• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.203-210
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• 1998

Environmental concerns arising from synthetic herbicides in plant management systems have led to an interest in plant-derived compounds as natural herbicides. Inhibitory effects of compounds extracted with 50% methanol from corn (Zea mays L.) and pine (Pinus densiflora L.) were evaluated on large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.), annual bluegrass Poa annua L.), radish (Raphanus sativus L.), and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) The aqueous extracts inhibited seed germination and had postemergence activity on the four species. The stability of biological activity of corn grain, stover, and root extracts was not affected by heating to $135^{\circ}C$ or freezing/thawing treatments when applied at levels above 0.25kg m(sup)-2 based on dry weights of powders before extraction. Heating reduced the activity of pine litter and bark extracts at all levels except the highest application level but had little effect on pine needle extracts.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.15 no.4 s.71
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• pp.561-565
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• 2005

In this study, we report antigenotoxicity and cytotoxicity of Korean Radish extract (RJ) and its seed protein (RSP) to non-tumoral 3T3 cell line. In the case of antigenotoxicity, each cell line was treated with $10{\mu}l\;of\;100{\mu}g/ml$ N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine(MNNG) before adding $10{\mu}l$of 10mg/ml RJ and 1mg/ml RSP to the cell. Both RJ and RS were shown $30\%\;and\;43\%$ of antigenotoxicity respectively. As a result of quantitative analysis for lactose dehydrogenase (LDH), no cytotoxic activity against 3T3 cells was detected when the cells were treated with various concentrations of RJ and RSP, RSP showed $85\%$ of antimicrobial activity against cosmetic sample (C1) assumed as contaminated by bacteria. RSP and RJ showed $79\%\;and\;76\%$ of antimicrobial activities repectively on another cosmetic sample (C4, contaminated by fungi) were treated with 10mg/ml RJ and 1 mg/ml RSP

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.194-204
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• 2009

Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) and fertility restoration have been utilized as valuable tools for $F_1$-hybrid seed production in many crops despite laborious breeding processes. Molecular markers for the selection of CMS-related genes help reduce the expenses and breeding times. A previously reported genomic region containing the Ppr-B gene, which is responsible for restoration of fertility and corresponds to the Rfo locus, was used to develop gene-based or so-called "functional" markers for allelic selection of the restorer-of-fertility gene (Rfo) in $F_1$-hybrid breeding of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) Polymorphic sequences among Rfo alleles of diverse breeding lines of radish were examined by sequencing the Ppr-B alleles. However, presence of Ppr-B homolog, designated as Ppr-D, interferes on specific PCR amplification of Ppr-B in certain breeding lines. The organization of Ppr-D, resolved by genome walking, revealed extended homology with Ppr-B even in the promoter region. Interestingly, PCR amplification of Ppr-D was repeatedly unsuccessful in certain breeding lines implying the lack of Ppr-D in these radishes. Ppr-B could only be successfully amplified for analysis through designing primers based on the sequences unique to Ppr-B that exclude interference from Ppr-D gene. Four variants of Rfo alleles were identified from 20 breeding lines. A combination of three molecular markers was developed in order to genotype the Rfo locus based on polymorphisms among four different variants. These markers will be useful in facilitating $F_1$-hybrid cultivar development in radish.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.241-251
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• 1984

The present study investigated the effects of triacontanol (TRIA) on plant growth and peroxisomal enzyme activities in radish seedlings. The optimum concentration of TRIA with respect to radish seedling bioassay was decided to 1.0mg $1^{-1}$. In comparison to untreated controls (including Tween 20 treatment), 1.0mg $1^{-1}$ TRIA treatment caused an increase in seed germination rate and root growth, but no stimulation in hypocotyl growth. Chlorophyll accumulation in cotyledon during carly development stage increased rapidly, and degradation of chlorophyll in later stage due to the cotyledon senesence was noticeably retarded. Increase of soluble protein content in cotyledon at early period of development was observed. Isocitrate lyase and catalase activity was not significantly different in both the treated and the untreated plants. But, glycolate oxidase activity was inhibited by TRIA down to 20% against controls. Also, the increase of the activity of peroxidase, a leaf-senescence marker enzyme, was continuously retarded over control for 8 days of development. Based on above results, TRIA was found to be active in both the growth and the peroxisomal enzyme activities of radish seedlings.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.243-254
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• 1986

The enzyme patterns and the food storage changes in radish (Raphanus sativus L. cv. Taewang) cotyledons during seedling development were studied. The radish seeds were germinated for 8 days at $25^{\circ}C$ under light (7, 000 lux) or dark condition. The lipid and protein contents per seed were 4.3 mg and 2.85 mg respectively. In 8-day-old light-grown seedling, the lipid and protein contents per cotyledon pair were 1.5 mg and 2.08 mg; in 8-day-old dark-grown seedling, they were 0.8 mg and 1.24 mg respectively. The heterotrophic phase of seedlings continued for 3 days after sowing and followed by autotrophic phase (3~6 day) and senescence phase (6~8 day). The food storage function decreased in response to time course. During heterotrophic phase, the activities of glyoxysomal enzymes (malate synthetase, isocitrate lyase, and catalase) were high at 2~3 day. Those patterns were somewhat more prominent in darkness. During the autotrophic phase, the activities of peroxysomal enzymes (glycolate oxidase and catalase) increased at 4~5 day.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.83-92
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• 2015

xBrassicoraphanus line BB#5, a new synthetic intergeneric hybrid between Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis and Raphanus sativus L. var. rafiphera induced by N-methyl-N-nitroso-urethane mutagenesis in microspore culture, shows high seed fertility and morphological uniformity. Dual-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using 5S and 45S rDNA probes and genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) using B. rapa genomic DNA probe were carried out to analyze the chromosome composition and the meiosis pairing pattern compared to its parental lines. The somatic chromosome complement is 2n = 38, which consists of 17 metacentric and two submetacentric chromosomes with lengths of 2.18 to $5.01{\mu}m$. FISH karyotype analysis showed five and eight pairs of 5S and 45S rDNA loci. GISH meiosis pairing analysis showed that 19 complete bivalents were most frequent and accounted for 42% of the 100 pollen mother cells examined. Based on chromosome number, size, morphology, rDNA distribution, and meiosis pairing pattern, both parental genomes of B. rapa and R. sativus appear to exist in xBrassicoraphanus line BB#5, demonstrating its genome integrity. Such stable chromosome constitutions and meiotic pairing patterns in somatic and meiotic cells are very rare in natural and synthetic intergeneric hybrids. Chromosomal studies and genetic and phenotypic changes in allopolyploids a re discussed. The results p resented h erein will b e usef ul f or f urther g enomic s tudy o f xBrassicoraphanus lines and their improvement as promising new breeding varieties.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.205-210
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• 2001

To determine the effect of low dose gamma radiation on the germination and enzyme activities, seeds of Chinese cabbage (Brassica compestris L. cv. Hanyoreum) and radish (Raphanus sativus L. cv. Chungsukoungzoung) were irradiated at the dose of 2-50 Gy. The germination rate of irradiation group was higher than that of the control. Especially it was highest at the early stage. The germination rate of Chinese cabbage was high at 2 Gy and 8 Gy irradiation group and that of radish was high at 2 Gy, 6 Gy and 10 Gy irradiation group. Growth of both seedlings of Chinese cabbage and radish increased positively in low dose irradiation group. The height of Chinese cabbage was noticeably high at 4 Gy and 10 Gy irradiation group and that of radish at 6 Gy irradiation group. The protein contents of seedlings from seeds irradiated with the low dose gamma radiation was higher than the control, especially at the early stage. The enzyme activities of seedlings from seeds irradiated with the low dose gamma radiation was high at 4 Gy and 10 Gy irradiation group. These results suggest that the germination, growth and enzyme activities of old vegetable seeds could be promoted by the low dose gamma radiation.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.19-25
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• 2013

This study focused on the usefulness of plant extracts for a city organic farm. Insecticidal activity of 8 plant species, plants crude extracts by ethanol and water, against third instar larvae (susceptible strain) of Plutella xylostella was evaluated in this study. Ethanol(25%) extracts of plant materials had better insecticidal activity than water extracts at the room temperature. Insecticidal activity were investigated by leaf disc spray method. Five plant extracts (Capsicum annuum, Chelidoniun majus, Leonurus sibiricus, Coptis japonica, Mentha piperascens) showed over 50% insecticidal activity to P. xylostella at the concentration of $1500mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$. Extract of C. annuum showed the highest insecticidal activity (83.3%) against P. xylostella. Phytotoxicity was not observed on Raphanus sativus and Brassica campestris with spray application. Seed germination and growth of two plants were not affected. Extract of C. japonica revealed 73.3% control efficacy against P. xylostella of R. sativus and showed 70% control efficacy against those of B. campestris, respectively, in plastic house. Insecticidal activity against various insects was observed in C. japonica extract as 87.4% for R. sativus and 74.3% for B. campestris in the field. These results suggested that extracts of C. annuum, C. japonica showed the highest insecticidal activity, and could be used as city farm insecticides for organic farming.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.238-242
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• 1997

Seeds of five radish varieties were soaked in water for three hours and cellulose was coated. The seeds were classified as three groups in UV light; non-fluorescent(NF), partly fluorescent(PF), and fully fluorescent(FF) seeds. Germination rate was less in the order of NF>PF>FF seeds. The seed coat structure of NF seeds was dense and showed round shape, while those of PF and FF seeds were wrinkled or ruptured. The cotyledon and hypocotyl of NF seeds were normal, while those of PF and FF seeds were dwarf and showed some scars in the cotyledons.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.215-219
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• 2003

To investigate the effects of low dose gamma radiation and seed moisture content (SMC) on germination and early growth of vegetable crops, seeds of chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L.), radish (Raphanus sativus L.), red pepper (Capcicum annuum L.), figleaf gourd (Cucurbita ficifolia Bouche) and bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria Standl), with different SMC were irradiated with different doses ($0{\sim}20\;Gy$) of gamma-ray by irradiator ($^{60}Co$, ca.150 TBq of capacity, AECL). Vegetable crops in which low dose gamma radiation was irradiated in seeds with different moisture content showed different response in seed germination and early growth to low dose gamma radiation. The germination rate of chinese cabbage, figleaf ground and bottle gourd irradiated with $2{\sim}8\;Gy$ showed interactive responses against relative SMC. Also, significant interactions occurred for the early growth between those factors. The stimulating effects of gamma radiation were more pronounced for hydrated seeds of chinese cabbage, radish, figleaf gourd and bottle gourd showing prominent responses with $2{\sim}10\;Gy$ irradiation, particularly for chinese cabbage and bottle gourd. These results suggest that radiation may promote germination and early growth of vegetable crops through interaction with SMC.