHCl_3$ that induce cancers in water distribution systems of these WTPs, were much lower than their water quality criteria and those in other cities. The concentrations of TTHMs of treated water and not pass-tap water were similar, but concentrations of pass-tap water were 1.5 to 2.0 times higher than those of treated water and not pass-tap water, due to the reaction of residual chlorine and organic matter, etc, with the result of long residence time in water storage tank.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.519-523
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• 1992

The patterns on the proteolysis of mussel protein using a commercial enzyme preparation were investigated. The best one among six commercial enzyme preparations for the manufacture of mussel extract was Corolase PP, based on the degree of hydrolysis (DH). When the raw mussel paste, without water addition, was adjusted to pH 6.5, added 0.1% (w/w dry basis) of Corolase PP. and reacted at $50^{\circ}C$ for four hours, it reached the maximum value of DH (79%). The precooking of raw mussel decreased the efficiency of extraction and hydrolysis of the protein, due to the inactivation of the autolytic enzymes contained in the mussel. During the course of proteolysis, major free amino acids such as glycine, alanine, glutamic acid and lysine, representing a characteristic brothy taste of mussel were replaced with free hydrophobic amino acids including valine, methionine, isoleucine, and leucine. The electrophoretic pattern and HPLC-GPC pattern of mussel protein hydrolysates during the hydrolysis were observed and also discussed.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.587-595
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• 2008

In order to develop a new starter for fermented milk, 1037 bacterial strains were isolated from raw milk. The strain that showed excellent acid producing and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity (88.6%) was selected and identified as a Lactobacillus zeae based on the result of API carbohydrate fermentation pattern and 16S rDNA sequence. Lactobacillus zeae RMK354 was investigated further to study its physiological characteristics. It showed strong ACE inhibitory activity compared with commercial LAB starters tested. The optimum growth temperature of L. zeae RMK354 was $40^{\circ}C$ and it took 10 hr to reach pH 4.3 under this condition. L. zeae RMK354 showed more sensitive to penicillin-G, bacitracin, novobiocin, in a comparison of 14 different antibiotics, and showed most resistance to polymyxin B and vancomycin. It showed higher esterase and leucine arylamidase activities compared with 16 other enzymes. It was comparatively tolerant to bile juice and able to survive at pH 2 for 3 hr. It showed inhibitory activity against Salmonella Typhimurium with the rate of 60%. Based on these and previous results, L. zeae RMK354 could be an excellent starter culture for fermented milk with high level of ACE inhibitory activity.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.49-53
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• 1998

For the effective utilization of by-products from pollack, Theragra chalcogramma, processing, low salt fermented pollack tripe were produced and changes in taste compounds of low salt fermented pollack tripe during the controlled freezing point aging were investigated. No significant changes in contents of moisture, crude protein, crude lipid and ash were found during aging. The volatile base nitrogen of low salt fermented pollack tripe increased steadily as aging progressed. Contents of amino nitrogen and nitrogenous compounds of extract reached a peak in 50 days of aging, as 190.7 mg% and 2085.8 mg%, respectively. Inosine(HxR) of low salt fermented pollack tripe increased as controlled freezing point aging progressed for 60 days. 18 species of amino acid were detected in raw pollack tripe and law salt fermented pollack tripe aged for 50 days. The major amino acids were tyrosine, phenylalanine, histidine, arginine, lycine, leucine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid in raw pollack tripe. After 50 days aging, increase of a series of bitter taste amino acid such as methionine, valine and isoleucine were higher than other amino acids.

• Clean Technology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.111-119
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• 2012

These days many companies are trying to reduce, recycle and reuse their wastes. Even though many wastes can be recycled, those are incinerated or landfilled. To solve these problems, there are many projects to make efforts to recycle wastes in especially the industrial complexes. But, due to the absence of information about waste recycling, recyclable wastes are still incinerated or landfilled. Based on these research background, this study aims to suggest the evaluation methodology of the $CO_2$ emissions and cost reduced by circulating the industrial waste to resource. We evaluated the environmental and economic effect between companies which emit the plastic waste and organic solvent waste and use them as raw-materials in the off-line recycling information exchange network. The environmental and economic aspects were analyzed comparing waste recycling with waste incineration. By recycling the plastic waste as raw-materials, $CO_2$ emission were reduced 1,070 ton in 2009 and 1,234 ton in 2010 and 657.4 million won in 2009 and 755.0 million won in 2010 were reduced. In recycling the organic solvent waste, 7.3 ton-$CO_2$ in 2010 and 5.6 ton-$CO_2$ in 2011 were reduced and 15.9 million won in 2010 and 12.2 million won in 2011 were reduced.